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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
251

Piégeage de l'hydrogène dans des hydrures métalliques en présence de mélanges de gaz / Hydrogen trapping in metallic hydrides in the presence of gas mixtures

Thibault, Delphine 20 December 2013 (has links)
La mitigation du risque hydrogène encouru lors du transport de déchets radiolysables est une problématique majeure dans le domaine du nucléaire. Les getters métalliques réagissent spontanément avec l'hydrogène gazeux pour le piéger sous forme solide avec des capacités volumiques et des cinétiques de réaction élevées dans les conditions de température et de pression de l'application. Cette réaction implique cependant une étape de dissociation de l'hydrogène en surface qui peut être fortement affectée par la présence de molécules de gaz inhibiteurs tels que l'azote ou le monoxyde de carbone. Aussi, un système original de couplage entre un hydrure métallique et une membrane permsélective à l'hydrogène a été proposé dans ce travail afin d'éviter la contamination de la surface de l'alliage et d'optimiser le piégeage de l'hydrogène en présence de mélanges de gaz. Des alliages de zirconium des systèmes Zr-Fe et Zr-Ti-V, connus pour leur relative tolérance aux gaz contaminants, ont été synthétisés dans un four à induction haute fréquence par cofusion d'éléments purs. L'analyse structurale et chimique des échantillons a été réalisée par diffraction des rayons-X et microsonde de Casgtaing. L'hydrogénation par la méthode de Sievert en présence de différents mélanges de gaz a confirmé l'influence néfaste du monoxyde de carbone sur les cinétiques et les capacités d'absorption des hydrures.Parallèlement, des membranes de silice microporeuse et de polyimide dense ont été élaborées. Leurs propriétés de perméation et de sélectivité à l'hydrogène ont été caractérisées dans les conditions de température et de pression correspondant à l'application. L'enrobage d'un alliage hydrurable dans une membrane permsélective à l'hydrogène a été proposé. L'intérêt de ce couplage sur les cinétiques d'absorption de l'hydrogène en présence de CO a été démontré / Mitigation of the hydrogen risk generated by radiolysis during nuclear waste transportation is a major safety concern in the nuclear industry. Intermetallic compounds act as getters to trap hydrogen in solid state spontaneously in wide ranges of temperatures and pressures including waste transport conditions. The hydrogenation reaction proceeds through a dissociation step at the metal surface and the presence of inhibiting gas molecules such as nitrogen or carbon monoxide can strongly affect the gettering performances of the material. Therefore, an innovative system has been proposed in this work to protect alloy surfaces and optimize hydrogen gettering in the presence of gas mixtures using a hydrogen permselective membrane. Structure and chemical composition of zirconium alloys from the Zr-Fe and Zr-Ti-V systems, known to be relatively tolerant to contaminants gas, have been investigated using X-ray diffraction and electron microprobe analysis. The hydrogen sorption properties have been studied and confirmed the hindering effects of carbon monoxide on the kinetics and the absorption capacity of those hydrides. Meanwhile, microporous silica membranes and dense polyimide have been developed. Their permeation and selectivity properties to hydrogen have been characterized in temperature and pressure conditions close to the foreseen application. Embedded hydrides into a permselective polymeric matrix were finally proposed. This coupling showed benefits on the absorption kinetics in the presence of CO
252

Le rôle des protéines courbant les membranes dans l’endocytose indépendante de la clathrine suivie par le récepteur de l’interleukine 2 / The role of membrane-bending proteins in clathrin-independent endocytosis used by the interleukin 2 receptor

