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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
111

A Scattering-based Approach to the Design, Analysis, and Experimental Verification of Magnetic Metamaterials Made from Dielectrics

Wheeler, Mark Stephen 01 September 2010 (has links)
The design, modeling, fabrication, and validation of an optical magnetic response in dielectric-based metamaterials are studied. These metamaterials consist of either periodic or random arrays of dielectric particle inclusions, which may be spheres, coated spheres, or completely randomly shaped. It is demonstrated that because of the simple particle shapes and dielectric materials, these metamaterials are quite easy and feasible to implement in a bulk, three-dimensional sample, and the response is isotropic. This in is contrast to other predominant designs of optical metamaterials, which are planar and anisotropic arrays of complicated metallic fishnet or split-ring resonator structures, which require stringent tolerances and sophisticated assembly. It is shown that SiC is one of many materials from which such infrared magnetic metamaterials can be constructed. A simple SiC powder is used to verify these claims. The milled micropowder of crystalline SiC is comprised of particles of random shapes and sizes. A model of the electromagnetic response of such powders is developed, whereby the induced magnetic dipole response is modeled by equivalently-sized spheres of SiC, whereas the electric dipole response is modeled by a continuous distribution of ellipsoidal particles. Infrared spectroscopic measurements and numerical calculations are performed, verifying both the magnetic and electric response of the powder. A alternate approach is also described, where uniform SiC microspheres are fabricated using more sophisticated nanochemical techniques. In the final portion of the dissertation, the mutual near-field coupling between ideal magnetic dipoles induced in dielectric spheres is studied. This is implemented for microwave frequencies using large permittivity ceramic spheres. An approximate coupled dipole model of the multiple scattering among the spheres is developed, and a transition matrix method is implemented to calculate the exact scattering by the clusters. Experimental measurements are performed, confirming the two models. The results for pairs, chains, and rings of spheres indicates that the magnetic dipole modes hybridize in analogy to atomic bonding. A notable result is that certain hybridized magnetic dipole modes may have a net electric dipole moment. The similarity to atomic and molecular bonding should prove useful in conceptualizing and designing more sophisticated metamaterials.
112

A Scattering-based Approach to the Design, Analysis, and Experimental Verification of Magnetic Metamaterials Made from Dielectrics

Wheeler, Mark Stephen 01 September 2010 (has links)
The design, modeling, fabrication, and validation of an optical magnetic response in dielectric-based metamaterials are studied. These metamaterials consist of either periodic or random arrays of dielectric particle inclusions, which may be spheres, coated spheres, or completely randomly shaped. It is demonstrated that because of the simple particle shapes and dielectric materials, these metamaterials are quite easy and feasible to implement in a bulk, three-dimensional sample, and the response is isotropic. This in is contrast to other predominant designs of optical metamaterials, which are planar and anisotropic arrays of complicated metallic fishnet or split-ring resonator structures, which require stringent tolerances and sophisticated assembly. It is shown that SiC is one of many materials from which such infrared magnetic metamaterials can be constructed. A simple SiC powder is used to verify these claims. The milled micropowder of crystalline SiC is comprised of particles of random shapes and sizes. A model of the electromagnetic response of such powders is developed, whereby the induced magnetic dipole response is modeled by equivalently-sized spheres of SiC, whereas the electric dipole response is modeled by a continuous distribution of ellipsoidal particles. Infrared spectroscopic measurements and numerical calculations are performed, verifying both the magnetic and electric response of the powder. A alternate approach is also described, where uniform SiC microspheres are fabricated using more sophisticated nanochemical techniques. In the final portion of the dissertation, the mutual near-field coupling between ideal magnetic dipoles induced in dielectric spheres is studied. This is implemented for microwave frequencies using large permittivity ceramic spheres. An approximate coupled dipole model of the multiple scattering among the spheres is developed, and a transition matrix method is implemented to calculate the exact scattering by the clusters. Experimental measurements are performed, confirming the two models. The results for pairs, chains, and rings of spheres indicates that the magnetic dipole modes hybridize in analogy to atomic bonding. A notable result is that certain hybridized magnetic dipole modes may have a net electric dipole moment. The similarity to atomic and molecular bonding should prove useful in conceptualizing and designing more sophisticated metamaterials.
113

