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In this thesis, spectroscopic studies of the catalyzed nuclear spin conversion (NSC) of ortho-H2 molecules in solid H2 matrix and the high-resolution Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) absorption spectra of O2 and NO embedded in matrices of para-H2 crystals are presented. For NSC of ortho -H2, the catalyzed conversion rate was found to be diffusion-determined by setting up systematical kinetic studies of solid H2 samples dopant with O2 and NO. The factors affecting diffusion process were discussed; For the high-resolution FTIR of O2 and NO, sharp lines presumable due to rotational structure were observed. Based on the observation, preliminary analysis of the spectrum was discussed for O2 and NO, respectively. / Yan, Lei. / Adviser: Man-Chor Chan. / Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 73-06, Section: B, page: . / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2011. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 84-87). / Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Electronic reproduction. [Ann Arbor, MI] : ProQuest Information and Learning, [201-] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Abstract also in Chinese.

The ultimate goal of this project was to improve the sensitivity and detection limits of inductively coupled plasma time-of-flight mass spectrometry (ICP-TOFMS) and then apply it to the speciation analysis of As. To this end, two approaches were taken: the use of organic modifiers and that of a pre-evaporation interface between the spray chamber and the plasma torch. The radial profiles of some background ions and analytes in three different matrices (1% HNO3, 1% HNO3 with 2% v/v methanol, 1% HNO3 with 0.2% m/v sodium dodecylsulfate (SDS)) were investigated in ICP-TOFMS. Although these concentrations of methanol and SDS induced the same increase (37%) in sample introduction efficiency, the change in analyte signal as a function of m/z followed opposite trends in these two matrices. The results show that matrix effects arising from different organic modifiers affected the distribution of ions in the plasma differently as a result of changes induced in the predominant ionisation mechanisms in the plasma. The effect of a pre-evaporation interface on the distribution of ions in ICP-TOFMS was also investigated by spatial profiling, which showed that the optimal axial position of all elements shifted closer to the load coil. Furthermore, the radial profiles became significantly narrower and Gaussian. The decrease of droplet size thus improved the sensitivity and detection limits for multi-elemental analysis. A further investigation of the effect of the pre-evaporation interface revealed that, for cationic analytes, the signal enhancement had an inverse dependency on analyte mass upon heating the interface. In the case of As, a signal enhancement upon heating the interface only resulted when concomitant ionic analytes were present or with a 0.01 M NaOH matrix. All these observations could be rationalised by changes in the number of Coulomb fission events occurring during pre-evaporation, which depend on the size and charge of droplets, as well as the identity and concentration of the matrix. Finally, the baseline separation of four As species by ion exchange liquid chromatography with detection by ICP-TOFMS and application of the pre-evaporation interface tube to As speciation were achieved using a mobile phase of NH4NO3, following an investigation of its matrix effects. / Thesis (Ph.D, Chemistry) -- Queen's University, 2007-07-12 13:51:55.115

Thesis (Master)--İzmir Institute of Technology, İzmir, 2005 / Keywords: ICP-OES, Chemometrics methods, internal standardization, matrix effects. Includes bibliographical references (leaves. 111-120).

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Brigham Young University. Dept. of Chemistry and Biochemistry, 2004. / Includes bibliographical references.

