Les cellules cancéreuses utilisent une glycolyse anaérobie pour générer l'ATP au lieu de la phosphorylation oxydative. Cette spécificité métabolique offre certains avantages aux cellules cancéreuses: une prolifération rapide et une évasion immune qui implique la sous-régulation de l'expression du CMH-I à la surface des cellules, phénomène lié au changement métabolique. Dans nos expériences, nous forçons les cellules leucémiques à produire de l'énergie par phosphorylation oxydative en les incubant avec de la glutamine comme source d'énergie en absence de glucose. La respiration ainsi forcée induit une augmentation de la transcription et de l'expression du CMH-I. Ce changement de métabolisme induit aussi une augmentation de l'expression de MAPK ERK5 et son accumulation dans les mitochondries. ERK5 intervient dans les changements de l'expression du CMH-I et du métabolisme. La sur-régulation du CMH-I induite par la respiration est bloquée dans les cellules leucémiques exprimant le shRNA shERK5. ERK5 régule la transcription de l'histone désacétylase de classe III Sirtuin 1 par l'activation de sa cible MEF2, ayant pour conséquence la liaison de MEF2 au promoteur de SIRT1. La régulation transcriptionnelle de SIRT1 induite par ERK5 intervient dans la réponse antioxydante des cellules leucémiques, et la sous-régulation d'ERK5 affecte cette réponse antioxydante. L'augmentation du métabolisme de la glutamine observée dans les cellules leucémiques est initiée par la glutaminase (GLS), enzyme qui est le facteur limitant de la vitesse du métabolisme de la glutamine. miR-23a cible l'ARN messager de GLS et inhibe l'expression de GLS. Le milieu glutamine induit la translocation de p65 dans le noyau, qui mène à une augmentation de l'activité transcriptionnelle de p65. NF-KB p65 inhibe l'expression de miR-23a en amenant HDAC4 sur le promoteur de miR-23a. Cela permet aux cellules leucémiques d'augmenter l'utilisation de la glutamine en tant que source alternative de carbone. Ainsi, la respiration forcée dans les cellules leucémiques contrôle l'expression du CMH-I, la réponse antioxydante et facilite la prolifération tumorale. / Cancer cells have anaerobic-like glycolysis to generate ATPs instead of oxidative phosphorylation. This specific metabolism provides advantages to cancer cells: rapid growth and immune evasion, which involves downregulation of MHC-I at the cell surface and it is linked to metabolic change. In our experiments, we force leukemic cells to produce energy by oxidative phosphorylation by incubating them with glutamine as an energy source in the absence of glucose. The forced respiration increases MHC-I transcription and protein level. This change of metabolism also leads to increase MAPK ERK5 expression and accumulation in mitochondria. ERK5 mediates changes in both MHC-I and metabolism. The respiration-induced upregulation of MHC-I is blocked in leukemic cells stably expressing short hairpin ERK5 (shERK5). ERK5 transcriptionally regulates the class III histone deacetylase Sirtuin 1 through activation of its target MEF2 and subsequently MEF2 binding to SIRT1 promoter. The ERK5-induced transcriptional regulation of SIRT1 mediates the antioxidant response in leukemic cells and downregulation of ERK5 impairs the antioxidant response. The increased glutamine metabolism found in leukemic cells is initiated by glutaminase (GLS), a rate limiting enzyme for glutamine metabolism. miR-23a targets GLS mRNA and inhibits GLS expression. The glutamine medium induces p65 translocation to the nucleus that leads to increase p65 transcriptional activity. NF-KB p65 inhibits miR-23a expression by bringing HDAC4 to the miR-23a promoter. This allows leukemic cells to increase the use of glutamine as an alternative source of carbon. Thus, forcing respiration in leukemic cells controls MHC-I expression, antioxidant response and facilitate tumor growth.

Natural killer (NK) cells are lymphocytes of the innate immune system that play a major role in the destruction of both tumours and virally-infected cells. The cytotoxicity of NK cells is tightly controlled by signals received through activating and inhibitory receptors. NK cells express a variety of inhibitory receptors such as Ly49 receptors. Ly49 receptors bind to class I MHC molecules that expressed on normal cells. Using Ly49-deficient (NKCKD) mice we show that Ly49-KD NK cells successfully recognize and kill influenza virus-infected cells and that NKCKD mice exhibit better survival than wild-type mice. Moreover, influenza virus infection has a propensity to upregulate cell surface expression of MHC-I on murine lung epithelial cells in vivo. Significantly, we demonstrate increased lung damage of WT-mice versus NKCKD mice after influenza virus infection as determined by histological analyses. This data indicated that absence of Ly49 inhibitory NK receptors greatly enhances survival of infected mice.