Selected Experiments with Proteins at Solid-Liquid Interfaces

Teichroeb, Jonathan January 2008 (has links)
This thesis describes a number of novel experiments contributing to the understanding of protein adsorption from both a fundamental and applied perspective. The first three papers involve the use of the localized surface plasmon resonance of gold nanospheres to measure protein conformational dependencies during heat and acid denaturation. Thermal denaturation of BSA is shown to proceed differently depending on the size of nanosphere to which it is conjugated. Activation energies are extracted for thermal denaturing on nanoparticles. These energies decrease with decreasing radius of curvature. Under pH perturbation in the acid region, the multiple transition states of bulk BSA are suppressed, and only one apparent transition around pH 4 is evident. Smaller spheres (diameter < 20nm) do not exhibit any transition. A significant finding of all three studies is that the state and stability of BSA depends strongly upon local curvature. The last two papers investigate protein adsorption relevant to the biomaterial field. Investigation of protein adsorption to polyHEMA hydrogels is carried out using a quartz crystal microbalance. Single and mixed protein adsorption kinetics for BSA, lysozyme and lactoferrin are extracted and interpreted. Selected commercial cleaning solutions are shown to be no more effective than simple buffer solution. Examination of commercial lenses indicates that the morphology of adsorption is material dependent and that siloxane-based hydrogels only deposit low levels of protein. A unique fibril-like morphology is identified on galyfilcon A. Protein morphology is discussed in terms of bare lens morphology, roughness, and surface composition.
114

Mie and Finite-Element Simulations of the Optical and Plasmonic Properties of Micro- and Nanostructures

January 2012 (has links)
A Mie-based code is developed for multilayer concentric spheres. The code is used in conjunction with a finite-element package to investigate the plasmonic and optical properties of micro- and nanostructures. For plasmonic nanostructures, gold-silica-gold multilayer nanoshells are computationally investigated. A plasmon hybridization theory is used to interpret the optical tunability. The interaction between the plasmon modes on the inner core and the outer shell results in dual resonances. The low-energy dipole mode is red-shifted by reducing the spacing ( i.e. , the intermediate silica layer) between the core and the shell. This extra tunability allows the plasmon resonance of a multilayer nanoshell to be tuned to the near-infrared region from a visible silica-gold nanoshell whose gold shell cannot be further reduced in thickness. For multilayer nanoshells with reduced geometrical symmetry ( i.e. , the inner core is offset from the center), modes of different orders interact. The mixed interaction introduces the dipolar (bright) characteristic into the higher-order (dark) modes and improves their coupling efficiency to the excitation light. The excitation of the dark modes attenuates and red-shifts the dipole mode and gives it higher-order characteristics. For non-plasmonic structures, simulations have demonstrated that multilayered structures can either reduce or enhance the scattering of light. By adding an anti-reflection layer to as microsphere made of a high-index material, the scattering force can be dramatically reduced. The reduced scattering allows optical trapping of high-index particles. Additionally, the improved trapping is not largely sensitive to the refractive index or the thickness of the coating. The technique has the practical potential to lower the requirement on the numerical aperture of the microscope objectives, making possible the integration of the imaging and optical trapping systems. While the anti-reflection coating reduces scattering, the photothermal bubble (PTB) generated by gold nanoparticles by and large enhances the scattering of light. Transient PTBs are generated by super-heating gold nanoparticles with short laser pulses. Mie-based simulations predict that the scattering of PTBs strongly depends on the transient environment immediately surrounding the nanoparticles. A scattering enhancement of two-to-four orders of magnitude from PBT is demonstrated from both calculations and experiments. Lastly, the near-field coupling between different plasmonie structures for surface-enhanced Raman scattering is investigated. A gold-coated silicon-germanium nanocone substrate has been fabricated and characterized. Finite-element simulations reveal that individual nanocones generate strong tip enhancement with axially polarized light ( i.e. , light polarized along the vertical axis of the nanocone) while the enhancement from transversely polarized light ( i.e. , light polarized in the plane of the substrate) is relatively weak. By simply filling the valleys between nanocones with plasmonic gold nanoparticles, the performance of the substrate is improved with in-plane excitation. Simulations reveal strong coupling between nanoparticles and adjacent nanocones with transverse exactions. An over one order-of-magnitude improvement has been experimentally observed.
115