Bertot, Laëtitia 15 December 2016 (has links)
L’endocytose permet l’internalisation d’éléments présents dans le milieu extracellulaire tels que les nutriments. Ce processus prend place dans la membrane plasmique. Les courbures de la membrane jouent un rôle essentiel dans l’endocytose pour générer une invagination initiale, un puits, puis une vésicule qui se sépare ensuite de la membrane plasmique pour fusionner avec les compartiments intracellulaires. Il existe plusieurs voies d’endocytose qui peuvent être classées selon des critères tels que la taille des vésicules produites, la médiation par un récepteur ou la présence d’un manteau recouvrant les vésicules. La voie d’endocytose la mieux caractérisée est celle dépendante de la clathrine. Mon laboratoire d’accueil travaille sur l’entrée du récepteur de l’interleukine 2 (IL-2R). Ce récepteur peut entrer de façon constitutive ou induite en présence de son ligand l’IL-2. Les deux voies sont indépendantes de la clathrine. Lors de mon arrivée dans le laboratoire, ces voies étaient encore peu caractérisées, notamment les facteurs induisant les courbures membranaires restaient à identifier. Ces facteurs doivent être particulièrement impliqués car les vésicules contenant l’IL-2R sont dépourvues de manteaux. Un crible par interférence à ARN, réalisé avant mon arrivée avait permis de proposer des protéines candidates pouvant courber les membranes. La première partie de ma thèse a consisté à confirmer l’importance de certaines protéines issues de ce crible puis à étudier leurs rôles dans la voie constitutive de l’IL-2R. Parmi ces protéines confirmées, deux familles de facteurs étaient particulièrement intéressantes pour leur capacité à courber les membranes, les phospholipases D et les endophilines. Ces dernières ont permis d’identifier une nouvelle voie d’entrée nommée « Fast Endophilin Mediated Endocytosis » FEME dans laquelle l’endophiline joue un rôle essentiel et qui est empruntée par de nombreux récepteurs transmettant le signal. La voie FEME partage plusieurs facteurs communs avec la voie d’endocytose induite de l’IL-2R. Pour finir, mes travaux de thèse ont porté sur l’orchestration de l’endophiline et de la dynamine dans la voie d’endocytose constitutive de l’IL-2R. Ces deux facteurs sont impliqués en fin d’endocytose, pour scinder les vésicules de la membrane plasmique. Cependant, ces deux protéines n’ont pas la même orchestration. Nos travaux montrent une action distincte de l’endophiline et de la dynamine dans les voies d’endocytose dépendante et indépendante de la clathrine. / Endocytosis allows the uptake of elements from the extracellular fluid such as nutriments. This process takes place at the plasma membrane. The membrane curvatures play an important role in endocytosis for the production of initial invagination to form a pit that will be then separate from the plasma membrane and will go to the intracellular compartments. Several routes of endocytosis exist and can be classified depending on vesicles size formed, receptor mediated endocytosis or coat on vesicles. The well-known characterized endocytosis pathway is the clathrin mediated one. My lab is working on interleukin 2 receptor (IL-2R) entry. This receptor can enter either constitutively or upon induction by the ligand IL-2. Both uptake pathways are independent of clathrin. When I arrived in the lab, those pathways were still under characterization, in particular the factors inducing the membrane curvature. Their role should be important since IL-2R containing vesicles are coated free. A small interfering RNA screen performed before my phD, allowed to identify new candidates. The first part of my thesis was to verify the involvement of some of them in the IL-2R constitutive pathway and then to study their role in this pathway. Among them, 2 families of proteins were particularly interesting as they can curve membranes, phospholipases D and endophilins. The endophilin allowed the discovery of a new route called “Fast Endophilin Mediated Endocytosis” (FEME) in which it plays an essential role and which is used by numerous receptors that transmit signal. The FEME pathway shares several factors that are common with the IL-2 induced endocytosis pathway. Then, I conducted a work on the orchestration of endophilin and dynamin during the constitutive IL-2R endocytosis. Both factors are recruited at the end of the mechanism, to separate the vesicles from the plasma membrane. However, both proteins do not have the same orchestration. Our works show a distinct action of endophilin and dynamin in clathrin dependent and independent endocytosis.
253

Surprising Similarities in Photoreceptor Membrane Shedding between Vertebrates and the Beetle; Thermonectus Marmoratus

