Understanding, monitoring and managing savanna ecosystems require characterizing both functional and structural properties of vegetation. Due to functional diversity and structural heterogeneity in savannas, characterizing these properties using remote sensing is methodologically challenging. Focusing on the semi-arid savanna in the central Kalahari, the objective of this dissertation was to combine in situ data with multi-scale satellite imagery and two image analysis approaches (i.e. Multiple Endmember Spectral Mixture Analysis (MESMA) and Object Based Image Analysis (OBIA)) to : (i) determine the superior method for estimating fractional photosynthetic vegetation (fPV), non-photosynthetic vegetation (fNPV) and bare soil (fBS) when high spatial resolution multispectral imagery is used, (ii) examine the suitability of OBIA for mapping vegetation morphology types using a Landsat TM imagery, (iii) examine the impact of changing spatial resolution on magnitude and accuracy of fractional cover and (iv) examine how the fractional cover magnitude and accuracy are spatially associated with vegetation morphology. Using the GeoEye-1 imagery, MESMA provided more accurate fractional cover estimates than OBIA. The increasing segmentation scale in OBIA resulted in a consistent increase in error. While areas under woody cover produced lower errors even at coarse segmentation scales, those with herbaceous cover provided low errors only at the fine segmentation scale. Vegetation morphology type mapping results suggest that classes with dominant woody life forms attained higher accuracy at fine segmentation scales, while those with dominant herbaceous vegetation reached higher classification accuracy at coarse segmentation scales. Contrarily, for bare areas accuracy was relatively unaffected by changing segmentation scale. Multi-scale fractional cover mapping results indicate that increasing pixel size caused consistent increases in variance of and error in fractional cover estimates. Even at a coarse spatial resolution, fPV was estimated with higher accuracy compared to fNPV and fBS. At a larger pixel size, in areas with dominant woody vegetation, fPV was overestimated at the cost of mainly underestimating fBS; in contrast, in areas with dominant herbaceous vegetation, fNPV was overestimated with a corresponding underestimation of both fPV and fBS. These results underscore that structural and functional heterogeneity in savannas impact retrieval of fractional cover, suggesting that comprehensive remote sensing of savannas needs to take both structure and cover into account. / text

This thesis focuses on land degradation in the hinterland of Rio de Janeiro, part of the highly endangered Brazilian Atlantic Forest biome. Forest and pasture degradation are of outmost concern in the region. Thus, the main objective of this work is to provide a methodology to identify areas that fulfill the aim of increasing forest area, improving forest quality and reducing overall pasture degradation. Therefore, this work presents an approach for high-resolution land cover and pasture degradation mapping as well as an approach for prioritizing reforestation sites. Based on the prioritized land, forest scenarios are modelled and evaluated. Outcomes of this work include the recommendation to restrict land use on slopes above 10° and theoretical considerations to adapt compensatory payments for reforestation based on the priorities of the identified sites. Methods used in this work encompass image fusion using RandomForest regression, Land Cover Classification with the RandomForest classifier and Multiple Endmember Spectral Mixture Analysis (MESMA) and field methods for pasture degradation mapping.:LIST OF FIGURES XVII LIST OF TABLES XIX LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS XXI 1 INTRODUCTION 1 1.1 PROBLEM IDENTIFICATION 1 1.2 RESEARCH OBJECTIVES AND QUESTIONS 3 1.3 VALUE OF THE RESEARCH 5 1.4 STRUCTURE 6 2 CONCEPTUAL BACKGROUND 7 2.1 LAND DEGRADATION 7 