Selected Experiments with Proteins at Solid-Liquid Interfaces

Teichroeb, Jonathan January 2008 (has links)
This thesis describes a number of novel experiments contributing to the understanding of protein adsorption from both a fundamental and applied perspective. The first three papers involve the use of the localized surface plasmon resonance of gold nanospheres to measure protein conformational dependencies during heat and acid denaturation. Thermal denaturation of BSA is shown to proceed differently depending on the size of nanosphere to which it is conjugated. Activation energies are extracted for thermal denaturing on nanoparticles. These energies decrease with decreasing radius of curvature. Under pH perturbation in the acid region, the multiple transition states of bulk BSA are suppressed, and only one apparent transition around pH 4 is evident. Smaller spheres (diameter < 20nm) do not exhibit any transition. A significant finding of all three studies is that the state and stability of BSA depends strongly upon local curvature. The last two papers investigate protein adsorption relevant to the biomaterial field. Investigation of protein adsorption to polyHEMA hydrogels is carried out using a quartz crystal microbalance. Single and mixed protein adsorption kinetics for BSA, lysozyme and lactoferrin are extracted and interpreted. Selected commercial cleaning solutions are shown to be no more effective than simple buffer solution. Examination of commercial lenses indicates that the morphology of adsorption is material dependent and that siloxane-based hydrogels only deposit low levels of protein. A unique fibril-like morphology is identified on galyfilcon A. Protein morphology is discussed in terms of bare lens morphology, roughness, and surface composition.
116

Contribution à l'étude des liaisons optiques atmosphériques : propagation, disponibilité et fiabilité.

