La incorporación de titanio en la estructura de tamices moleculares ha dado lugar a la obtención de catalizadores altamente efectivos en procesos de oxidación selectiva. En particular, la síntesis de la zeolita de poro grande Ti-Beta y del material mesoporoso Ti-MCM-41, ha permitido ampliar el campo de aplicación de estos materiales en procesos de Química Fina ya que el mayor diámetro de poro de estas estructuras permite la oxidación de sustratos muy voluminosos para los que la Ti-Siliclita-1, único material disponible hasta el momento, era prácticamente inactiva. En el presente trabajo se ha llevado a cabo un estudio sobre la actividad catalítica de la Ti-Beta y la Ti-MCM-41 para, a partir del mismo, diseñar los procedimientos de síntesis de estos tamices moleculares de poro grande y ultragrande más adecuados para la oxidación de diferentes sustratos orgánicos tales como olefinas, alcoholes y alcanos empleando peróxidos como oxidantes. Durante el estudio se ha puesto de manifiesto la influencia de parámetros concernientes tanto al propio catalizador (composición química, carácter hidrófilo/hidrófobo) como a la propia reacción química (estructura del sustrato, tipo de oxidante, naturaleza del disolvente, ...) sobre la actividad catalítica de la zeolita Ti-Beta. Por último, se estudió la aplicación de la Ti-Beta y la Ti-MCM-41 en procesos de oxidación con un claro interés comercial como son la epoxidación de ácidos y ésteres de ácidos grasos y la epoxidación de terpenos y donde se ha observado la viabilidad de estos catalizadores como alternativas reales a los catalizadores actuales que se emplean en estos procesos / Esteve Ciudad, P. (1998). Oxidación selectiva de hidrocarburos sobre tamices moleculares de poro grande conteniendo titanio [Tesis doctoral no publicada]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/5763 / Palancia

Les sites actifs de l’époxydation des alcènes dans les catalyseurs au titane supporté sur silice sont des ions Ti(IV) isolés. La stratégie d’isolation de site adoptée ici consiste à greffer l’isopropoxyde de titane par réaction avec les groupements silanol de surface dont la densité est diminuée par « capping » chimique remplaçant le traitement thermique usuel, très énergivore. La technique du pochoir moléculaire à motifs périodiques (PMP) a été appliquée pour forcer l’isolation de site. Dans les silices poreuses mesostructurées par un tensio-actif, c’est ce dernier, partiellement extrait, qui génère l’effet PMP lors du capping. Son élimination à l’étape suivante libère des îlots de groupements silanol sur lesquels sont greffés les ions Ti(IV). Une étude spectroscopique quantitative menée en parallèle par FT-IR et par RMN du solide du 29Si démontre que le pochoir organique inverse formé de groupement organosilyls greffés est conservé à toutes les étapes de synthèse. La spectroscopie UV en corrélation avec l’activité catalytique en époxydation du cyclohexene montent que ces surfaces originales favorisent un nombre beaucoup plus grand de sites mononucléaires isolés que les surfaces de silice non modifiées. La démonstration est faite avec une fonction de capping dipodale, 1-2-ethanebis(dimethylsilyl) (EBDMS), beaucoup plus stable que le monopodal classique, trimethylsilyl (TMS). Par ailleurs, le pochoir organique inverse issu du TMS ou de EBDMS voit sa stabilité augmentée par traitement thermique tout en préservant son effet dispersant pour le titane. Pour ce faire, un suivi quantitatif de la décomposition des organosilanes greffés a été réalisé par RMN du solide du 29Si. Finalement, une description affinée et quantitative du mode de greffage du titane a été réalisée par simulation des spectres UV sur une série de catalyseurs supposant 5 types d’espèces comprenant les sites isolés et les clusters, les derniers se différenciant par leur gamme de taille. / The active sites for epoxydation of alkenes in silica supported titanium catalysts are isolated Ti(IV) ions. The strategy for site isolation consists here to graft titanium isopropoxyde by reaction with surface silanol groups, the density of which is decreased by chemical capping instead of the energy consuming thermal treatment. The molecular stencil patterning technique (MSP) is applied to enforce site isolation. In mesostructured porous silicas, the partly extracted templating surfactant plays the role of a MSP mask during capping. Then, the elimination of the remaining surfactant liberates silanol islands for the grafting of Ti(IV) ions. Quantitative FT-IR and 29Si MAS-NMR studies reveal that the inverse organic stencil made of grafted organosilyls groups is maintained at each synthesis steps. Diffuse reflectance UV spectroscopy in correlation with the catalytic activity in epoxidation of cyclohexene show that these original surfaces favor the formation of a much larger number of isolated mononuclear sites than the unmodified silica surfaces. The demonstration is obtained using a dipodal organosilyl function, 1-2-ethanebis (dimethylsilyl) (EBDMS) that is much more stable than the classic and monopodal, trimethylsilyl (TMS). Besides, it is shown that the inverse organic stencil (from EBDMS or TMS) is stabilized further by thermal treatment while its dispersive effect on titanium can be preserved. The proof relies on a quantitative 29Si solid State NMR study. Finally, a refined description of the grafting mode of titanium was realized by simulation of the UV spectra of a large series of catalysts assuming only 5 different types of species including isolated species and clusters differentiated by the range of sizes.

