Den här studien undersöker om det finns ett samband mellan betalningsmedel och utfall vid företagsförvärv. För att försöka mäta denna kvantitativa studie utfördes ett antal intervjuer för att få fram parametrar, specifikt tidsaspekten och hur ett lyckat förvärv definieras, detta eftersom det finns en avsaknad av standarder inom förvärvsutvärderingar. Slutligen användes fem år som utvärderingsperiod och tillväxten i rörelseresultat beräknat från den senaste årsredovisningen innan förvärvet och den femte årsredovisningen efter förvärvet. Informationen som analyserades var hämtad från databasen Zephyr där förvärven genomförda av svenska företag mellan åren 2002 och 2007 togs med, vilket blev 134 stycken. Resultatet visade att det inte finns ett samband mellan betalningsmedlet och utfallet för förvärvet. Resultatet visade även att en stor del av förvärven med aktier var utförda om förvärvsobjektet hade ett negativt rörelseresultat. Detta indikerar att aktier är använda när det finns en uppfattad risk från förvärvaren, då representerar aktier alltså en riskdiversifiering. Under studien insåg vi att det inte är tillräckligt att endast studera siffror för att göra en rättvis bedömning av utfallet, utan istället bör en djupare analys på företagen och detaljerna runt förvärvet göras för en korrekt utvärdering. / This study researches the possibility of therebeing a link between the means of payment and the outcome of an M&A. To tryand measure this quantitative study we performed a series of interviews to tryand get the parameters to measure, specifically the time aspect and definingwhat a successful takeover is. This since there is a lack of standardsregarding M&A evaluations. We ended up using the parameters of a five yearevaluation-period and the growth in operating income calculated from the latestannual report pre-takeover and the fifth report post-takeover. The informationwe proceeded to analyze was attained from the company database Zephyr where wetook all the completed acquisitions performed by Swedish companies between theyears 2002 and 2007, which amounted to 134 observations. The results showedthat there is no connection between the means of payment and the outcome of theM&A. Also we observed that a great portion of the acquisitions with shareswas performed if the target company held a negative operating income.Suggesting that shares are used when there is a perceived risk from theacquirer, and shares represent a risk diversification. Also realized duringthis study is that in order to evaluate a single performed acquisition, justlooking at numbers isn’t enough to give a fair assessment of the outcome.Instead a deeper look at the companies and the specifics surrounding the dealswould give a better foundation to evaluate the takeover.

The purpose of this thesis is to investigate merger failure rate and critical success factors that lie behind outcome of mergers. Based on many influential papers and studies it has been identified that mergers and M&A in general have high failure rate. After the literature research in M&A definition, history and studies already conducted in this field the own research is employed in order to achieve the main objective of this thesis. The quantitative research is conducted on mergers con-ducted from 2007 to 2010 in the Czech Republic. The qualitative analysis consists of semi-structured interviews with experts in M&A field.

abstract: Mergers and acquisitions (M&As) have been playing a very significant role in the capital market. Many companies regard mergers and acquisitions as an important way for their business expansion and transformation. This paper begins with a review of literature on firm’s motivations of and outcomes in M&A, and followed by a critical examination of three case studies of actual M&A transactions based on the insights provided from the literature review. For each case study, a firm’s motivations and related managerial initiatives for M&A activities were examined, followed by an assessment of the firm’s post M&A performance results. This allows the study to discerns the insights of why and how a firm proceed in its M&A transactions from its strategic intent to its post M&A managerial actions. Collectively, the results show that the key drivers for a firm’s M&A successes rest on a firm’s abilities to manage the M&A activities consistent with its strategic intent (e.g., creating synergies or transformation through diversification) and followed by its post M&A integration efforts in achieving its strategic intent. / Dissertation/Thesis / Doctoral Dissertation Business Administration 2018