2.1.1 Definition of Land Degradation 7 2.1.2 Forest Fragmentation 9 2.1.3 Pasture Degradation 14 2.2 REMOTE SENSING FUNDAMENTALS 16 2.2.1 Optical Remote Sensing 16 2.2.2 Image Classification and Land Cover Mapping 20 2.2.3 Vegetation Discrimination 22 2.2.4 Digital Elevation Model (DEM) Applications 24 2.3 LANDSCAPE METRICS 25 3 STUDY AREA 27 3.1 LOCATION 27 3.2 PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT 28 3.3 HUMAN ENVIRONMENT 32 4 PART (A): STATE OF THE ART 39 4.1 LAND DEGRADATION IN THE GUAPI-MACACU WATERSHED 40 4.1.1 Forest Fragmentation 40 4.1.2 Pasture Degradation 42 4.2 REMOTE SENSING-BASED LAND DEGRADATION ASSESSMENTS 46 4.2.1 Forest Monitoring in the Brazilian Atlantic Forest Biome 49 4.2.2 Pasture Degradation Mapping 51 4.3 POLICIES AND PROGRAM WITH RELEVANCE TO CONSERVATION AND REFORESTATION PROJECTS IN BRAZIL 54 4.3.1 International Programs, Schemes and Intitiatives 54 4.3.2 National Environmental Policies and Programs 58 4.3.3 Policies and Programs with Focus on the Brazilian Atlantic Forest 64 4.3.4 State-based Regulations in the Rio de Janeiro Federal State 65 4.4 LAND REHABILITATION AND REFORESTATION EFFORTS IN THE RJ FEDERAL STATE 66 4.4.1 Pasture Rehabilitation 66 4.4.2 Forest Restoration 67 5 MATERIAL AND METHODS 71 5.1 GEODATA AND SOFTWARE 71 5.2 PART (B): LAND COVER AND PASTURE DEGRADATION MAPPING 73 5.2.1 Field Survey of Degraded Pastures 73 5.2.2 Satellite Data Processing 75 5.2.3 Hot Spot Analysis 86 5.2.4 Relation of Slope Angle and Degradation Class 87 5.3 PART (C): PRIORITIZATION OF REFORESTATION SITES 87 5.3.1 Preliminary Study 88 5.3.2 Spatial Multi-Criteria Evaluation (SMCE) 90 5.3.3 Forest Scenario Development and Evaluation Using Landscape Metrics 94 6 RESULTS 97 6.1 PART (B): MAPPING OF PASTURE DEGRADATION 97 6.1.1 Categorization of Pasture Degradation 97 6.1.2 High-resolution SWIR band modelling 99 6.1.3 Land Cover Classification with Random Forests 101 6.1.4 Pasture Degradation Mapping Using Spectral Mixture Analysis and Field Data 103 6.1.5 Hot Spot Analysis of Pasture Degradation 106 6.1.6 Slope Influence on Pasture Degradation 107 6.2 PART (C): PRIORITIZATION OF REFORESTATION SITES USING SMCE 109 6.2.1 Characteristics of the Prioritized Areas 109 6.2.2 Forest Scenarios 113 7 DISCUSSION 117 7.1 PART (A/B): ASSESSMENT OF THE STATUS OF LAND DEGRADATION IN THE GUAPI-MACACU WATERSHED 117 7.2 PART (B): METHODOLOGICAL APPROACH FOR PASTURE DEGRADATION MAPPING 119 7.2.1 Satellite images for high-resolution LCC 119 7.2.2 High-resolution SWIR Band Modelling 120 7.2.3 Land Cover Classification 121 7.2.4 Pasture Degradation Mapping Approach 122 7.3 PART (C): SPATIAL PRIORITIZATION FOR REFORESTATION MEASURES 125 7.3.1 Identification of Priority Sites 125 7.3.2 Forest Scenarios 127 8 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS 131 9 OUTLOOK 135 REFERENCES 137 ANNEX I / Die vorliegende Arbeit befasst sich mit der Landdegradation im Hinterland von Rio de Janeiro, Teil des stark gefährdeten brasilianischen Atlantikwaldbioms. Wald- und Weidedegradation zählt zu den Hauptproblemen in der Region. Das übergeordnete Ziel dieser Arbeit ist daher die Bereitstellung einer Methodik, um Flächen zu identifizieren, die zur Vergrößerung der Waldfläche und Verbesserung der Waldqualität sowie gleichzeitiger Verminderung degradierter Weiden beitragen. Aus diesem Grund stellt diese Arbeit einen Ansatz für eine hochauflösende Kartierung der Landbedeckung und der Weidedegradation sowie einen Ansatz für die Priorisierung von Wiederaufforstungs-gebieten vor. Auf der Grundlage der priorisierten Flächen werden Waldszenarien modelliert und bewertet. Ergebnisse dieser Arbeit beinhalten u.a. die Empfehlung zur Einschränkung der Landnutzung auf Hängen über 10° und theoretische Überlegungen zur Anpassung der Ausgleichszahlungen für die Wiederaufforstung auf der Grundlage der Prioritäten der Standorte. Die in dieser Arbeit verwendeten Methoden umfassen Bildfusion mittels RandomForests Regression, die hochauflösende