Conley, Rose 19 November 2019 (has links)
No description available.
254

Importance des ROS et des radicaux : de la graine à la membrane plasmique / Importance of ROS and radicals : from seed to the plasma membrane

Biniek, Catherine 28 November 2016 (has links)
L’objectif de cette thèse est de définir l’effet de l’environnement maternel sur la qualité des graines de A.thaliana, H.annuus, B.oleracea et H.vulgare, caractériser deux mutants d’A.thaliana affectés au niveau d’enzymes de la membrane plasmique et caractériser l’activité de ces deux protéines. Des dosages de O₂•⁻ et de radicaux ont été faits sur des graines issues de plantes ayant subi des stress thermique et/ou hydrique et n’ont pas montré d’effet des stress. Des traitements de vieillissement accéléré ont eu des effets négatifs sur la vigueur et la viabilité des graines. Des radicaux ont été identifiés par RPE haut champ au niveau de l’enveloppe et du péricarpe. Etant donné la localisation de ces radicaux, ils ne sont pas de bons marqueurs de la qualité des graines. Des mutants KO d’A.thaliana de quinones réductases (QR) et de AIR12 ont été caractérisés. Les QR sont des enzymes cytosoliques ayant une affinité pour la membrane. Elles catalysent la réduction de quinones en dihydroquinones et jouent un rôle protecteur contre le stress oxydatif. A pH alcalin par contre, les dihydroquinones se déprotonent et s’autooxydent entrainant la formation de semiquinones et de O₂•⁻. AIR12 est un cytochrome b 561 ancré à la membrane du côté de l’apoplaste réductible par l’ascorbate et le O₂•⁻. Ces protéines pourraient être impliquées dans un transfert d’électrons à travers la membrane via la vitamine K1. Les protéines recombinantes NQR et AIR12 ont été produites. A pH alcalin, AIR12 est réduit par les semiquinones et pourrait donc récupérer les électrons du produit de NQR. En présence de membrane plasmique, la production de O₂•⁻ est augmentée avec NQR et diminuée avec NQR et AIR12. Les QR semblent avoir un rôle anti- et pro-oxydant selon les cas et AIR12 un rôle anti-oxydant. Le transfert d’électrons entre les deux protéines pourrait se faire via les semiquinones à pH alcalin et via O₂•⁻. / The aim of this work is to define the effects of adverse environmental conditions on seed quality of A.thaliana, H.annuus, B.oleracea et H.vulgare), characterize two A.thaliana mutants affected in plasma membrane proteins and characterize the activity of the two proteins. Seeds were harvested from plants subjected to drought and/or thermal stress. Then O₂•⁻ and organic radicals in seeds were measured showing no impact of the stress. Accelerated ageing had a negative effect on seed vigor and viability. Radicals have been identified by high field EPR: epi-catechin and Mn(II) in the testa and melanin in the pericarp. There was no correlation between these radicals and the seed quality, therefore these radicals were not found to be good markers of seed quality. A.thaliana KO mutants of quinone reductase (QR) and AIR12 have been characterized. QR are cytosolic enzymes that have an affinity for the membrane. QR catalyze the reduction of quinone to dihydroquinone. Thus they are known to be protective enzymes against oxidative stress. However, at alkaline pH, dihydroquinone deprotonize and form semiquinones and O₂•⁻. AIR12 is a b561 cytochrome anchored to the apoplastic side of the membrane. These proteins could be implied in a transmembrane electron transport via vitamin K1. Recombinant proteins and NQR and AIR12 were produced. At alkaline pH, AIR 12 was reduced by the semiquinone, AIR12 could form a redox couple with vitamin K1 as electron shuttle across the membrane. In the presence of plasma membrane, the production O₂•⁻ was increased with NQR and reduced with NQR and AIR12. QR appear to have an anti- and pro-oxidant according to the conditions and AIR12 an anti-oxidant role. Electron transfer between the two proteins could be done via the semiquinone at alkaline pH and via O₂•⁻.
255