ABSTRACT COMPARISON OF SORPTION CAPACITIES OF HYDROCARBONS ON DIFFERENT SAMPLES OF MCM-41 AYDOGDU, Birsu M. Sc., Department of Chemical Engineering Supervisor: Prof. Dr. Hayrettin Y&Uuml / CEL Co-Supervisor: Prof. Dr. G&uuml / rkan KARAKAS January 2013, 69 pages MCM-41(Mobil Composition Matter-41) is one of the three members of M41S family and has a highly ordered hexagonal honeycomb like structure with a narrow pore size distribution in mesopore range, high surface area, high pore volume and high thermal stability. These features make MCM-41 proper to use for adsorption, catalysis, ion exchange and separation processes. . In this study sorption capacities of C8 aromatics (o-, m-, p-xylene and ethylbenzene at 30 &deg / C, 50 &deg / C and 65 &deg / C) on a MCM-41 sample synthesized in our laboratory were determined gravimetrically by using a commercial automated electro balance system and compared with results obtained in a previous and similar MSc thesis study with a sample of different origin and characteristics / specifically low BET surface area (492 m2/g). MCM-41 sample was synthesized by hydrothermal synthesis method with cetyltrimethylammoniumbromide (CTAMBr as surfactant) and tetraethyl ortosilicate (TEOS as silica source) in basic conditions. This MCM-41 sample was calcined at 540 oC for 8 h and characterized by XRD, nitrogen adsorption at 77 K, TGA, TEM, SEM and SEM-EDX. According to XRD data, main characteristic peak for synthesized MCM-41 was obtained at 2&theta / =2.28&deg / . Three small reflection peaks can be seen at 2&theta / values of 2.59, 4.27&deg / and 4.5&deg / . XRD pattern of the MCM-41, indicated that the desired structure of MCM-41 was successfully synthesized. Surface area, pore volume and average pore diameter were obtained from the nitrogen adsorption data at 77 K as 1154 m2/g, 1.306 cm3/g and 2.75 nm respectively. TGA analysis showed that the 540 oC is proper for the calcination. SEM -EDX analysis gave an oxygen atomic concentration 66.40% and silicon atomic concentration 33.60%. These results showed that the chemical composition of the synthesize material was in almost pure SiO2 form. The adsorbed amount for all isomers at the same pressure decreased as the temperature of the adsorption isotherms increases as expected for physical adsorption. Nitrogen adsorption of MCM-41 in this study showed type IV isotherm with H2 type hysteresis loop according the IUPAC classification. However, for o-,m-, and p-xylene an approximately linear increase in the adsorbed amount as a function of relative pressure was observed from the adsorption isotherms. Except for adsorption isotherms of m-xylene and p-xylene at 65 oC all isotherms of xylenes showed hysteresis loops. Hysteresis loops narrowed down with increasing temperature. p-xylene and m-xylene adsorption isotherms at 65 oC were reversible and did not show any hysteresis loop. Ethylbenzene adsorption isotherms at 30 oC, 50 &deg / C and 65 oC also showed a linear increase in the adsorption amount as a function of relative pressure like xylenes. At 50 &deg / C and 65 oC adsorption isotherms of ethylbenzene were reversible without a hysteresis loop. For all adsorbates volume of adsorbed amounts were calculated on the assumption that they exist as saturated liquids at the isotherm temperature and found to be significantly lower than pore volume obtained from nitrogen adsorption isotherm at 77K. Sorption capacities of these hydrocarbons on MCM-41 were also very low when compared to values found in a previous study which involved a MCM-41 sample of significantly lower surface area ( 492 m2/g ). This may be attributed to structure degradation which requires further investigation.