Al Naboulsi, Maher 13 December 2005 (has links) (PDF)
Le plus grand défi pour le déploiement des systèmes de télécommunications basés sur les Liaisons Optiques Atmosphériques (LOA) reste sans doute la limite de leurs performances dans différentes conditions météorologiques et plus particulièrement en présence de brouillard. L'intérêt porté actuellement à ce type de liaisons nous a amené à étudier et à comprendre les effets des différentes conditions météorologiques (pluie, neige, brouillard, etc.) sur la propagation du rayonnement laser dans l'atmosphère. Les performances des LOA dépendent fortement de la longueur d'onde utilisée. En fonction de cette dernière, on cherchera à déterminer, à comprendre et à optimiser les effets de l'atmosphère sur la transmission en espace libre.<br />Pour les ondes optiques visibles et infrarouges, gamme dans laquelle opèrent les LOA, le brouillard joue un rôle prépondérant dans la dégradation de la transmission. L'objet de ce travail porte plus particulièrement sur l'étude de l'effet du brouillard sur les performances des LOA.<br />Nous rappelons, dans un premier temps, l'intérêt des LOA ainsi que leurs implications dans le monde des télécommunications d'aujourd'hui. Nous étudions ensuite la problématique, les défis et les facteurs environnementaux rencontrés par ce type de liaisons et nous exposons les différents modèles empiriques et théoriques existant dans la littérature permettant d'évaluer l'atténuation des ondes optiques en présence de brouillard. <br />Dans un second temps, nous décrivons les propriétés optiques du brouillard à partir de la théorie de diffusion de Mie en fonction de la distribution de la taille de particules. Nous investiguons sous FASCODE les performances des systèmes laser en présence de deux types de brouillard (advection et convection) ainsi qu'à partir d'autres distributions de taille de particules disponibles dans la littérature. Les coefficients d'extinction en fonction de la longueur d'onde (0.4 à 15 µm), pour différentes distributions de taille de particules, sont comparés afin de vérifier la capacité des modèles de brouillard de FASCODE à représenter la variété des types de brouillards existant dans la nature. Nous portons plus particulièrement notre attention sur quelques raies laser utilisées dans les liaisons optiques atmosphériques.<br />A partir de ces résultats, nous avons établi des formules de transmission rapides pour ces longueurs d'onde qui nous permettent de prédire l'atténuation atmosphérique en fonction de la visibilité sans avoir recours aux codes de calcul usuels. Ainsi, un modèle d'atténuation pour le rayonnement laser dans la bande spectrale 0.69 à 1.55 µm sera proposé. Ce modèle est valide pour deux types de brouillard (advection et convection) et pour des visibilités qui varient entre 50 et 1000 m. En effet, le paramètre "visibilité" est mesuré facilement et archivé à partir des stations météorologiques ou des aéroports, ce qui permet une évaluation géolocale des performances de ces systèmes de télécommunication.<br />Dans un troisième temps, nous présentons le logiciel développé à FT R&D, basé sur le modèle d'atténuation que nous avons établi, qui permet de prédire la qualité de service d'une liaison LOA. Une comparaison de la disponibilité réelle d'une liaison (Graz en Autriche) et de la disponibilité prédite à partir de ce logiciel, a permis sa validation.<br />Finalement, la dernière partie de ce travail concerne une série d'expériences en milieu naturel sur plusieurs liaisons optiques. Nous avons comparé le comportement de deux systèmes laser opérant à 3 longueurs d'onde différentes (650, 850 et 950 nm) dans un même canal de propagation et dans les mêmes conditions météorologiques. Nous avons pu valider notre modèle théorique et montrer qu'il apportait une amélioration dans la prévision des mesures de transmission par rapport aux modèles existant dans la littérature et couramment employés.
117

Photothermal Single Particle Detection in Theory & Experiments

Selmke, Markus 28 October 2013 (has links) (PDF)
The dissertation presents theoretical and experimental studies on the physical origin of the signal in photothermal microscopy of single particles. This noninvasive optical far field microscopy scheme allows the imaging and detection of single absorbing nanoparticles. Based on a heat-induced pertur- bation in the refractive index in the embedding medium of the nanoscopic absorber, a corresponding probe beam modification is measured and quantified. The method is well established and has been applied since its first demonstration in 2002 to the imaging and characterization of various absorbing particle species, such as quantum dots, single molecules and nanoparticles of different shapes. The extensive theoretical developments presented in this thesis provide the first quantitative assess- ment of the signal and at the same time enlarge its phenomenology and thereby its potential. On the basis of several approximation schemes to the Maxwell equations, which fundamentally gov- ern the interaction of light with inhomogeneities, several complementing models are devised which describe the photothermal signal both qualitatively and quantitatively. In succession an interdepen- dent and self-consistent set of theoretical descriptions is given and allows important experimental consequences to be drawn. In consequence, the photothermal signal is shown to correspond to the action of a nanoscopic (thermal) lens, represented by the spherically symmetric refractive index pro- file n(r) which accompanies the thermal expansion of the absorber’s environment. The achieved quantification allows the direct measurement of absorption cross-sections of nanoparticles. Further, a qualitatively new phenomenology of the signal is unraveled and experimentally demonstrated. The separate roles of the probing and the heating beams in photothermal microscopy is dismantled and the influence of their relative alignment shown to allow for a controlled adjustment of the effective detection volume. For the first time, both positive and negative signals are demonstrated to occur and to be the characteristic signature of the lens-like action on the probe beam. The detection of the probe beam’s modification is also shown to sensitively depend on the aperture used in the detection chan- nel, and a signal optimization is shown to be feasible. Also, a generalization of the detectable signal via the use of a quadrant photodiode is achieved. Specifically, measuring the far field beam deflec- tion the result of the beam passing the lens off-center manifests in a laterally split detection volume. Hereby, finally each classical photothermal spectroscopic techniques has been shown to possess its microscopic counterpart. Central to the understanding of this generalized and new phenomenology is a scalar wave-optical model which draws an analogy between the scattering of a massive particle wave-packet by a Coulomb potential and the deflection of a focused beam by a photonic potential connected with the thermal lens. The significance of the findings is demonstrated by its methodological implications on photother- mal correlation spectroscopy in which the diffusion dynamics of absorbing colloidal particles can be studied. The unique split focal detection volumes are shown to allow the sensitive measurement of a deterministic velocity field. Finally, the method is supplemented by a newly introduced sta- tistical analysis method which is capable of characterizing samples containing a heterogeneous size distribution.
118