Characterization of Membrane Foulants in Full-scale and Lab-scale Membrane Bioreactors for Wastewater Treatment and Reuse

Matar, Gerald 12 1900 (has links)
Membrane bioreactors (MBRs) offer promising solution for wastewater treatment and reuse to address the problem of water scarcity. Nevertheless, this technology is still facing challenges associated with membrane biofouling. This phenomenon has been mainly investigated in lab-scale MBRs with little or no insight on biofouling in full-scale MBR plants. Furthermore, the temporal dynamics of biofouling microbial communities and their extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) are less studied. Herein, a multidisciplinary approach was adopted to address the above knowledge gaps in lab- and full-scale MBRs. In the full-scale MBR study, 16S rRNA gene pyrosequencing with multivariate statistical analysis revealed that the early and mature biofilm communities from five full-scale MBRs differed significantly from the source community (i.e. activated sludge), and random immigration of species from the source community was unlikely to shape the community structure of biofilms. Also, a core biofouling community was shared between the five MBR plants sampled despite differences in their operating conditions. In the lab-scale MBR studies, temporal dynamics of microbial communities and their EPS products were monitored on different hydrophobic and hydrophilic membranes during 30 days. At the early stages of filtration (1 d), the same early colonizers belonging to the class Betaproteobacteria were identified on all the membranes. However, their relative abundance decreased on day 20 and 30, and sequence reads belonging to the phylum Firmicutes and Chlorobi became dominant on all the membranes on day 20 and 30. In addition, the intrinsic membrane characteristic did not select any specific EPS fractions at the initial stages of filtration and the same EPS foulants developed with time on the hydrophobic and hydrophilic membranes. Our results indicated that the membrane surface characteristics did not select for specific biofouling communities or EPS foulants, and the same early colonizers were selected from the source community (i.e. activated sludge), and then went through significant changes to form a mature biofilm. Our findings from these studies could support future research aimed at developing enhanced biological-based strategies to control biofouling in MBRs.
256

Utveckling av en experimentell uppställning för studie av massöverföring genom membran / Development of an Experimental Setup for Studying Membrane Mass Transfer

Bergström, Johan January 2015 (has links)
The primary goal of this project is to develop an experimental setup for testing membrane materials. The membranes tested are all porous, hydrophilic and non- selective. The secondary goal is that the module finds use as an educational tool for learning about diffusion on a university level. The final setup consisted of two modified 250 ml polyethylene bottles with a wide neck joined together with a flange pinning the test object in between. In the experiments one side is loaded with a sodium chloride solution, while the other is loaded with pure deionized water. The conductivity change is then monitored in the chamber loaded with deionized water using a conductivity probe. Two test subjects are tested, an alpha Cellulose filter and a polycarbonate membrane. The mass transfer coefficient are determined to be 8.99*10-6 ± 3.90*10-6 [cm/min] and 3.62*10-5 ± 1.49*10-6 [cm/min] respectively. The large inconsistencies in the alpha cellulose filters results in large standard deviations, whereas the polycarbonate is very consistent and therefore have very small error bars. Meaning that the largest error in this design originates from inconsistencies between samples of the test subject. The setup is suitable as an educational tool due to short run times of one hour, the generated data only requires simple linear regression to extract mass transfer coefficients from the slope. The experiment can be varied further by adjusting temperature and stirring. / Det primära målet med det här projektet är att utveckla en experimentell uppställning för att testa membran. Alla testade membran är porösa, hydrofila och icke-selektiva. Det sekundära målet är att uppställningen kan användas som ett pedagogiskt verktyg för kurser i masstransport. Den slutliga uppställningen består av två modifierade 250 ml polyeten flaskor med vid hals, ihopsatta med en fläns som håller testobjektet på plats emellan flaskorna. I experimenten fylls en av kamrarna med saltlösning och den andra med avjoniserat vatten, konduktiviteten mäts i kammaren som laddas med avjoniserat vatten. Två objekt testades, ett alfacellulosa filter och ett polykarbonat membran. Massöverförings koefficienter bestämdes till 8.99*10-6 ± 3.90*10-6 [cm/min] för alfacellulosa filtret och 3.62*10-5 ± 1.49*10-6 [cm/min] för polykarbonat membranet. Det finns stora variationer i alfacellulosa materialet vilket leder till stora standardavvikelse i körningarna på alfacellulosa filtret, medan polykarbonat membranen var identiska och därmed har väldigt små felstaplar. Därmed kunde det fastslås att stora avvikelser nästan bara beror på variationer i testobjektet. Uppställningen lämpar sig för undervisning eftersom körningstiden är kort (1 timme) och massöverföringskoefficienten kan tas fram med linjär regression. Experimentet kan bland annat varieras genom att ändra temperatur och omrörning.
257