Ableitung der Landbedeckung unter Verwendung des RandomForests Klassifiizierers, sowie spektrale Entmischung mittels Multiple Endmember Spectral Mixture Analysis (MESMA) und Feldmethoden für die Kartierung des Weidezustands.:LIST OF FIGURES XVII LIST OF TABLES XIX LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS XXI 1 INTRODUCTION 1 1.1 PROBLEM IDENTIFICATION 1 1.2 RESEARCH OBJECTIVES AND QUESTIONS 3 1.3 VALUE OF THE RESEARCH 5 1.4 STRUCTURE 6 2 CONCEPTUAL BACKGROUND 7 2.1 LAND DEGRADATION 7 2.1.1 Definition of Land Degradation 7 2.1.2 Forest Fragmentation 9 2.1.3 Pasture Degradation 14 2.2 REMOTE SENSING FUNDAMENTALS 16 2.2.1 Optical Remote Sensing 16 2.2.2 Image Classification and Land Cover Mapping 20 2.2.3 Vegetation Discrimination 22 2.2.4 Digital Elevation Model (DEM) Applications 24 2.3 LANDSCAPE METRICS 25 3 STUDY AREA 27 3.1 LOCATION 27 3.2 PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT 28 3.3 HUMAN ENVIRONMENT 32 4 PART (A): STATE OF THE ART 39 4.1 LAND DEGRADATION IN THE GUAPI-MACACU WATERSHED 40 4.1.1 Forest Fragmentation 40 4.1.2 Pasture Degradation 42 4.2 REMOTE SENSING-BASED LAND DEGRADATION ASSESSMENTS 46 4.2.1 Forest Monitoring in the Brazilian Atlantic Forest Biome 49 4.2.2 Pasture Degradation Mapping 51 4.3 POLICIES AND PROGRAM WITH RELEVANCE TO CONSERVATION AND REFORESTATION PROJECTS IN BRAZIL 54 4.3.1 International Programs, Schemes and Intitiatives 54 4.3.2 National Environmental Policies and Programs 58 4.3.3 Policies and Programs with Focus on the Brazilian Atlantic Forest 64 4.3.4 State-based Regulations in the Rio de Janeiro Federal State 65 4.4 LAND REHABILITATION AND REFORESTATION EFFORTS IN THE RJ FEDERAL STATE 66 4.4.1 Pasture Rehabilitation 66 4.4.2 Forest Restoration 67 5 MATERIAL AND METHODS 71 5.1 GEODATA AND SOFTWARE 71 5.2 PART (B): LAND COVER AND PASTURE DEGRADATION MAPPING 73 5.2.1 Field Survey of Degraded Pastures 73 5.2.2 Satellite Data Processing 75 5.2.3 Hot Spot Analysis 86 5.2.4 Relation of Slope Angle and Degradation Class 87 5.3 PART (C): PRIORITIZATION OF REFORESTATION SITES 87 5.3.1 Preliminary Study 88 5.3.2 Spatial Multi-Criteria Evaluation (SMCE) 90 5.3.3 Forest Scenario Development and Evaluation Using Landscape Metrics 94 6 RESULTS 97 6.1 PART (B): MAPPING OF PASTURE DEGRADATION 97 6.1.1 Categorization of Pasture Degradation 97 6.1.2 High-resolution SWIR band modelling 99 6.1.3 Land Cover Classification with Random Forests 101 6.1.4 Pasture Degradation Mapping Using Spectral Mixture Analysis and Field Data 103 6.1.5 Hot Spot Analysis of Pasture Degradation 106 6.1.6 Slope Influence on Pasture Degradation 107 6.2 PART (C): PRIORITIZATION OF REFORESTATION SITES USING SMCE 109 6.2.1 Characteristics of the Prioritized Areas 109 6.2.2 Forest Scenarios 113 7 DISCUSSION 117 7.1 PART (A/B): ASSESSMENT OF THE STATUS OF LAND DEGRADATION IN THE GUAPI-MACACU WATERSHED 117 7.2 PART (B): METHODOLOGICAL APPROACH FOR PASTURE DEGRADATION MAPPING 119 7.2.1 Satellite images for high-resolution LCC 119 7.2.2 High-resolution SWIR Band Modelling 120 7.2.3 Land Cover Classification 121 7.2.4 Pasture Degradation Mapping Approach 122 7.3 PART (C): SPATIAL PRIORITIZATION FOR REFORESTATION MEASURES 125 7.3.1 Identification of Priority Sites 125 7.3.2 Forest Scenarios 127 8 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS 131 9 OUTLOOK 135 REFERENCES 137 ANNEX I

A presente tese tem como intuito inicial investigar as asserções aparentemente conflituosas que Kant faz sobre as coisas em si mesmas, ora em sentido estritamente negativo, como a representação problemática de algo completamente indeterminado, ora em sentido positivo como fundamento ou causa dos fenômenos. Partindo de interpretações que compreendem esse conflito entre asserções sobre as coisas em si mesmas como tendo sua origem nos dois problemas que a filosofia crítica procura solucionar a possibilidade do conhecimento especulativo e a fundamentação da moral , procura-se reconstruir, num primeiro momento, o vínculo entre a crítica da