Propriétés électriques et optiques des nanofils uniques de silicium

Solanki, Amit 06 December 2012 (has links) (PDF)
Ce travail présente la caractérisation des propriétés d'absorption de lumière par des nanofils uniques (NF) de silicium en utilisant la spectroscopie de photocourant, ainsi qu'une étude préliminaire des processus d'incorporation des dopants et de réalisation de jonction dans les NFs. Tout d'abord, nous commençons par décrire les méthodes de croissance utilisées pour synthétiser des NFs actifs pour la génération de photocourant, avec l'utilisation du chlorure d'hydrogène dans les procédés classiques de croissance CVD catalysée or de fils dopés. Cette méthode offre des structures très faiblement coniques, élargit les températures de procédé, permettant en particulier d'incorporer très efficacement le bore, avec des densités d'accepteurs ionisés allant jusqu'à 1.8E19 cm-3, tout en inhibant la diffusion d'or depuis le catalyseur. L'attention est ensuite portée à la fabrication de jonctions, l'étude de ses caractéristiques électriques, ainsi que sur l'influence de paramètres morphologiques (rayon, position axiale) du fil sur sa résistivité apparente. Dans une seconde partie, nous étudions la réponse en photocourant d'un jeu de NFs actifs de différents diamètres et corrélons nos résultats à un traitement analytique de l'absorption des photons à l'échelle du nanoobjet dans le cadre de la théorie de Mie adaptée au cas cylindrique. L'accord expérience-théorie est très bon pour les deux polarisations (TE-TM). Des résonances dans le spectre d'absorption sont mises en évidence, correspondant à l'excitation de modes propres du fil, et associées à des sections efficaces d'absorption pouvant être supérieures à l'unité. Dans une dernière partie, nous adaptons la stratégie de dépôt antireflet utilisée dans les cellules solaires pour améliorer le couplage de la lumière incidente aux NFs. Pour cela, des dépôts de SiO2 et Si3N4 sont réalisés sur des NFs via la technique de PECVD, nous fournissant par là-même un jeu de structures pourvues d'un dépôt de diélectrique à haute conformité. Se basant sur les spectres d'absorption ainsi acquis, nous obtenons les gains relatifs d'absorption induits par le dépôt de diélectrique et les comparons aux calculs analytiques développés spécifiquement pour obtenir l'absorption dans le cœur seulement du cylindre coaxial, ceci nous permettant également d'estimer la partie du rayonnement incident absorbé dans la coquille diélectrique.
119

Caractérisation 3D d'un nuage de particules par imagerie interférométrique de Fourier : positions relatives 3D, tailles et indices de réfraction