Ce travail a porté sur la synthèse et l'étude de nanoparticules à transition de spin du réseau tridimensionnel Fe(pyrazine)[Pt(CN)4]. L'objectif principal de ce travail était d’étudier l’effet de l'environnement (matrice) sur les propriétés de transition de spin des nanoparticules de Fe(pyrazine)[Pt(CN)4]. Dans un premier temps, la synthèse en microémulsion et l’étude de quelques paramètres permettant de varier la taille des particules ont été menées. La morphologie de deux tailles de particules a été étudiée en particulier par tomographie électronique. Les propriétés des particules de Fe(pyrazine)[Pt(CN)4] de 10 nm récupérées sans enrobage sont présentées et révèlent une coopérativité comparable au composé massif. L’étude a ensuite été poursuivie en modifiant uniquement l'environnement des particules en gardant les autres paramètres (taille, composition, forme) constants. Des particules de Fe(pyrazine)[Pt(CN)4] de 10 nm ont été protégées par différentes molécules telles qu’un dérivé calix-8-arène comportant des pyridines, le para-nitrobenzylpyridine (pNBP), un polymère (PVP) ou encore par croissance par voie sol-gel d’une coquille de silice de différentes épaisseurs. L’effet de l’environnement des nanoparticules sur les propriétés de transition de spin a été mis en évidence de manière très claire et la compressibilité de la matrice a été proposée comme élément permettant de moduler cette coopérativité. Par ailleurs, l'influence de la nature du réseau inorganique modifié par insertion d’iode dans le réseau de Fe(pyrazine) [Pt(CN)4] des nanoparticules a été étudiée, afin d’augmenter la température de transition autour de l’ambiante. Un effet particulièrement important été observé sur la coopérativité de la transition de spin des particules enrobées. Les résultats ont été discutés dans le contexte de récentes études de modélisation. / This work is focused on the synthesis and study of the spin crossover nanoparticles of 3D Fe (pyrazine) [Pt(CN)4] network. The main objective of this work was to study the environment (matrix) effects on the spin crossover (SCO) behavior of the Fe(pyrazine)[Pt(CN)4] nanoparticles. At first, microemulsion synthesis and study of some parameters affecting the size of the particles have been conducted. The morphology of particles of two sizes has been studied in particular using Electron Tomography. The properties of the 10 nm Fe(pyrazine)[Pt(CN)4] particles recovered without coating are presented and reveal cooperativity comparable to the bulk compound. The study was followed by changing only the environment and keeping other parameters (size, composition, shape) constant. 10 nm Fe(pyrazine)[Pt(CN)4] nanoparticles were protected by different molecules such as a derivative of calix-8-arene having pyridine groups, para-nitrobenzylpyridine (pNBP), a polymer (PVP) or a silica shell of different thicknesses grown via sol-gel process. The effect of the environment of nanoparticles on the spin transition properties has been demonstrated very clearly and the compressibility of the matrix has been proposed as an element to modulate the cooperativity. In addition, the influence of the nature of the inorganic network modified by insertion of iodine in the network Fe(pyrazine)[Pt(CN)4] nanoparticles has been studied to increase the transition temperature around ambient temperature. A particularly significant effect was observed on the cooperativity of the spin transition of the coated particles. The results were discussed in the context of recent modelisation studies.

Thesis (M.S.)--University of Alabama at Birmingham, 2007. / Description based on contents viewed Oct. 3, 2008; title from PDF t.p. Includes bibliographical references (p. 64-67).

Measurements of the signals proportional to the radiation intensities or the number densities of the charged particles in argon ICP plasma are between the most popular methods of analysis of low concentrations of elements. But the relationships between the signals and the quantity of element in the sample are very complicated, depend on many physical phenomena and chemical reactions and must be calibrated by application of the reference materials. The accuracy of analysis depends on the level of agreement between the compositions of the RM matrices and the sample. As the exact matching is not possible the signal formation in the argon plasma and the effects of matrices on the analytical results should be studied. A method of calibration of the dependence of the sensitivity of the mass spectrometer on the ion masses and methods to determine the electron density and temperature from the mass spectrometric measurement data were proposed. Those aid estimation of the ion signals for analysis and assessment of the measurement uncertainty. The largest matrix effects usually are due to easy to ionize elements. The results show that those elements in argon plasma, depending on the ionization potentials and the structure of the atomic energy levels, differ in possibilities to increase the temperature, the temperature and density gradients, deviation from the local thermodynamic equilibrium, take part in charge transfer reaction between doubly ionized ions and argon atoms. The phenomena... [to full text] / Mažos elementų koncentracijos šiuo metu dažniausiai yra nustatomos fizikiniais metodais. Dažnai matuojamas spinduliuotės stipris arba elektringų dalelių skaičius. Tačiau ryšys tarp signalo dydžio ir elemento atomų kiekio yra labai sudėtingas daugelio fizikinių (garavimo ar dulkėjimo, disociacijos, atomų sužadinimo bei jonizacijos, srautų ir kt.) reiškinių bei cheminių reakcijų rezultatas. Jų išeiga kol kas pakankamu tikslumu negali būti numatyta. Todėl tokie matavimai yra tik santykiniai, t.y. jie kalibruojami etaloninėmis medžiagomis. Kalibravimo tikslumas priklauso nuo to kiek bendroji etaloninės medžiagos sudėtis artima tiriamajai medžiagai. Tai įmanoma padaryti tik tam tikru artutinumu. Todėl darbe tiriamos signalo formavimosi sąlygos indukcinėje argono plazmoje ir paskirų paveikiųjų elementų bei bendros bandinio sudėties įtaka bandinių analizinių masių spektrometrinių matavimų rezultatams. Pasiūlytas būdas masių spektrometro jautrio priklausomybei nuo jono masės kalibruoti bei būdai elektronų temperatūrai ir koncentracijai nustatyti iš jonų spektrometrinių matavimų. Tai leidžia įvertinti jonų signalus santykinei pusiaukiekybinei analizei, padeda nustatant matavimų neapibrėžtis. Nustatyta, kad labiausiai analizinį signalą argono plazmos šaltiniuose įtakojantys lengvai jonizuojami elementai, priklausomai nuo jų jonizacijos potencialų ir atominių energijos lygmenų išsidėstymo, gali padidinti plazmos temperatūrą ir gradientus bei nukrypimus nuo dalinės termodinaminės... [toliau žr. visą tekstą]