Scrub typhus, caused by the obligate intracellular bacterium Orientia tsutsugamushi, afflicts one million people annually. Despite being a global health threat, little is known about O. tsutsugamushi pathogenesis. Here, we demonstrate that O. tsutsugamushi modulates the ER and ER-associated processes as mechanisms of nutritional virulence and immune evasion. To obtain amino acids to fuel replication, O. tsutsugamushi simultaneously induces ER stress and the unfolded protein response (UPR) while inhibiting ER-associated degradation (ERAD) during early infection time points. During exponential growth, the bacterium releases the ER bottleneck, resulting in generation of ERAD-derived amino acids that it parasitized for replication. The O. tsutsugamushi effector, Ank4, is linked to this process, as it impedes ERAD when ectopically expressed. O. tsutsugamushi expression of ank4 peaks during the ERAD inhibition window, but is absent when the pathway is restored. These data reveal a novel mechanism of nutritional virulence, whereby an obligate intracellular pathogen coordinates the modulation of multiple ER-associated processes. Like other intracellular pathogens, O. tsutsugamushi inhibits expression of MHC-I, but it does so in a novel manner by degrading the master regulator of MHC-I, NLRC5. This impedes production of the MHC-I components, human leukocyte antigen A and Beta-2 microglobulin. The NLRC5-reduction mechanism recapitulates across diverse cell types, but the degree and duration of inhibition is cell type-specific. NLRC5 modulation and MHC-I inhibition are linked to another O. tsutsugamushi Ank, Ank5. NLRC5 is a putative interacting partner of Ank5. Moreover, NLRC5 and MHC-I levels are reduced in cells ectopically expressing Ank5. To our knowledge, these are the first examples of a pathogen modulating NLRC5 to negatively regulate MHC-I expression and of a bacterial effector interacting with NLRC5. As we learn more about the bacterium’s ability to regulate its host cell, a unifying theme has emerged: modulation of the ER and ER-associated pathways. These projects reveal two novel mechanisms of O. tsutsugamushi pathogenesis, strategies to acquire the amino acids needed for replication and to decrease MHC-I antigen presentation by the host cell. These insights help in understanding how O. tsutsugamushi and potentially other related pathogens co-opt host cell processes to cause disease.

Natural killer (NK) cells are lymphocytes of the innate immune system that play a major role in the destruction of both tumours and virally-infected cells. The cytotoxicity of NK cells is tightly controlled by signals received through activating and inhibitory receptors. NK cells express a variety of inhibitory receptors such as Ly49 receptors. Ly49 receptors bind to class I MHC molecules that expressed on normal cells. Using Ly49-deficient (NKCKD) mice we show that Ly49-KD NK cells successfully recognize and kill influenza virus-infected cells and that NKCKD mice exhibit better survival than wild-type mice. Moreover, influenza virus infection has a propensity to upregulate cell surface expression of MHC-I on murine lung epithelial cells in vivo. Significantly, we demonstrate increased lung damage of WT-mice versus NKCKD mice after influenza virus infection as determined by histological analyses. This data indicated that absence of Ly49 inhibitory NK receptors greatly enhances survival of infected mice.

Natural killer (NK) cells are lymphocytes of the innate immune system that play a major role in the destruction of both tumours and virally-infected cells. The cytotoxicity of NK cells is tightly controlled by signals received through activating and inhibitory receptors. NK cells express a variety of inhibitory receptors such as Ly49 receptors. Ly49 receptors bind to class I MHC molecules that expressed on normal cells. Using Ly49-deficient (NKCKD) mice we show that Ly49-KD NK cells successfully recognize and kill influenza virus-infected cells and that NKCKD mice exhibit better survival than wild-type mice. Moreover, influenza virus infection has a propensity to upregulate cell surface expression of MHC-I on murine lung epithelial cells in vivo. Significantly, we demonstrate increased lung damage of WT-mice versus NKCKD mice after influenza virus infection as determined by histological analyses. This data indicated that absence of Ly49 inhibitory NK receptors greatly enhances survival of infected mice.

No description available.