The world&rsquo / s being alerted to the global warming danger and the depletion of fossil fuel resources, has increased the importance of the clean and renewable hydrogen energy. Bioethanol has high potential to be used as a resource of hydrogen since it is a non-petroleum feedstock and it is able to produce hydrogen rich mixture by steam reforming reactions. Discovery of mesoporous MCM-41 type high surface area silicate-structured materials with narrow pore size distributions (20-100 &Aring / ) and high surface areas (up to 1500 m2/g) opened a new avenue in catalysis research. Catalytic activity of such mesoporous materials are enhanced by the incorporation of active metals or metal oxides into their structure. Nickel and copper are among the most active metals to be used in steam reforming of ethanol to produce hydrogen. In this study, copper and nickel incorporated MCM-41 type catalytic materials were tested in the steam reforming of ethanol. Two Ni-MCM-41 samples having different Ni/Si ratios were prepared by high temperature direct synthesis method and two Cu-MCM-41 samples having same Cu/Si ratios were synthesized by two different methods namely, high temperature direct synthesis method and impregnation method. The synthesized materials characterized by XRD, EDS, SEM, N2 physisorption and TPR techniques. XRD results showed that Ni-MCM-41 and Cu-MCM-41 catalysts had typical MCM-41 structure. The d100 and lattice parameter values of Ni-HT (I) (Ni-MCM-41 sample having 0.036 Ni/Si atomic ratio) was obtained as 3.96 and 4.57 nm., respectively. In addition Ni-HT (I) was found to have a surface area of 860.5 m2/g and 2.7 nm pore diameter. The d100 and lattice parameter values for a typical Cu-MCM-41 prepared by impregnation method having Cu/Si atomic ratio of 0.19 were obtained as 3.6 and 4.2 nm., respectively. This sample also has a 631 m2/g surface area and 2.5 nm pore diameter. Steam reforming of ethanol was investigated in the vapor phase by using Ni-MCM-41 and Cu-MCM-41 catalysts between 300&deg / C and 550&deg / C. Results proved that Ni incorporated MCM-41 type catalytic materials were highly active in hydrogen production by steam reforming of ethanol and actualized almost complete ethanol conversion for Ni-MCM-41 having Ni/Si atomic ratio of 0.15 over 500&deg / C . The side products obtained during reforming are methane and formaldehyde. Although the Cu-MCM-41 samples were not as active as Ni-MCM-41, it was observed that Cu-MCM-41 catalyst synthesized by the impregnation method showed an ethanol conversion of 0.83. However, the main product was ethylene with the copper incorporated catalysts. Effects of space time, the operating conditions (reaction temperature), metal/Si ratio of the catalyst and the preparation method on the product distributions were also investigated and best reaction conditions were searched.

Noble metal incorporated MCM-41 based nanostructured mesoporous materials have attracted the attention of material researchers in recent years. Sorption characteristics of MCM materials can be improved by surface modification techniques. Besides surface modification, metal nanoparticles can also be produced within the pores of mesoporous materials. MCM-41 can act as host for several metal nanoparticles such as palladium. The present study is focused on the synthesis of Pd-MCM-41 nanocomposite catalytic materials by using different direct synthesis procedures, as well as an impregnation method. Impregnated samples were used to synthesize Pd nanoparticles inside the pores of MCM-41. In the direct hydrothermal synthesis of Pd-MCM-41, incorporation of the Pd metal was achieved by adding PdCl2, K2PdCl4 and Pd(NH3)4(NO2)3 solutions into the synthesis mixture. Syntheses were performed in acidic and basic routes. Hydrothermal synthesis was carried out in an autoclave at 120 oC. The solid product was filtered, washed, dried, calcined at 550 oC in a stream of dry air and reduced in a stream of hydrogen at 200 oC. In the case of impregnation, PdCl2 solution was added to a suspension of MCM-41. The product was evaporated to dryness, dried under vacuum and reduced with H2 gas at 200 oC. Physical and chemical properties and surface morphology of Pd-MCM-41 nanomaterials were characterized by using XRD, XPS, EDS, BET, SEM, TEM and TPR techniques. Very high Pd/Si ratios, as high as 0.45 and 0.18 were obtained in the mesoporous materials produced by the basic and acidic direct synthesis routes, respectively. The BET surface areas of these materials were found as 999 m2/g and 694 m2/g, respectively. These results showed that the basic direct synthesis procedure was highly successful for the incorporation of Pd into the mesoporous Si structure. In addition, EDS analysis of the Pd-MCM-41 materials prepared by the impregnation technique showed that Pd/Si ratios were 0.24 and 0.12 in the two samples having surface areas of 527 m2/g and 883 m2/g, respectively. In conclusion, high surface area of the material synthesized by the basic route together with a higher Pd/Si ratio makes this material more attractive for catalytic and hydrogen storage applications.