razão e os diferentes modos de representação das coisas em si mesmas. Argumentamos que a diferenciação da faculdade racional em duas atividades ou espontaneidades, entendimento e razão, que são expostas pela crítica como produtoras de conceitos e legislações distintas, exige duas maneiras de formular, criticamente, o conceito de númeno. A primeira formulação é feita pelo entendimento mediante a abstração das condições sensíveis de aplicação das categorias, dada sua originariedade em relação à sensibilidade. Este conceito tem de permanecer, contudo, em um sentido estritamente negativo e problemático, visto as categorias consistirem apenas em funções de síntese de representações sensíveis e estarem limitadas, por isso, a um uso empírico. A segunda formulação é feita, em contrapartida, pelas idéias da razão, que pressupõem um prolongamento da síntese pensada nas categorias até o incondicionado. Ainda que envolva uma aparência transcendental essas idéias se fazem necessárias, principalmente, em vista do uso prático da razão. Num segundo momento, porém, voltando nossa atenção ao esforço de Kant em articular sistematicamente esses diferentes modos de representação das coisas em si mesmas no interior da filosofia crítica, procuramos mostrar como a elaboração do conceito de autonomia na passagem para o uso prático, possibilita uma maneira de operar com a aparência transcendental presente nas ideias, sem violar a limitação das categorias ao uso empírico. Nesse sentido, explicitamos como a crítica da razão em seu uso prático desvela um novo caminho para a faculdade de julgar, em que lhe é permitido aplicar legitimamente a categoria de causalidade com referência aos númenos. / The initial aim of this thesis is to investigate the apparently conflicting claims that Kant makes about the things in themselves, sometimes in a strictly negative sense, as a problematic representation of something completely undetermined, sometimes in a positive sense as the ground or the cause of the appearances. Starting with interpretations that understand this conflict between the claims about things in themselves as having its origin in two problems that the critical philosophy aims to solve the possibility of speculative knowledge and the moral foundation our first task is to reconstruct the link between the critique of reason and the different ways of representing things in themselves. We argue that the differentiation of the rational faculty in two activities or spontaneities understanding and reason which are presented by the critical view as producers of distinct concepts and laws, requires two ways to critically formulate the concept of noumenon. The first formulation is made by the understanding by abstraction of sensible conditions of application of the categories, given its originality in relation to sensibility. This concept must remain, however, in a strictly negative and problematic sense, since the categories consist only in synthetic functions of sensible representations and thus are limited to the empirical use. The second formulation, on the other hand, is made by the ideas of reason, which require an extension of the synthesis thought in the categories up to the unconditioned. Those ideas are needed especially in view of the practical use of reason, despite the fact they involve a \"transcendental appearance\". Turning our attention to Kant\'s effort to systematically articulate these different modes of representation of things in themselves within the critical philosophy, the second task of the thesis is to show how the concept of autonomy elaborated in the transition to practical use, provides a way to work with the transcendental appearance present in the ideas, without violating the limitation of the categories to empirical use. In this sense, we elucidate how the critique of reason in its practical use reveals a new path for the faculty of judgment, in which it is legitimately allowed to apply the category of causality with reference to noumena.