Mažos elementų koncentracijos šiuo metu dažniausiai yra nustatomos fizikiniais metodais. Dažnai matuojamas spinduliuotės stipris arba elektringų dalelių skaičius. Tačiau ryšys tarp signalo dydžio ir elemento atomų kiekio yra labai sudėtingas daugelio fizikinių (garavimo ar dulkėjimo, disociacijos, atomų sužadinimo bei jonizacijos, srautų ir kt.) reiškinių bei cheminių reakcijų rezultatas. Jų išeiga kol kas pakankamu tikslumu negali būti numatyta. Todėl tokie matavimai yra tik santykiniai, t.y. jie kalibruojami etaloninėmis medžiagomis. Kalibravimo tikslumas priklauso nuo to kiek bendroji etaloninės medžiagos sudėtis artima tiriamajai medžiagai. Tai įmanoma padaryti tik tam tikru artutinumu. Todėl darbe tiriamos signalo formavimosi sąlygos indukcinėje argono plazmoje ir paskirų paveikiųjų elementų bei bendros bandinio sudėties įtaka bandinių analizinių masių spektrometrinių matavimų rezultatams. Pasiūlytas būdas masių spektrometro jautrio priklausomybei nuo jono masės kalibruoti bei būdai elektronų temperatūrai ir koncentracijai nustatyti iš jonų spektrometrinių matavimų. Tai leidžia įvertinti jonų signalus santykinei pusiaukiekybinei analizei, padeda nustatant matavimų neapibrėžtis. Nustatyta, kad labiausiai analizinį signalą argono plazmos šaltiniuose įtakojantys lengvai jonizuojami elementai, priklausomai nuo jų jonizacijos potencialų ir atominių energijos lygmenų išsidėstymo, gali padidinti plazmos temperatūrą ir gradientus bei nukrypimus nuo dalinės termodinaminės... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / Measurements of the signals proportional to the radiation intensities or the number densities of the charged particles in argon ICP plasma are between the most popular methods of analysis of low concentrations of elements. But the relationships between the signals and the quantity of element in the sample are very complicated, depend on many physical phenomena and chemical reactions and must be calibrated by application of the reference materials. The accuracy of analysis depends on the level of agreement between the compositions of the RM matrices and the sample. As the exact matching is not possible the signal formation in the argon plasma and the effects of matrices on the analytical results should be studied. A method of calibration of the dependence of the sensitivity of the mass spectrometer on the ion masses and methods to determine the electron density and temperature from the mass spectrometric measurement data were proposed. Those aid estimation of the ion signals for analysis and assessment of the measurement uncertainty. The largest matrix effects usually are due to easy to ionize elements. The results show that those elements in argon plasma, depending on the ionization potentials and the structure of the atomic energy levels, differ in possibilities to increase the temperature, the temperature and density gradients, deviation from the local thermodynamic equilibrium, take part in charge transfer reaction between doubly ionized ions and argon atoms. The phenomena... [to full text]