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T19:56:53Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Retido.pdf: 19733 bytes, checksum: 6aad255badc436a06364517de2344ab6 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-02-20 / Universidade Federal de Sao Carlos / The masters work presented is result of a great effort provided by the group, which has worked with changes in the synthesis of CTA-MCM-41. The synthesis of the M41S family (composed of mesoporous silica MCM-41, MCM-48 and MCM-50) was developed by Mobil Oil Corporation in 1992 due to necessity to processing of molecules larger than 0.75 nm, which is the pore diameter of zeolite Y. Among the silica, the most studied is the MCM-41. When the MCM-41 containing cations CTA in your pores, has catalytic sites with basic character because of the presence of anions siloxy (≡SiO-) associated. In evaluating the basic character of the CTA-MCM-41 in transesterification reactions of monoesters, we obtained satisfactory conversions, but when catalyst was reused, there was loss of catalytic activity due to leaching of cations CTA. With the objective of providing more stability in catalytic transesterification reactions of monoester, have changed the routes of synthesis through the use of monomers like acrylate, methacrylate esters and styrene. For this particular research, arises the innovative proposal to replace the CTABr surfactant (Cetyltrimethylammonium bromide) used in the synthesis of mesoporous silica by the surfactant synthesized, CADMABr (Cetylallyldimethylammonium bromide), which differs from CTABr by the substitution of a methyl group of the hydrophilic head group by the polymerizable allyl group. To check the formation of the surfactant and the degree of polymerization solution was held elementary chemical analysis (CHN) and nuclear magnetic resonance of 13C (NMR 13C), it was done also the small angles X-ray scattering (SAXS) of dispersions of different concentrations of CTABr and CADMABr to compared the micellar behavior. For characterization of the catalysts synthesized with this new polymerizable surfactant (Surfmer) was held X-ray diffraction for phase identification characteristic of silica, electron microscopy and thermogravimetry. The results were promising, although the catalytic stability was not achieved in significant way yet. However, the study conducted opens up a range of possibilities for continuation of this theme, as the replacement CTABr by CADMABr makes possible the polymerization without inserting of monomers inside the micelles. / O trabalho de mestrado apresentado é resultado de um grande esforço proporcionado pelo grupo, que tem trabalhado com modificações na síntese da CTA-MCM-41. A síntese da família M41S (composta pelas sílicas mesoporosas MCM-41, MCM-48 e MCM-50) foi divulgada pela Mobil Oil Corporation em 1992 devido à necessidade de processamento de moléculas maiores que 0,75 nm, que é o diâmetro dos poros da zeólita Y. Entre as sílicas, a mais estudada é a MCM-41. Quando a MCM-41 contém cátions CTA em seus poros, possui sítios catalíticos com caráter básico devido à presença dos ânions siloxi (≡SiO-) associados. Ao avaliar o caráter básico da CTA-MCM-41 em reações de transesterificação de monoésteres, obteve-se conversões satisfatórias, porém à medida que o catalisador foi reutilizado houve perda de atividade catalítica devido à lixiviação dos cátions de CTA. Com o objetivo de proporcionar maior estabilidade catalítica nas reações de transesterificação de monoéster, modificaram-se as rotas de síntese por meio da utilização de monômeros do tipo ésteres acrilatos, metacrilatos e estireno. Para esta pesquisa em particular, surge à proposta inovadora de substituir o surfactante CTABr (Brometo de Cetiltrimetilamônio) utilizado na síntese das sílicas mesoporosas pelo surfactante sintetizado, CADMABr (Brometo de Cetilalildimetilamônio), que se distingue do CTABr pela substituição de um grupo metil da cabeça hidrofílica por um grupo alila polimerizável. Para comprovar a formação do surfactante e seu conversão da polimerização em solução, realizou-se análise química elementar (CHN) e ressonância magnética nuclear de 13C (RMN 13C), realizou-se também espalhamento de raios X a ângulos pequenos (SAXS) de dispersões coloidais com diferentes concentrações de CTABr e CADMABr para comparação do comportamento micelar. Para caracterização dos catalisadores sintetizados com esse novo surfactante polimerizável ( Surfmer ) efetuou-se difratometria de raios X para identificação da fase característica das sílicas, microscopia eletrônica de varredura e termogravimetria. Os resultados mostraram-se promissores, embora a estabilidade catalítica ainda não tenha sido alcançada de modo significativo. No entanto, a pesquisa desenvolvida abre um leque de possibilidades para continuação desse tema, pois a substituição do CTABr pelo CADMABr torna possível a polimerização sem a inserção de monômeros no interior das micelas.