Briard, Paul 05 December 2012 (has links) (PDF)
Dans ce mémoire, je propose une nouvelle technique optique de mesure de positions relatives 3D, tailles et indices de réfraction d'un ensemble de particules, éclairées par un faisceau laser plan pulsé : l'imagerie interférométrique de Fourier (FII). Dans le cadre de ce travail, les particules sont sphériques, homogènes transparentes et isotropes. Lorsque ces particules sont éclairées, elles se comportent comme des sources d'ondes lumineuses sphériques qui interférent entre elles. L'enregistrement des franges d'interférences et leur analyse par transformation de Fourier peut permettre d'accéder aux caractéristiques des particules. Dans ce mémoire, je décris l'influence des caractéristiques de particules sur les représentations spectrales des franges d'interférences crées par les couples de particules éclairées dans l'espace de Fourier 2D. Les franges d'interférences sont simulées numériquement en utilisant la théorie de Lorenz-Mie. Puis j'aborde le problème inverse en montrant comment il est possible de retrouver les caractéristiques des particules, en me servant de l'optique géométrique et du filtrage spatial par transformation de Fourier.
120

Macroscopic and microscopic characterization of non-reacting diesel sprays at low and very high injection pressures

Giraldo Valderrama, Jhoan Sebastián 10 December 2018 (has links)
En la exploración de nuevos métodos para el mejoramiento de la eficiencia y rendimiento del motor diésel, es claro que un gran esfuerzo debe estar enfocado en el proceso de inyección de combustible. La eficiencia de la combustión y las emisiones, se ven muy afectadas por el proceso de atomización, y se ha demostrado que incrementos en presiones de inyección conllevan un gran potencial para mejorar el ahorro de combustible, producir mejores mezclas de aire y combustible, y por tanto menor generación de emisiones contaminantes. Últimamente, las presiones de inyección han aumentado de alrededor de 50 MPa en los años 70 hasta 250 MPa en los días actuales. Presiones de inyección muy altas (250-300 MPa) o incluso ultra altas (> 300 MPa) vienen siendo materia de investigación con el fin de ser implementadas de manera comercial en un futuro próximo. La estructura y desarrollo del spray diésel pueden ser caracterizados desde un punto de vista microscópico por medio de la medición del tamaño de gotas del spray y sus velocidades. En condiciones no-evaporativas, técnicas como el PDPA (Phase Doppler Particle Analyzer) vienen siendo utilizadas para la obtención de perfiles de diámetros y velocidades de gota con una alta resolución temporal. Desde el punto de vista macroscópico, existen parámetros específicos que permiten caracterizar a un chorro diésel, estos son: la penetración de vapor y líquida junto con el ángulo de apertura del chorro. La penetración líquida es un indicador claro de la capacidad de evaporación del combustible utilizado, mientras que la penetración de vapor, por su parte, es indicativo del proceso de mezcla y la probabilidad de colisión con las paredes de la cámara de combustión; factores claves a la hora de la generación de emisiones contaminantes. En esta tesis se estudia la influencia de presiones bajas, medias y muy altas presiones inyección, sobre un amplio espectro de condiciones y diagnósticos experimentales, y desde el punto de vista macroscópico y microscópico. Se realizaron experimentos para tres diferentes inyectores, 2 solenoides y un piezo eléctrico, este último con la capacidad de alcanzar presiones de inyección cercanas a 270 MPa. Las medidas incluyen una caracterización hidráulica, compuesta por tasa de inyección; una visualización de alta velocidad del chorro líquido isotermo; una visualización de alta velocidad del chorro inerte evaporativo, con captura simultánea de las fases líquida y vapor; y finalmente, una caracterización microscópica por medio de la obtención de distribución de tamaño de gotas y sus velocidades. Con respecto a los ensayos microscópicos, se desarrolló una metodología para el aislamiento y alineación de sprays con un error de medición muy bajo de 0,22°. Se llevaron a cabo mediciones de velocidad de gotas, cuyos resultados mostraron buen ajuste con perfiles teóricos de velocidad. De igual manera, una correlación para el tamaño de gota SMD se obtuvo