Müllerian mimicry theory postulate that individuals of different species benefit from decreased per-capita attack risks by sharing similar warning signals. In species-rich mimetic assemblages, there is the formation of several distinct sympatric groups of species sharing the same warning signals, often color pattern, called mimetic rings. The coexistence of multiple rings seems paradoxical considering that selection among unpalatable species should favor convergence and thus reinforce a single color pattern. Different rings evolving in distinct habitats could explain the coexistence of multiple mimicry rings. However, the way species use the habitats might influence the emergence of multiple mimicry rings. We combined mathematical modeling and numerical simulations to explore how habitat heterogeneity, abiotic selection and habitat generalist species influence the formation of mimicry rings in a community. We showed that distinct selection pressures, derived from habitat heterogeneity, favored the formation of distinctive mimicry rings. Nevertheless, just the co-existence of species was enough to drive the emergence of the rings. Simulations in which there was just biotic or abiotic selection, time for convergence was faster than when both sources of selection acted together, suggesting conflicting selective pressures exerted by environment and co-existing species. In the presence of species that was habitat generalist, species converged to similar trait values, decreasing the distinctiveness of mimicry rings. A unique mimicry ring was formed if the different habitats optima in the community were very similar or when most species were habitat generalists. Our results suggest that multiple sympatric mimicry rings are formed by a complex interplay between abiotic and biotic selection and is only possible in groups of animals in which local species composition is strongly affected by habitat heterogeneity such as butterflies / No mimetismo Mülleriano, indivíduos de diferentes espécies, ao compartilharem um mesmo sinal de advertência, beneficiam-se mutuamente devido ao menor risco de predação. Em comunidades ricas em mímicos há a formação de grupos simpátricos de espécies denominados anéis miméticos, que compartilham os mesmos sinais de advertência, como por exemplo padrões de coloração. A coexistência de anéis miméticos parece paradoxal, uma vez que, em teoria, a seleção favoreceria a convergência das espécies impalatáveis e, portanto, geraria um único padrão de cor. A evolução de diferentes anéis miméticos em habitats distintos poderia explicar a coexistência desses anéis em uma comunidade. No entanto, a maneira como as espécies utilizam esses habitats talvez influencie também a emergência dos múltiplos anéis miméticos. Utilizamos modelos matemáticos e simulações computacionais para melhor compreender como a heterogeneidade de habitats, a seleção ambiental e espécies generalistas de habitat influenciam a formação de anéis miméticos em uma comunidade. Demonstramos que diferentes pressões seletivas, derivadas de uma heterogeneidade de habitats, podem favorecer a formação de anéis miméticos. Porém, a simples coexistência das espécies é suficiente para a emergência de anéis. Em simulações nas quais só havia seleção imposta por espécies impalatáveis ou pelo ambiente, o tempo de convergência foi mais rápido do que quando as duas forças seletivas atuavam juntas. Isto demonstra que provavelmente há conflito entre a seleção biótica e abiótica, não favorecendo o mesmo ótimo fenotípico. A presença de uma espécie generalista de habitat favoreceu a convergência de espécies para um valor fenotípico similar, diminuindo a distinção entre os anéis. Um único anel foi formado quando os diferentes fenótipos favorecidos pela seleção imposta pelo ambiente eram muito similares entre habitats, ou quando muitas espécies eram generalistas de habitat. Nosso trabalho sugere que múltiplos anéis miméticos simpátricos são formados por uma complexa interação entre seleção biótica e abiótica e que só são possíveis em grupos no qual a diversidade é estruturada em pequenas escalas espaciais, como borboletas

As globalization processes, an increasing number of companies use mergers and acquisitions as a tool to achieve company growth in the international business world. The purpose of this thesis is to investigate the process of an international M&A and analyze the factors leading to success. The research started with reviewing different academic theory. The important aspects in both pre-M&A phase and post-M&A phase have been studied in depth. Because of the complexity in international M&A, a qualitative method has been used in the research. The empirical findings of the case study have mainly been collected from.semi-structured interviews. The investigation shows that an international M&A is a tried-and-tested process from initial identification to integration. The process can be summarized into five steps: identification, evaluation, negotiation, implementation and integration. The important factors contributing to the success of international M&As are found to be corporate selection capability, cultural differences, human resources and communication.

One of the main goals of the company is to ensure its development. The development can be achieved by many options - for example an acquisitions or a merger as the way of cooperation. The strategic decision-making and the post evaluation are important parts that need to be taken into account. This diploma thesis analysis the evolution of Helika company after entering the foreign partner. The evolution has been involved by the depression and its impacts on the industry. Through financial analysis is compared with the development of the business sector and its competitors across the market. The conclusion of the thesis is evaluation whether the decision of entering the foreign partner was suitable act and whether the company achieved to required effects.