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-05-14T13:21:44Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 parte1.pdf: 1266396 bytes, checksum: a4c7a57bd0fd6230873b3e69c5c52c4f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-12-01 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / Molecular sieves have been applied to the processing of triacylglycerols, to produce biofuels. In this context, the mesoporous catalyst Al-MCM-41 was proposed in this work as an alternative to acid heterogeneous transesterification of cottonseed oil with ethanol. This material was prepared using various Si/Al molar ratios (25, 50, 75 and 100) with reaction times of 8, 10, 12 or 14 hours at 170°C. The solids were characterized by XRD, FTIR, 29 Si and 27Al MAS NMR, TG/DTA and nitrogen adsorption, which confirmed the mesoporous phase and allowed an estimate of the acidity associated whit the increase of aluminum content in the structure of MCM-41. The catalytic runs were carried out in a PAAR 4843 reactor, with an oil:ethanol molar ratio of 1:9 and catalyst loading of 1,5% at 200°C for 0-180 min; the reaction product was characterized by gas chromatography and 1H and 13C NMR. Gas chromatographic analysis, shoed that the conversion to ethyl esters is linearly dependent on catalyst loading, and Al-MCM-41 (Si/Al=50) was the most active material under the conditions tested. The results of GC-FID and 1H NMR analysis were corroborated by thermal analysis (TGA) and FTIR measurements, which were used to evaluate the Brønsted acidity of the materials. Overall, the yeld of the fatty acid ethyl ester (FAEE) transesterification increased with an increase in catalyst acidity. / Peneiras moleculares têm sido aplicadas para o processamento de triacilgliceróis, visando à produção de biocombustíveis. Nesse contexto, no presente trabalho, o catalisador mesoporoso Al-MCM-41 foi proposto como uma alternativa para a transesterificação ácida heterogênea do óleo de algodão com etanol. Esse material foi preparado variando a razão molar Si/Al (25, 50, 75 e 100) nos tempos de 8, 10, 12 e 14 horas sob temperatura de 170°C. Os sólidos obtidos foram caracterizados por DRX, FTIR, RMN MAS 29Si e 27Al, TG/DTA e área superficial por adsorção de nitrogênio, de modo que se pôde confirmar a fase mesoporosa e estimar a acidez gerada do incremento de alumínio na estrutura do MCM-41. O teste catalítico foi realizado num reator PAAR 4843, com razão molar óleo:etanol de 1:9, 1,5% de catalisador, a 200°C nos tempos de 0-180 min., sendo o produto obtido caracterizado por cromatografia gasosa e RMN 1H e 13C. Através da análise cromatográfica pôde-se verificar que os catalisadores apresentaram perfis lineares de conversão em etil ésteres, sendo o Al-MCM-41 (Si/Al=50) o material mais ativo nas condições utilizadas. Os resultados observados por CG-FID e RMN 1H, foram corroborados pela análise térmica (TG) e FTIR previstos para a geração de acidez de Bronsted, mostrando que o rendimento em FAEE da reação de transesterificação etílica aumenta com o incremento da acidez nos catalisadores.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Climatic changes, largely induced by the use of fossil fuels and the concern with the sustainable development, has become renewable sources of energy extremely important. Nowadays, renewable sources of energy can be obtained, among several available processes, starting from transesterification, esterification and pyrolysis reaction. The esterification reaction can be carried out with homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysts, being them acids or basic. The use of heterogeneous acid catalysis it is preferable when intend to reduce significantly thr number separation and purifications stages the products, as well as, the possibility of reuse of the catalyst. In this context, researches have been developed using heterogeneous catalysts with the aim to study the biofuels obtaining. The aim os this work was to develop sulphated mesoporosos catalysts and it application in the biofuels production. The sample of MCM-41 was synthesized by the hydrothermal method, and it sample was submeted to sulphatation aiming obtain acid catalysts with different sulfphate concentrations. The catalysts were characterized by X-ray diffraction and infrared spectrocopy. The catalytic activity of the materials was evaluated in a batch reactor through the model reaction of oleic acid esterification. Through the X-ray diffaction results was observed that MCM-41 was obtained with success, because it presented