Novel Membrane-Based Approaches for Mitigating Biosensor Interferents

DeBrosse, Madeleine 24 May 2022 (has links)
No description available.
258

Studies of the structure of potassium channel KcsA in the open conformation and the effect of anionic lipids on channel inactivation

Zhang, Dongyu January 2019 (has links)
Membrane proteins play a vital role in cellular processes. In this thesis, we use KcsA, a prokaryotic potassium channel, as a model to investigate the gating mechanism of ion channels and the effect of anionic lipids on the channel activity using solid-state NMR spectroscopy. KcsA activity is known to be highly dependent on the presence of negatively charged lipids. Multiple crystal structures combined with biochemistry assays suggest that KcsA is co-purified with anionic lipids with phosphatidylglycerol headgroup. Here, we identified this specifically bound, isotopically labeled lipid in the protein 13C-13C correlation spectra. Our results reveal that the lipid cross peaks show stronger intensity when the channel is in the inactivated state compared to the activated state, which indicates a stronger protein-lipid interaction when KcsA is inactivated. In addition, our data shows that including anionic lipids into proteoliposomes leads to a weaker potassium ion affinity at the selectivity filter. Considering ion loss as a model of inactivation, our results suggest anionic lipids promote channel inactivation. However, the surface charge is not the only physical parameter that regulates channel gating or conformational preference. We found that the channel adapted to different conformations when reconstituted into liposome either made of DOPC or DOPE, two zwitterionic lipids. Also, we were able to stabilize the open-conformation of KcsA in 3:1 DOPE/DOPG liposome at pH 4.0 and acquired several multi-dimensional solid-state NMR experiments for site-specific resonance assignments. This is the first time that we obtain wild-type full-length KcsA structural information on the transient state. The structure is not only important for understanding channel gating, but can also serve as a homology model for investigating drug binding with more complicated potassium channels such as human voltage gated channel (hERG).
259

Activation des petites GTPases à la périphérie des membranes / Small GTPases activation at the periphery of membranes