This thesis examines how cultural distance affects cross-border M&A performance of emerging market firms. The study adds to the previous literature by using a multi-measurement approach, a broader sample of emerging countries and by comparing the effects to those of developed market firms. Performance is divided into short-term performance, measured as cumulative abnormal return (CAR) and long-term performance, measured as sales growth and change in Return on Sales after the transaction (sales CAGR and change in ROS). Using a sample of transactions conducted by both emerging market firms and developed market firms during the years 1997-2019, this study finds that cultural distance has a negative effect on the long- term cross-border M&A performance of emerging market firms. However, no significant effect is found on the short-term CAR following a cross-border M&A by emerging market firms. Additionally, none of the included performance measures is affected by cultural distance on a statistically significant level following a cross-border M&A by developed market firms. The results hence indicate that the effect of cultural distance is greater for emerging market firms than developed market firms when engaging in cross-border M&As.

In the aftermath of the Covid-19 pandemic, the economy has been in a state of recovery. A far-reaching recovery could be observed in 2021, as economic activities, financial markets and industries showed positive growth throughout the year. The real estate sector in Sweden reached historically high volumes in the transactions market, with a heavy investor demand which also resulted in a record year for M&A. This master thesis aims to examine the motives behind M&A transactions in the Swedish sector, and the role of macroeconomic fundamentals and corporate key figures. The purpose of the study is to explore the M&A activity in the Swedish real estate market and what underlying conditions that may contribute to the rise of such transactions. Previous research within the field has primarily been focused on the occurrence, triggers and effects of M&A in general. This paper is limited to real estate M&A in the Swedish market, where no earlier studies have been found. The study combines a quantitative analysis and a qualitative research method, with the objective of uncovering motives of takeover companies, alongside a nuanced explanation of influencing variables. An initial collection of transactions data and key figures was executed to analyse the relations and developments.The thesis progressed with an empirical study through semi-structured interviews with takeover companies of recent M&A transactions. Results showed that low interest rates, an overall strong economy and stock market has stimulated the M&A activity. Further, the results of the qualitative study presented takeover motives comprising of synergy effects, financial advantages, and the interest to acquire attractive portfolios. It can be concluded that growth ambitions and lowered capital costs have influenced M&A as well, and the consolidation of assets has increased due to a high amount of listed small-sized companies, creating firm-matching opportunities. / I efterdyningarna av Covid-19 pandemin har ekonomin varit i ett tillstånd av återhämtning. Under 2021 kunde en långtgående återhämtning observeras då ekonomiska aktiviteter, finansiella marknader och industrier påvisade positiv tillväxt genom hela året. Fastighetssektorn i Sverige nådde historiskt höga volymer på transaktionsmarknaden med en stark efterfrågan från investerare, vilket också resulterade i ett rekordår för strukturaffärer. Denna masteruppsats mål är att undersöka motiven bakom M&A-affärer i den svenska fastighetsbranschen, samt rollen av makroekonomiska variabler och nyckeltal. Uppsatsens syfte är att utforska aktiviteten kring denna typ av transaktioner i Sverige, och vilka underliggande förhållanden som kan ha bidragit till uppgången av M&A-affärer. Tidigare forskning inom ämnet har främst fokuserat på förekomsten, utlösande faktorer och effekter av M&A i ett generellt perspektiv. Denna studie är begränsad till M&A i fastighetssektorn på den svenska marknaden, där inga tidigare arbeten har hittats. Studien kombinerar en kvantitativ analys och en kvalitativ forskningsmetod, med avsikt att påvisa de köpande bolagens motiv, tillsammans med en nyanserad förklaring av påverkande variabler. En inledande insamling av transaktionsdata och nyckeltal genomfördes för att analysera förhållanden och utveckling. Arbetet fortlöpte med en empirisk studie av semistrukturerade intervjuer som genomfördes med köpande bolag, nyligen aktiva i M&A. Resultatet visade att M&A aktiviteten har stimulerats av låga räntor, samt en generellt stark ekonomi och aktiemarknad. Vidare påvisade resultatet från den kvalitativa studien att de köpande bolagens motiv omfattar synergieffekter, finansiella fördelar och en vilja att förvärva attraktiva portföljer. Författarna drar vidare slutsatsen att tillväxtambitioner och lägre kapitalkostnader har influerat M&A-utvecklingen. Konsolideringen av tillgångar har ökat till följd av att många små fastighetsbolag noterats på börsen, vilket skapat möjligheter för bolagsmatchning.