the characteristic picks of the mesopouros structure mesoporosa. Infrared spectroscipy showed that calcination method carried out sucefuly with the elimination of the organic template, and, they were observed the main vibrational bands regarding the sulphate linked on the MCM-41 structure. The results obtained from the catalytic activity, in the esterification reactions were promising, because all the catalysts samples presented catalytic activity for the reaction at several temperatures. Levels of conversion of the sulphated MCM-41 were observed near to the of the reference catalysts, the sulphated zirconia and niobia. / As mudanças climáticas, induzidas em grande parte pelo uso de combustíveis fósseis e a preocupação com o desenvolvimento sustentável, tem tornado as fontes renováveis de energia extremamente importantes. Nos dias atuais, fontes renováveis de energia podem ser obtidas, dentre vários processos disponíveis, a partir de reações de transesterificação, esterificação ou pirólise. A reação de esterificação pode ser conduzida tanto com catalisadores homogêneos quanto heterogêneos, sendo eles ácidos ou básicos. O emprego da catálise ácida heterogênea é preferível quando se pretende reduzir significativamente o numero de etapas de purificação dos produtos, bem como a possibilidade de reuso do catalisador. Neste contexto, pesquisas têm sido desenvolvidas utilizando catalisadores heterogêneos com o objetivo de estudar a obtenção de biocombustíveis. Este trabalho teve como finalidade desenvolver catalisadores mesoporosos sulfatados para a aplicação na produção de biodiesel via catálise ácida. A amostra de MCM-41 foi sintetizada pelo método hidrotérmico e foi submetida à sulfatação, de modo a se obter catalisadores ácidos com diferentes teores de sulfato no MCM-41. Os catalisadores foram caracterizados por difração de raios-X e espectroscopia na região do infravermelho. A atividade catalítica dos materiais foi medida em reator de batelada, através da reação modelo de esterificação etílica de acido oléico. Através dos resultados de difração de raios-X, foi observado que o MCM-41 foi obtido com sucesso, pois apresentou os picos característicos da estrutura mesoporosa. As análises de espectroscopia na região do infravermelho mostraram também que o método de calcinação foi promissor na eliminação do direcionador orgânico, tendo sido também observadas as principais bandas vibracionais referentes ao sulfato, ligado na estrutura do MCM-41. Os resultado obtidos em relação à atividade catalítica na reação de esterificação foram promissores, visto que todas as amostras obtidas apresentaram atividade catalítica para a reação de esterificação, a várias temperaturas. Foram observados níveis de conversão do MCM-41 sulfatados, próximos aos dos catalisadores de referência, à base de zircônia e nióbia sulfatados.

Submitted by Irene Nascimento (irene.kessia@ufpe.br) on 2016-06-20T18:14:17Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) TESE COMPLETA FINAL - GRAZIELE NASCIMENTO.pdf: 1640569 bytes, checksum: b37271f18a2ccb0018a4524168b48c7a (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-20T18:14:17Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) TESE COMPLETA FINAL - GRAZIELE NASCIMENTO.pdf: 1640569 bytes, checksum: b37271f18a2ccb0018a4524168b48c7a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-01-15 / PRH-28 ANP / A presença de ácidos naftênicos no querosene de aviação (QAV) implica em um aumento de sua acidez com efeito corrosivo elevado, diminuição da estabilidade térmica, formação de sais insolúveis e depósitos de carbono. A remoção desses compostos por adsorção é considerada uma alternativa eficiente, uma vez que podem ser recuperados, purificados e comercializados para outros fins. A síntese e caracterização de peneiras moleculares mesoporosas do tipo MCM-41 com potencial aplicação em adsorção e catálise vêm sendo bastante estudada em função de suas características, como elevada área superficial, diâmetro e volume de poros. Neste contexto, este trabalho propôs a síntese de adsorventes do tipo MCM-41 modificados, visando à remoção de ácidos naftênicos em mistura modelo de QAV (ácido n-dodecanóico em n-dodecano). Os adsorventes MCM-41, Sr-MCM-41, La- MCM-41, Ce-MCM-41, Sr-La-MCM-41, Sr-Ce-MCM-41 foram sintetizados pelo método hidrotérmico e caracterizados pelas técnicas de análise termogravimétrica (TG), difração de raios-X (DRX), adsorção/dessorção de N2 através dos métodos Brunauer, Emmett e Teller (BET) e Barrett, Joyner e Halenda (BJH), espectroscopia na região do infravermelho por transformada de Fourier (FT-IR), microscopia eletrônica de varredura com espectroscopia de energia dispersiva por raios-X (MEV/EDS) e pH do ponto de carga zero (pHpzc). Foi realizado um estudo para seleção do adsorvente a ser utilizado nos estudos de adsorção. Com o adsorvente selecionado, foram realizados