A presente tese tem como intuito inicial investigar as asserções aparentemente conflituosas que Kant faz sobre as coisas em si mesmas, ora em sentido estritamente negativo, como a representação problemática de algo completamente indeterminado, ora em sentido positivo como fundamento ou causa dos fenômenos. Partindo de interpretações que compreendem esse conflito entre asserções sobre as coisas em si mesmas como tendo sua origem nos dois problemas que a filosofia crítica procura solucionar a possibilidade do conhecimento especulativo e a fundamentação da moral , procura-se reconstruir, num primeiro momento, o vínculo entre a crítica da razão e os diferentes modos de representação das coisas em si mesmas. Argumentamos que a diferenciação da faculdade racional em duas atividades ou espontaneidades, entendimento e razão, que são expostas pela crítica como produtoras de conceitos e legislações distintas, exige duas maneiras de formular, criticamente, o conceito de númeno. A primeira formulação é feita pelo entendimento mediante a abstração das condições sensíveis de aplicação das categorias, dada sua originariedade em relação à sensibilidade. Este conceito tem de permanecer, contudo, em um sentido estritamente negativo e problemático, visto as categorias consistirem apenas em funções de síntese de representações sensíveis e estarem limitadas, por isso, a um uso empírico. A segunda formulação é feita, em contrapartida, pelas idéias da razão, que pressupõem um prolongamento da síntese pensada nas categorias até o incondicionado. Ainda que envolva uma aparência transcendental essas idéias se fazem necessárias, principalmente, em vista do uso prático da razão. Num segundo momento, porém, voltando nossa atenção ao esforço de Kant em articular sistematicamente esses diferentes modos de representação das coisas em si mesmas no interior da filosofia crítica, procuramos mostrar como a elaboração do conceito de autonomia na passagem para o uso prático, possibilita uma maneira de operar com a aparência transcendental presente nas ideias, sem violar a limitação das categorias ao uso empírico. Nesse sentido, explicitamos como a crítica da razão em seu uso prático desvela um novo caminho para a faculdade de julgar, em que lhe é permitido aplicar legitimamente a categoria de causalidade com referência aos númenos. / The initial aim of this thesis is to investigate the apparently conflicting claims that Kant makes about the things in themselves, sometimes in a strictly negative sense, as a problematic representation of something completely undetermined, sometimes in a positive sense as the ground or the cause of the appearances. Starting with interpretations that understand this conflict between the claims about things in themselves as having its origin in two problems that the critical philosophy aims to solve the possibility of speculative knowledge and the moral foundation our first task is to reconstruct the link between the critique of reason and the different ways of representing things in themselves. We argue that the differentiation of the rational faculty in two activities or spontaneities understanding and reason which are presented by the critical view as producers of distinct concepts and laws, requires two ways to critically formulate the concept of noumenon. The first formulation is made by the understanding by abstraction of sensible conditions of application of the categories, given its originality in relation to sensibility. This concept must remain, however, in a strictly negative and problematic sense, since the categories consist only in synthetic functions of sensible representations and thus are limited to the empirical use. The second formulation, on the other hand, is made by the ideas of reason, which require an extension of the synthesis thought in the categories up to the unconditioned. Those ideas are needed especially in view of the practical use of reason, despite the fact they involve a \"transcendental appearance\". Turning our attention to Kant\'s effort to systematically articulate these different modes of representation of things in themselves within the critical philosophy, the second task of the thesis is to show how the concept of autonomy elaborated in the transition to practical use, provides a way to work with the transcendental appearance present in the ideas, without violating the limitation of the categories to empirical use. In this sense, we elucidate how the critique of reason in its practical use reveals a new path for the faculty of judgment, in which it is legitimately allowed to apply the category of causality with reference to noumena.