Denna uppsats syftar till att utforska och avslöja de faktorer som bidrar till att transaktioner med fusioner och förvärv (M&A) misslyckas med att skapa aktieägarvärde, även när man använder en decentraliserad modell, samt den underväldigande utvecklingen efter förvärvet som ofta observeras. Trots de teoretiska fördelarna med M&A-aktiviteter misslyckas många transaktioner med att uppfylla förväntningarna, vilket föranleder en undersökning av de underliggande orsakerna till dessa brister. Omvänt syftar studien också till att identifiera framgångsfaktorerna i förvärvstransaktioner som levererar aktieägarvärde och att undersöka hur dessa framgångsfaktorer kan implementeras i framtida affärer för att förbättra resultaten. Forskningen fokuserar på utvecklingen efter förvärvet och de faktorer som bidrar till denna utveckling i portföljbolagen till fyra plattformsbolag - som alla ingår i ett holdingbolag (fallföretaget). Genom en empirisk analys av dessa bolag syftar studien till att överbrygga gapet mellan teoretiska förväntningar och praktiska resultat. Genom att jämföra de empiriska resultaten med befintlig litteratur och teoretiska ramverk ger studien en omfattande förståelse för den dynamik som spelar in i framgångsrika respektive misslyckade M&A-transaktioner inom ramen för ett enda holdingbolag. Studien använder ett kvalitativt tillvägagångssätt med insikter från intervjuer om prestationer efter förvärv med nyckelpersoner som är involverade i M&A-processerna i de fyra plattformsföretagen. Detta tillvägagångssätt möjliggör en nyanserad undersökning av de faktorer som påverkar förvärvets framgång eller misslyckande. De viktigaste resultaten av studien lyfter fram de vanligaste faktorerna som respondenterna identifierade som avgörande för hur väl förvärven genomförs och hur framgångsrika de blir. Dessa faktorer inkluderar tydliga organisatoriska strukturer, starkt ledarskap och robusta due diligence-processer. Dessutom identifierar undersökningen bästa praxis och handlingsbara insikter som kan tillämpas på framtida M&A-aktiviteter för att öka sannolikheten för framgång och skapande av aktieägarvärde. / This paper aims to explore and uncover the factors contributing to the failure of mergers and acquisitions (M&A) transactions to provide shareholder value, even when employing a decentralized model, as well as the underwhelming post-acquisition performance frequently observed. Despite the theoretical benefits of M&A activities, many transactions fail to meet expectations, prompting an investigation into the underlying causes of these shortcomings. Conversely, the study also seeks to identify the success factors in acquisition transactions that do deliver shareholder value, and to examine how these success factors can be implemented in future deals to enhance outcomes. The research focuses on the post-acquisition performance and the factors contributing to this performance in the portfolio companies of four platform companies—all of which are part of a holding company (the case company). Through an empirical analysis of these companies, the study aims to bridge the gap between theoretical expectations and practical outcomes. By comparing the empirical results with existing literature and theoretical frameworks, the research provides a comprehensive understanding of the dynamics at play in successful versus unsuccessful M&A transactions within the context of a single holding company. The study employs a qualitative approach with insights from interviews on post-acquisition performance with key associates involved in the M&A processes of the four platform companies. This approach allows for a nuanced exploration of the factors that influence acquisition success or failure. Key findings of the study highlight the most common factors identified by respondents as critical to the performance and success of acquisitions. These factors include clear organizational structures, strong leadership, and robust due diligence processes. Additionally, the research identifies best practices and actionable insights that can be applied to future M&A activities to enhance the likelihood of success and shareholder value creation.

Diploma thesis "Due Diligence in the Field of Mergers and Acquisitions" analyses due diligence in perspective of Czech legal practice and clarifies the due diligence concept during M&A transactions. The first chapter is an introduction to due diligence . The second chapter is dedicated to international mergers and acquisitions. The third chapter explains due diligence in practice and the fourth chapter analyses benefits and risks of M&A.