As condiÃÃes hidroquÃmicas, bem como as propriedades fÃsico-quÃmicas dos agrotÃxicos, associadas à dinÃmica dos agrotÃxicos, e a adsorÃÃo tem um impacto sobre sua toxicidade e biodisponibilidade, bem como destino no ambiente. O presente trabalho visou aprimorar um mÃtodo analÃtico simples e admissÃvel para determinaÃÃo dos agrotÃxicos picloram, atrazina, metil parathion, clorpirifÃs e os isÃmeros de cipermetrina, contribuindo para um melhor entendimento do comportamento desses agrotÃxicos na partiÃÃo entre a fraÃÃo dissolvida e particulada, bem como os parÃmetros que influenciam na partiÃÃo. As tÃcnicas cromatogrÃficas utilizadas, tais como Cromatografia Gasosa acoplada a Espectrometria de Massa (CG-EM) e a Cromatografia Gasosa com Detector de IonizaÃÃo de Chama (CG-DIC) demonstraram satisfatÃrios os resultados apresentados nas figuras de mÃritos analÃticas. O limite de detecÃÃo variou de 0,07 a 0,63 μg L-1 utilizando o CG-EM e de 11,38 a 116,00 μg L-1 utilizando o CG-DIC e ambos os mÃtodos cromatogrÃficos apresentaram boa precisÃo e bons coeficientes de correlaÃÃo. O mÃtodo de ExtraÃÃo LÃquido LÃquido seletiva (ELL-s) que utilizou 30 mL da mistura extratora hexano/diclorometano/acetato de etila 1:1:1, v/v foi eficiente para a extraÃÃo dos agrotÃxicos estudados. Os resultados de recuperaÃÃo foram melhores nas amostras sintÃticas (Ãgua de Milli-Q) com concentraÃÃo de 50 μg. L-1 que nas amostras ambientais (Ãgua do estuÃrio do rio Pacoti), no qual apresentou menor eficiÃncia de recuperaÃÃo, sendo essa diminuiÃÃo influenciada pelo efeito matriz, que se manifesta pela presenÃa de interferentes extraÃdos nas amostras ambientais. A avaliaÃÃo da partiÃÃo dos agrotÃxicos metil paration, atrazina e clorpirifÃs entre a fraÃÃo dissolvida e particulada mostrou que nos ambientes fluviais e estuarinos essas partiÃÃes sÃo diferenciadas e influenciadas pelas condiÃÃes hidroquÃmicas e dependentes das propriedades fÃsico-quÃmica dos agrotÃxicos investigados / Hydrochemical conditions, as well as the physical and chemical properties of pesticides, are closely linked to the dynamics of pesticides, adsorption and have an impact on their toxicity and bioavailability, and fate in the environment. The present work aims to improve a simple and plausible analytical method for determination of pesticides picloram, atrazine, methyl parathion, chlorpyrifos and cypermethrin, contributing to a better understanding of these pesticides behavior in the partition between the dissolved and particulate fraction, as well as the governing parameters. The chromatographic techniques used, such as gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and Gas Chromatography with Flame Ionization Detector (GC-FID) showed satisfactory results presented in the analytical figures of merit. The limit of detection ranged from 0.07 to 0.63 μg/L using GC-MS and from 11.38 to 116.00 μg/L using GC-FID, and chromatographic methods showed precision and satisfactory coefficients of correlation. The method of selective Liquid Liquid Extraction (ELL-s), which, using 30 mL of extracting mixture hexane/dichloromethane/ethyl acetate (1:1:1, v/v), was efficient for the extraction of pesticides studied. The recovery results were better in the synthetic samples (Milli-Q water) with concentration of 50 mg.L-1 than in environmental samples (water from the estuary of river Pacoti), which showed a lower recovery efficiency, this decrease being influenced by matrix effect, manifested by the presence of interfering extracts from environmental sample. The evaluation of the partition of pesticides parathion, chlorpyrifos and atrazine between dissolved and particulate fractions showed that fluvial and estuarine environments in these partitions are differentiated and influenced by hydrochemical conditions and dependent on physico-chemical pesticides investigated