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-28T20:39:55Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Cristiane Mesquita.pdf: 9662492 bytes, checksum: 5a5cdfa20766c39ad3f7e69043d11b1c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-12-05 / Itaú Cultural / Inspired by the rituals of the conceptual character Jardelina Da Silva, this thesis aims to delineate cuts on the lines of forces that crosses on vestiments flows and the appearance composition in different perspectives, approaches and conceptual boardings. Taking the zigzag movement as a research method and a writing strategy, our journey initiates by the documentary Jardelina da Silva, me myself. In this text, we will be in her company in the first part, covering concepts as well as schizo, ressonating body, line of flight, becoming, event, territory and style. We proceed in the second part examining other cuts for the concept of style, emphasising it as the strongest operator for the fashion machine, main scenario of the vestiments flows market in connection with the body. In this context, we punctuate the body as a subjective constitution locus and investigate the style under diferent aspects. The third part explores ways of relation and production of senses in the field of encounters constituted by dressing. Finally, we present as a way out zigzag movements, some works selected in the art field, crossing the questions delineated and covered in this thesis. All the journey is pervaded by the theories of the philosopher Gilles Deleuze and the psychoanalyst Felix Guattari s and by other voices, as well as Suely Rolnik, Peter Pál Pelbart, Luis Orlandi, Michel Foucault, Jurandir Freire Costa, Maurizio Lazzarato, Patrice Bollon, Denise Bernuzzi de Sant' Anna, Rosane Preciosa and Peter Stallybrass, among others / A partir de um percurso inspirado pelos rituais da personagem conceitual Jardelina da Silva, esta tese procura delinear recortes para as linhas de força que permeiam os fluxos vestimentares e à composição da aparência em diferentes perspectivas, abordagens e planos conceituais. Tomando a forma ziguezague como método de pesquisa e estratégia de escrita, nosso trajeto é iniciado pelo documentário Jardelina da Silva, eu mesma. Na escrita, seguimos com ela pela primeira parte, percorrendo conceitos assim como esquizo, corpo vibrátil, linha de fuga, devir, acontecimento, território e estilo. Na seqüência, examinamos outros recortes para o conceito de estilo, enfatizando-o como mais forte operador do funcionamento da máquina moda, principal cenário do mercado dos fluxos vestimentares em conexão com o corpo. Nesse contexto, pontuamos o corpo como locus da constituição subjetiva e investigamos o estilo sob diversas perspectivas. A terceira parte explora modos de relação e produção de sentido no campo de encontros constituído pelo vestir. Por fim, apresentamos como ziguezague de saída, trabalhos coletados no campo da arte que atravessam as questões delineadas e percorridas na tese. Todo o trajeto é permeado pelo pensamento do filósofo Gilles Deleuze e do psicanalista Felix Guattari e pontuado por outras vozes, assim como as de Suely Rolnik, Peter Pál Pelbart, Luis Orlandi, Michel Foucault, Jurandir Freire Costa, Maurizio Lazzarato, Patrice Bollon, Denise Bernuzzi de Sant Anna, Rosane Preciosa e Peter Stallybrass, entre outros