Der MHC I Pathway ist ein Teil des Immunsystems und stellt mittels Antigenen an der Zelloberfläche den Proteinstatus der Körperzellen dar. Ziel dieser Arbeit ist durch die Entwicklung von Modellen zu Proteinsynthese und Abbau sowie den Teilschritten des MHC I Pathways und der Untersuchung von Simulationsergebnissen das Verständnis der zugrunde liegenden Prozesse zu verbessern und gegebenenfalls die Qualität der Antigenprädiktion zu verbessern. Es wurden statistische Modelle für den Transport der Peptide in das ER mittels TAP, das Schneiden von Peptidbindungen durch das Proteasom und das cytosolische sowie endoplasmatische Trimmen von Peptiden entwickelt. Weiterhin wurden kinetische Modelle zur Synthese und Abbau von viralen Proteinkonstrukten, zur proteasomalen Erstellung von Proteinfragmenten und zum Simulieren des Gesamtprozesses von Infektion bis zur Antigenpräsentation entwickelt. Es wurde gezeigt, dass eine DRiP Rate von 10 Prozent die Antigenpräsentation unabhängig von der Lebenszeit der Proteine gewährleistet und für langlebige Proteine der Anteil der Antigene aus DRiPs die Gesamtmenge der Antigene dominiert. So wird gewährleistet, dass an der Zelloberfläche der Status der momentanen Proteinsynthese dargestellt wird. Die erstellten Teilmodelle der Schritte des MHC I Pathways sind jeweils auf in vitro Daten des jeweiligen Prozesses trainiert und ermöglichen zusammen mindestens die gleiche Vorhersagequalität, wie Pathway Modelle, die auf in vivo Daten trainiert worden sind. Dies zeigt, dass alle wesentlichen Prozesse zur Antigenpräsentation von den erstellten Modulen erfasst werden. Die Module können je nach Bedarf und Fragestellung zu Modellen kombiniert werden. Ein Vorhersagetool wurde auf http://mhc-pathway.net zur Verfügung gestellt. Durch Modellanalysen können der relative Beitrag der einzelnen Schritte des Pathways und die Vorraussetzungen für ein potentielles Antigen bestimmt werden. Das kinetische Modell der Prozesse von Infektion bis Antigenpräsentation erlaubt das Verfolgen aller Peptide und das Analysieren der Prozesse die zur Erstellung von Epitopen führen. Die quantitativen Vorhersagen können experimentell validiert werden. Die proteasomale Fragmenterstellung ist der Teilprozess, der noch am wenigsten gut verstanden ist und bedarf noch weiterer experimenteller Untersuchungen. / The MHC I antigen presentation pathway is part of the immune system and enables cells to show their proteome state at the cell surface. This works aims at improving the understanding of the MHC I pathway and the prediction of antigens from the source proteins where appropriate. The means are the development of models for protein synthesis, degradation and the individual steps of the pathway as well as the analysis of simulation results. Statistical models for the transport of peptides into the ER by TAP, the cleavage of peptide bonds by the proteasome, and the cytosolic and endoplasmic trimming of peptides have been developed. Furthermore, kinetic models for synthesis and degradation of viral protein constructs, for proteasomal generation of protein fragments, and for the simulation of the entire process from viral infection of a cell to the resulting antigen presentation were created. It has been shown that a DRiP rate of 10% is sufficient to have antigen presentation independent of the source protein’s live time and that the antigens derived from the DRiP pool dominate the antigen presentation for long lived proteins. This mechanism enables the presentation of the current protein synthesis state of the cell. Each developed model of a part of the MHC I pathway is trained on in vitro data and together they provide at least the same prediction quality as pathway models that are based on in vivo data. This shows that all processes that contribute significantly to antigen presentation are covered in the developed models. The models for the individual parts can be combined according to the demand and question. A prediction tool has been provided at http://mhc-pathway.net. The contribution of each part of the pathway can be assessed by model supported analysis of the individual steps. It is possible to determine the traits of a potential antigen. The kinetic model of the pathway from infection to antigen presentation enables the generation of time curves for each possible peptide and the analysis of the processes that lead to the development of antigens. The quantitative predictions allow for experimental validation. The proteasomal fragment generation is the least good understood part of the MHC I pathway and requires further experimental study.

No description available.

Thèse numérisée par la Division de la gestion de documents et des archives de l'Université de Montréal.

Thèse numérisée par la Division de la gestion de documents et des archives de l'Université de Montréal