mostrando un alto nivel de ajuste y siendo representativa para todo el rango de presiones de inyección estudiados. En el caso de la caracterización macroscópica del chorro isotermo, se han detectado variaciones macroscópicas en el desarrollo del chorro con propiedades de gas, inclusive en condiciones de motor comunes. Para estimar estos efectos y otros que las presiones de inyección muy altas tendrían sobre la estructura del chorro, se incentivó la aparición de ondas de choque controlando la velocidad del sonido del ambiente. Se usaron tres gases ambientales (SF6 N2 y CO2) con diferentes velocidades de sonido, promoviendo de esta manera chorros supersónicos en determinados casos. Al comparar ensayos con mismas densidades y diferentes gases ambientales, se encontró que todas las tendencias cercanas al estado transónico (0.8 <M <1.2) tenían una mayor penetración y menor ángulo de chorro. / En l'exploració de nous mètodes per al millorament de l'eficiència i rendiment del motor dièsel, és clar que un gran esforç s'ha enfocar en el procés d'injecció de combustible. L'eficiència de la combustió i les emissions, es veuen molt afectades pel procés d'atomització, i s'ha demostrat que increments en pressions d'injecció comporten un gran potencial per a millorar l'estalvi de combustible, produir millors mescles d'aire i combustible, i per tant menor generació d'emissions contaminants. Últimament, les pressions d'injecció han augmentat d'al voltant de 50 MPa en els anys 70 fins a 250 MPa en els dies actuals. Pressions d'injecció molt altes (250-300 MPa) o inclús ultra altes (> 300 MPa) vénen sent matèria d'investigació a fi de ser implementades de manera comercial en un futur pròxim. L'estructura i desenrotllament de l'esprai dièsel poden ser caracteritzats des d'un punt de vista microscòpic per mitjà del mesurament de la grandària de gotes de l'esprai i les seues velocitats. En condicions no-evaporatives, tècniques com el PDPA (Phase doppler particle analyzer) vénen sent utilitzades per a l'obtenció de perfils de diàmetres i velocitats de gota amb una alta resolució temporal. Des del punt de vista macroscòpic, hi ha paràmetres específics que permeten caracteritzar a un doll dièsel, estos són: la penetració de vapor i la penetració líquida junt amb l'angle d'obertura del doll. La penetració líquida és un indicador clar de la capacitat d'evaporació del combustible utilitzat, mentres que la penetració de vapor, per la seua banda, és indicatiu del procés de mescla i la probabilitat de col·lisió amb les parets de la cambra de combustió; factors claus a l'hora de la generació d'emissions contaminants. En esta tesi s'estudia la influència de pressions d' injecció baixes, mitges i molt altes, sobre un ampli espectre de condicions i diagnòstics experimentals, i des del punt de vista macroscòpic i microscòpic. Es van realitzar experiments per a tres injectors diferents, 2 solenoides i un piezo elèctric, este últim amb la capacitat d'aconseguir pressions d'injecció pròximes a 270 MPa. Les medides inclouen una caracterització hidràulica, composta per taxa d'injecció; una visualització d'alta velocitat del doll líquid isoterm; una visualització d'alta velocitat del doll inert evaporativo, amb captura simultània de les fases líquida i vapor; i finalment, una caracterització microscòpica per mitjà de l'obtenció de distribució de grandària de gotes i les seues velocitats. Respecte als assajos microscòpics, es va desenrotllar una metodologia per a l'aïllament i alineació d'esprais amb un error de mesurament molt davall de 0,22°. Es van dur a terme mesuraments de velocitat de gotes, els resultats van mostrar bon ajust amb perfils teòrics de velocitat. De la mateixa manera, una correlació per a la grandària de gota SMD es va obtindre mostrant un alt nivell d'ajust i sent representativa per a tot el rang de pressions d'injecció estudiats. En el cas de la caracterització macroscòpica del doll isoterm, s'han detectat variacions macroscòpiques en el desenrotllament del doll amb propietats de gas, inclusivament en condicions de motor comú. Per a estimar estos efectes i altres que altes pressions d'injecció tindrien sobre l'estructura del doll, es va incentivar l'aparició d'ones de xoc controlant la velocitat del so de l'ambient. Es van usar tres gasos ambientals (SF6, N2 i CO2) amb