estudos cinéticos e equilíbrio de adsorção em sistema de banho finito. A partir dos dados obtidos, foi avaliado o sistema continuo de leito fixo e os ciclos de adsorção/dessorção. O método hidrotérmico foi eficiente, conforme os resultados obtidos pelas análises de caracterização, uma vez que após a incorporação dos metais, os materiais mantiveram a estrutura padrão da MCM-41. A partir do estudo do pHpzc verificou-se que a incorporação do metal alcalino terroso Sr aumentou a basicidade de todos os materiais. O adsorvente Sr-Ce-MCM-41 apresentou maior estabilidade térmica, bem como maiores volume e diâmetro de poros, apresentando também uma maior capacidade adsortiva. O estudo cinético permitiu verificar que o equilíbrio foi atingido após 420 minutos, com capacidade de 0,64 gác.g-1 ads e % de remoção de 82,5%. A isoterma de adsorção apresentou comportamento do tipo IV e a maior capacidade adsortiva quantificada na faixa de concentração estudada foi de 0,8 gác.g-1 ads. O modelo cinético de Langmuir- Freundlich e o modelo de Brunauer, Emmett e Teller (BET) representaram de forma satisfatória os dados experimentais da cinética e equilíbrio de adsorção em sistema de banho finito. No sistema de leito fixo, os tempos de ruptura e saturação da curva foram afetados pela variação da vazão e da concentração de alimentação do leito. Os dados experimentais foram ajustados ao modelo de Langmuir-Freundlich, uma vez que foram desprezados os efeitos de resistência à transferência de massa e de difusão. Os estudos de adsorção/dessorção indicaram a possibilidade de recuperação de ácidos naftênicos visando seu posterior aproveitamento e aplicação. O adsorvente estudado Sr-Ce-MCM-41 apresentou potencial para a remoção de ácidos naftênicos presentes em QAV modelo nas condições estudadas. / The presence of naphthenic acids in the aviation kerosene (jet fuel) implies an increase in its acidity with high corrosive effect, decreased thermal stability, formation of insoluble salts and carbon deposits. The removal of these compounds by adsorption is considered to be an effective alternative, since they can be recovered, purified and sold for other purposes. The synthesis and characterization of mesoporous molecular sieves MCM-41 type with potential application in adsorption and catalysis have been extensively studied due to their characteristics, such as high surface area, diameter and pore volume. In this context, this paper proposed the adsorbent synthesis of MCM-41 modified type, aimed at removing naphthenic acid mixed model of jet fuel (n-dodecanoic acid in n-dodecane). The MCM-41, Sr-MCM- 41, La-MCM-41, Ce-MCM-41, Sr-La-MCM-41, Sr-Ce-MCM-41 adsorbents were synthesized by hydrothermal method and characterized by techniques thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), X-ray diffraction (XRD), N2 adsorption/desorption using the Brunauer, Emmett and Teller (BET) and Barrett, Joyner and Halenda (BJH) methods, spectroscopy in the infrared Fourier transform (FT-IR), scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive spectroscopy X-ray (SEM/EDS) and pH of zero charge point (pHpzc). A study was conducted to check the adsorbent for use in adsorption studies. With the selected adsorbent, kinetic studies were performed and adsorption equilibrium finite bath system. From the data obtained, we evaluated the system continuous fixed bed and the cycles of adsorption/desorption. The hydrothermal method was effective as the results of the characterization analyzes, since after the incorporation of metals, materials maintained the pattern structure of MCM-41. From the PHpzc study it was found that the incorporation of the alkaline earth metal Sr increased basicity of all materials. The Sr-Ce-MCM-41 adsorbent has higher thermal stability and higher pore volume and pore diameter, also having a greater adsorption capacity. The kinetic study showed that equilibrium is reached after 420 minutes, with a capacity of 0.64 gac.g-1 ads and % removal of 82.5%. The adsorption isotherm presented type IV behavior and higher adsorptive capacity quantified in the studied concentration range was 0.8 gac.g-1 ads. The kinetic model of Langmuir-Freundlich and model of Brunauer, Emmett and Teller (BET) were satisfactory experimental data of adsorption kinetics and equilibrium in finite bath system. In the fixed bed system, the breakthrough time and saturation curve were affected by varying the flow rate and the bed of the feed concentration. The experimental data were fitted to the model of Langmuir-Freundlich, since the effects of mass transfer resistance and diffusion were discarded. Studies of adsorption/desorption indicated the possibility of naphthenic acid recovery aiming their subsequent use and application. The adsorbent studied Sr-Ce-MCM-41 has potential for the removal of naphthenic acids present in jet fuel model in the conditions studied.