[pt] Guiada pelo duplo propósito de esclarecer o significado dos conceitos de númeno, objeto transcendental e coisa em si mesma e de encontrar uma interpretação satisfatória para o problema da afecção transcendental, esta tese se desdobra em três partes. A primeira investiga a origem do conceito de númeno na Dissertação inaugural e analisa seus desdobramentos nas duas edições da Crítica da razão pura. Observaremos que o númeno pensado em seu sentido positivo passa a ser descrito como um conceito problemático, enquanto pensado em seu sentido negativo se revela imprescindível para a doutrina da sensibilidade. A segunda parte trata da definição kantiana de objeto transcendental e de suas relações com a coisa em si mesma e com a apercepção transcendental. Veremos que apesar de Kant associar o conceito de objeto transcendental à apercepção transcendental, ele não identifica o objeto em si mesmo com a apercepção. A terceira parte examina extensivamente o papel da coisa em si mesma em momentos cruciais da Crítica. A partir dessa perspectiva mais abrangente, notaremos que a noção de coisa em si mesma se relaciona com a razão e com entendimento de modos específicos, orientando e delimitando o conhecimento. A chave da interpretação erguida ao longo desse percurso é encontrada na conclusão da tese. Poderemos então finalmente mostrar que os conceitos de númeno, objeto transcendental e coisa em si mesma têm, cada um, uma função crítica sob a perspectiva da reflexão transcendental e, além disso, que a afecção pode ser considerada, assim como os objetos, tanto do ponto de vista empírico como do transcendental. / [en] Guided by the dual purpose of clarifying the meanings of the concepts of noumenon, transcendental object and the thing in itself and finding a satisfactory interpretation of the problem of transcendental affection, this thesis unfolds itself in three parts. The first researches the origin of the concept of noumenon in the Inaugural Dissertation and analyzes its development in both editions of the Critique of Pure Reason. We shall observe that noumenon thought in its positive sense turns out to be described as a problematic concept, while thought in its negative sense reveals to be essential to the doctrine of sensibility. The second part deals with the Kantian definition of the transcendental object and its connections with the thing in itself and with transcendental apperception. We shall see that although Kant associates the concept of the transcendental object with the transcendental apperception, he does not identify the object in itself with the apperception. The third part examines thoroughly the role of the thing in itself in crucial moments of the Critique. From this broader perspective, we shall notice that the notion of thing in itself relates to reason and understanding in specific ways, guiding and delimiting knowledge. The key to the interpretation built throughout this course is found in the conclusion of the thesis. We shall finally be able to show that the concepts of noumenon, transcendental object and thing in itself have, each, a critical function from the perspective of the transcendental reflection and, furthermore, that the affection can be considered, as well as the objects, either from the empirical or from the transcendental point of view.

GONÇALVES, Fabrício Mota. Evapotranspiração e coeficientes de cultivo (KC) da cana-de-açúcar irrigada por gotejamento subsuperficial. 2010. 64 f. : Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal do Ceará, Centro de Ciências Agrárias, Departamento de Engenharia Agrícola, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Engenharia Agrícola, Fortaleza-CE, 2010. / Submitted by demia Maia (demiamlm@gmail.com) on 2016-06-28T16:59:16Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2010_dis_fmgonçalves.pdf: 3900094 bytes, checksum: 1ad79acf1432c0de09bcbdf52cb0f8c3 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by demia Maia (demiamlm@gmail.com) on 2016-06-28T16:59:48Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2010_dis_fmgonçalves.pdf: 3900094 bytes, checksum: 1ad79acf1432c0de09bcbdf52cb0f8c3 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-28T16:59:48Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2010_dis_fmgonçalves.pdf: 3900094 bytes, checksum: 1ad79acf1432c0de09bcbdf52cb0f8c3 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010 / Sugar cane is one of the crops with the highest level of water consumption, with a high evapotranspiration demand throughout most of its cycle. Knowledge of the sugar cane water demand, the time that irrigation should be applied, and how to irrigate the crop are becoming increasingly important for the sustainable development of irrigated sugar cane cultivation, especially in areas of low water availability, as it is the case in northea stern Brazil. The experiment was carried out