Peurois, François 12 October 2018 (has links)
Les petites GTPases sont des régulateurs majeurs de nombreux processus cellulaires. La dérégulation de l’activation des petites GTPases est à l’origine de nombreuses maladies comme, entre autres, certains diabètes et cancers. In vivo, l’activation des petites GTPases se fait par des facteurs d’échange nucléotidiques (GEF), qui interagissent avec les GTPases à la périphérie des membranes cellulaires. Au delà d’un simple lieu de co-localisation, les membranes biologiques possèdent des propriétés physico-chimiques impactant directement l’activation des petites GTPases par les GEFs. Ce projet de thèse s’articule autour de trois axes, 1) proposer une stratégie expérimentale pour mesurer quantitativement les effets des membranes dans cette activation, 2) établir un modèle d’activation à la périphérie des membranes du GEF EPAC1, cible thérapeutique de maladies cardiaques 3) caractériser des petites molécules inhibitrices connues d’ArfGEF dans un contexte membranaire. Les résultats ont montré que les membranes modifiaient l’efficacité catalytique des GEFs, et questionnait leur spécificité vis à vis des petites GTPases. Les membranes apparaissent également comme de véritables actrices de l’activation d’EPAC1 en coopération avec l’AMPc. Ces effets pourraient être expliqués par une colocalisation entre GEFs et GTPases à la surface des membranes, l’induction d’un réarrangement conformationnel du GEF par les membranes, une modification de la diffusion latérale des GEF, ou encore une géométrie catalytiquement avantageuse du complexe GEF-GTPase-membrane. Enfin comprendre et expliciter l’implication des membranes dans cette activation amène à imaginer de nouvelles stratégies d’inhibition thérapeutique. / Small GTPases are major regulators of many cellular processes. Nucleotide exchange factors (GEF) activate small GTPases. Deregulation of the activation of small GTPases is at the origin of several diseases, such as certain diabetes and cancers. GTPases and GEFs interact together at the periphery of cell membranes. Beyond a simple place of co-localization, biological membranes have physicochemical properties directly impacting the activation of small GTPases by GEFs. This thesis project is based on three axes, 1) to propose an experimental strategy to quantitatively measure the effects of membranes in this activation 2) to establish a model of the activation at the periphery of membranes of the GEF EPAC1, a therapeutic target in heart diseases, 3) to characterize known ArfGEF inhibitory small molecules in a membrane context. The results showed that membranes modified GEF catalytic efficiency, and questioned their specificity towards small GTPases. The membranes also appear as partners for the activation of EPAC1 in cooperation with cAMP. These effects could be explained by a co-localization between GEF and GTPases on the membranes surfaces, a conformational rearrangement of the GEF induced by membranes, a modification of lateral diffusion of the GEF, or a catalytically advantageous geometry of the GEF-GTPase-membrane complex. Finally, understanding the involvement of membranes in this activation leads us to imagine new therapeutic inhibition strategies.
260

Membrane fabrication and functionalization for improved removal of monovalent ions from water using electrodialysis

Sheorn, Matthew P 08 December 2023 (has links) (PDF)
Electrodialysis is a membrane separation process that uses an electrical potential to drive the separation. The performance of these systems is largely based on the performance of their ion exchange membranes (IEMs). This research focused on enhancing the performance of IEMs for electrodialysis through surface modification techniques involving chitosan bonded to the surface of commercially available cation exchange membranes (CEMs). The surface functionalization techniques resulted in membranes with improved electrodialysis performance. This research also explored the processing framework to produce functionalized sulfonated PEEK (sPEEK) nanofibers for future consideration as cation exchange membranes. Chitin was deacetylated to form the functionalized biopolymer chitosan, then applied to the surface of CEMs, rendering them more hydrophilic. These membranes were evaluated across several electrodialysis performance metrics. Results demonstrate that adjusting the degree of deacetylation of chitosan to enhance membrane hydrophilicity positively impacted electrodialysis performance. Furthermore, this research evaluated the effectiveness of similarly functionalized membranes to extract Lithium from brine solutions. The chitosan-coated membranes showed improved electrodialysis performance, including enhanced flux, limiting current density, system resistance, selectivity, and fouling resistance. Lastly, the sPEEK nanofibers were produced for the fabrication of ion exchange membranes by manipulating operational parameters to assess their impact. This research presents the successful functionalization of PEEK via sulfonation and electrospinning of the resulting sPEEK. These nanofibers were then pressed to form a solid sPEEK membrane. It was observed that changes in electrical potential and rotational speed influenced fiber diameter and spinnability. A correlation was established between membrane surface hydrophilicity and electrodialysis performance metrics in desalination and lithium extraction applications. This research advanced the understanding of structure-property relationships for CEMs. The research herein proposes techniques for industries such as desalination and lithium extraction that can meet growing demands for clean water and sustainable methods for producing high-value raw material streams.

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