Orientadores: Gustavo Paim Valença, Sandra Bizarria Lopes Villanueva / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Química / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-16T11:20:37Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 LaSalvia_Nathalia_M.pdf: 2174540 bytes, checksum: fc21aef557be5b73b478199385b64dde (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010 / Resumo: Peneiras moleculares do tipo MCM-41 foram sintetizadas e impregnadas com 16% de bário e 1,4%; 2,9% e 5,6 % de cromo. As amostras foram então calcinadas e caracterizadas, e utilizadas na conversão catalítica de etanol. Esses materiais apresentaram áreas superficiais entre 400 a 1.200 m2 g-1. Os difratogramas de raios X mostraram que fases da MCM-41 foram obtidas. A introdução de Ba e Cr resultou em picos de DRX diferentes da MCM-41, sugerindo a formação de fases cristalinas diferentes dentro da peneira molecular. O aumento da quantidade do Cr (1,4; 2,9 e 5,6%) provoca um aumento na intensidade cristalina. Os testes catalíticos foram realizados em um reator de leito fixo, as temperaturas de reação utilizadas foram 600, 650, 700 e 750 K e as pressões de etanol de 5820, 4278, 3110 e 2220 Pa, a massa utilizada foi 30 mg, e o fluxo de etanol de 2×10-6 m3 s-1. Os produtos da reação identificados por um cromatógrafo a gás com uma coluna Porapak Q foram o eteno, etoxietano, acetaldeído, água e butadieno e suas concentrações foram calculadas com base na área do pico e os fatores de resposta térmicos. Os cálculos dos efeitos difusivos demonstraram que a transferência de massa externa para reações a 750 K podem ser limitantes da reação. Foram realizados também os cálculos da taxa de reação, da energia de ativação, fatores pré exponencial, constante da taxa e ordens de reação para todos os sólidos Os resultados obtidos a partir do estudo das energias das reações consideradas neste estudo mostram que a equação da taxa de reação não pode ser da forma r = KCn , ou seja, a expressão da taxa de reação possui uma forma mais complexa que deve considerar uma constante de adsorção do reagente na superfície. Cinco reações principais foram observadas, com formação de eteno, etoxietano, acetaldeído, hidrogênio e butadieno. A MCM-41 sem Ba e Cr catalisou a reação de desidratação de etanol, com eteno como produto principal em todas as temperaturas testadas nesse trabalho. A introdução de Ba resultou na formação de eteno e etoxietano como produtos de reação, com esse último em maiores proporções em temperaturas menores e o paulatino aumento da quantidade de eteno e diminuição da quantidade de etoxietano com o aumento da temperatura. A introdução de Cr nos poros da Ba/MCM-41 resultou na formação de acetaldeído e butadieno. O aumento da quantidade de Cr resultou em um aumento na quantidade de butadieno nos produtos de reação / Abstract: Molecular sieves of the MCM-41 type were synthesized and impregnated with 16% w/w Ba and three loads of Cr: 1.4%, 2.9% and 5.6%. The solids were then calcined, characterized and tested as catalysts for the conversion of ethanol. The surface areas of the solids varied between 400 and 1200 m2 g-1. The X ray diffraction patterns show MCM-41 phases in all solids. The introduction of Ba and Cr resulted in different XRD peaks in addition to the MCM-41 peaks, suggesting the formation of different crystal phases inside the molecular sieve. The increase in the amount of Cr in the solids resulted in more crystalline phases (more intense peaks). The catalytic test reaction of ethanol was carried out in a fixed bed microreactor under differential conditions at 600, 650, 700 and 750 K and at 5820, 4278, 3110 e 2220 Pa of ethanol partial pressure. The mass of catalyst used in all tests was ca. 30 mg and the volumetric flow of ethanol saturated N2 was 2×10-6 m3 s-1. The reaction products were sent to a gas chromatograph with a Porapak column where they were separated. Ethene, diethyl ether, acetaldehyde, water and butadiene were identified and their concentrations calculated based on peak area and thermal response factors. The mass balance of all compounds was calculated for all reactions as well as the extent of reaction for all reactions for every pressure and temperature used in this work. The criteria for diffusion limitations were used in all cases. Calculations based on the experimental data suggest that data at 750 K may be diffusion-limited. Reaction rate, activation energy and pre exponential factor were calculated for all reactions. Five reactions were observed in this work, namely, the dehydration of ethanol into ethene and into diethyl ether, the dehydrogenation of ethanol into acetaldehyde, the condensation of ethanol and acetaldehyde into butadiene and the dehydration of diethyl ether into ethene. When MCM-41 with no Ba or Cr was used as a catalyst, only ethene, water and diethyl ether were observed as reaction products, with ethene as the main products for the entire range of temperatures and pressures used in this work. The introduction of Ba resulted also in the formation of ethene, water and diethyl ether, but with the latter being formed in larger amounts at lower temperatures and the former at higher temperatures. The introduction of Cr in the pores of Ba/MCM-41 resulted in the formation of acetaldehyde and butadiene. The increase in the amount of Cr resulted in an increase in the amount of butadiene / Mestrado / Desenvolvimento de Processos Químicos / Mestre em Engenharia Química