diferents velocitats de so, promovent d'esta manera dolls supersònics en determinats casos. Al comparar assajos amb mateixes densitats i diferents gasos ambientals, es va trobar que totes les tendències pròximes a l'estat transónic (0.8 < M < 1.2) tenien una major penetració i menor angle de doll. Respecte al doll evaporatiu, per a pressions d'injecció molt altes com 270MPa, els efectes dels paràmetres ambientals i d'injecció van romandre iguals respecte a totes les carac / In the exploration of new methods for improving the efficiency and performance of the diesel engine, it is clear that a great effort should be focused on the fuel injection process. The efficiency of combustion and emissions are greatly affected by the atomization process, and it is considered that injection pressures increments have a great potential to improve fuel economy, produce better air and fuel mixtures, and thus low generation of polluting emissions. Lately, injection pressures have increased from around 50 MPa in the 70's to 250 MPa in the current days, even very high injection pressures (250-300 MPa) or ultra high pressures (> 300 MPa) have been the subject of the scientific community in order to be implemented in future injection systems. The structure and development of the diesel spray can be characterized from a microscopic point of view by means of estimation of droplets size and velocities. At non-evaporative conditions, techniques such as PDPA (Phase Doppler Particle Analyzer) are being used to obtain diameters and velocity profiles a with high temporal resolution. From the macroscopic point of view, there are specific parameters that allow characterizing the diesel spray, these are: the liquid and vapor penetration along with the spray angle. The liquid penetration is a clear indicator of the evaporation capacity of the fuel used, whilst the vapor penetration, on the other hand, is an indicative of the mixing process and the probability of collision with the combustion chamber walls; key factors when generating polluting emissions. In this thesis the influence of low and very high injections pressures over the macro and micro characteristics of the diesel spray is studied, over a wide spectrum of conditions and experimental diagnoses. Experiments were carried out for three different injectors, two solenoids and one piezoelectric, the latter with the capacity to reach injection pressures close to 270MPa. The measurements include a hydraulic characterization; a high speed visualization of the liquid spray at isothermal conditions; a high-speed visualization of the evaporative spray, with simultaneous capture of the liquid and vapor phases; and finally, a microscopic characterization. Regarding the microscopic tests, a methodology was developed for the spray isolation and alignment with a very low measurement error of 0.22° Droplets velocity measurements were carried out, the results showed good adjustment with theoretical velocity profiles. Similarly, a correlation for SMD droplet size was obtained showing a high level of adjustment and being representative for the entire range of injection pressures studied. In the case of the macroscopic characterization of the isothermal spray, variations have been detected in the development of the jet with gas properties, even at common engine injection conditions. To estimate these effects and others that very high injection pressures would have on the spray structure, the apparition of shock waves was enhanced by controlling the speed of sound of the environment using three ambient gases with different speed of sound (SF6, N2 and CO2). When comparing tests with same densities and different ambient gases, it was found that all the tendencies near the transonic state (0.8 <M <1.2) had a higher penetration and lower spray angle. With respect to the evaporative jet, for very high injection pressures like 270MPa, the effects of the environmental and injection parameters remained the same with respect to all the macroscopic characteristics. / Giraldo Valderrama, JS. (2018). Macroscopic and microscopic characterization of non-reacting diesel sprays at low and very high injection pressures [Tesis doctoral no publicada]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/113643 / TESIS

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