at the Curu Experimental Field (property of the Embrapa Tropical Agroindustry), located in the Curu-Paraipaba Irrig ation Project, city of Paraipaba-CE (3 ° 29 '20''S, 39 ° 9' 45''W and elevation 30m), in order to determine the evapotrans piration and crop coefficients (Kc) of sugarcane (Saccharum L. officinarium), subsurface drip-irrigated. It was used the SP 6949 sugar cane variety, planted in a spacing of 1.8 m between double rows and 0.4 m between rows within the double row. As to t he irrigation, we used one lateral water line for each double row, buried at a depth of 0.15 m, w ith self-compensating drip emitters, with a flow rate of 1 L h-1, spaced 0.5 m on the water line. The crop was irrigated daily and there were three fertigations per week. The irrigation de pth was periodically adjusted, keeping the soil water potential between -8 kPa to -20 kPa. The crop evapotranspiration (ETc) was determined using a wei ghing lysimeter with a surface area of 2.25 m 2. The reference evapotranspiration (ETo) was estimated by the FAO Penman-Monteith method. The durations of the phenological stages of cane sugar were estimated through analysis of soil cover, with the use of digital images. Durations of 31, 49, 237 and 118 days were observed, respectively for initial, crop development, mid-season and late season stages. The yields achieved within and outside the lysimeter were respectively 144.4 and 108.8 t ha -1 . The total ETc observed during the cycle of the sugar cane was 1074.1 m m, with maximum values of 6.6 mm d-1 during the mid-season stage. Observed Kc values for initial, mid-season and late season stages were respectively 0.23, 1 .03 and 0.50. In the crop development stage, the relationship between Kc and the (crop) soil cover was represented with good accuracy by a negative quadratic model. / A cana-de-açúcar é uma das culturas com maior consumo de água, apresentando uma alta demanda evapotranspirativa ao longo da maior parte do seu ciclo. O conhecimento das necessidades hídricas da cana-de-açúcar, do momento de aplicação da água requerida pela mesma e a forma de aplicação torna-se cada vez mais importante para o desenvolvimento sustentável da sua produção irrigada, principalmente em regiões de pouca disponibilidade hídrica, como é o caso da região Nordeste do Brasil. O experimento foi conduzido no Campo Experimental do Curu, pertencente à Embrapa Agroindústria Tropical localizado no Perímetro Irrigado Curu-Paraipaba, município de Paraipaba-CE (3° 29’ 20’’ S, 39° 9’ 45’’ W e altitude de 30 m), com o objetivo de determinar a evapotranspiração e os coeficientes de cultivo (Kc) da cana-de-açúcar (Saccharum officinarium L.), irrigada por gotejamento subsuperficial. Utilizou-se a variedade de cana SP 6949, plantada no espaçamento de 1,8 m entre fileiras duplas e 0,4 m entre linhas dentro da fileira dupla. Na irrigação utilizou-se uma linha lateral para cada fileira dupla, enterrada na profundidade de 0,15 m, com gotejadores autocompensantes, com vazão de 1 L h-1, espaçados de 0,5 m na linha. A cultura foi irrigada com freqüência diária e foram realizadas três fertirrigações por semana. A lâmina de irrigação foi ajustada periodicamente, mantendo-se o potencial de água no solo entre -8 kPa e -20 kPa. A evapotranspiração da cultura (ETc) foi determinada utilizando-se um lisímetro de pesagem com área superficial de 2,25 m2. A evapotranspiração de referência (ETo) foi estimada pelo método FAO Penman-Monteith. As durações das fases fenológicas da cana-de-açúcar foram estimadas por meio da análise da cobertura do solo pela cultura, determinada com o uso de imagens digitais. Foram observadas durações de 31, 49, 237 e 118 dias, para as fases inicial, de desenvolvimento, intermediária e final, respectivamente. A produtividade alcançada dentro e fora do lisímetro foi de 144,4 e 108,8 t ha-1, respectivamente. A ETc total observada durante o ciclo da cana-de-açúcar foi de 1.074,1 mm, com valores máximos da ordem de 6,6 mm d-1 durante a fase intermediária. Foram observados valores de Kc iguais a 0,23, 1,03 e 0,50, para as fases inicial, intermediária e final, respectivamente. Na fase de desenvolvimento vegetativo a relação entre o Kc e a cobertura do solo pela cultura foi representada com bastante exatidão por um modelo quadrático negativo.