The purpose of the Roman Argei ceremony, during which the Vestal Virgins harvested made and paraded rush puppets only to throw them into the Tiber, is widely debated. Modern historians supply three main reasons for the purpose of the Argei: an agrarian act, a scapegoat, and finally as an offering averting deceased spirits or Lares. I suggest that the ceremony also related to war and the spectacle of displaying war casualties. I compare the ancient Near East and Rome and connect the element of war and husbandry and claim that the Argei paralleled the sacred marriage. in addition to an agricultural and purification rite, these rituals may have served as sympathetic magic for pre- and inter-war periods. As of yet, no author has proposed the Argei as a ceremony related to war. By looking at the Argei holistically I open the door for a new direction of inquiry on the Argei ceremony, fertility cults in the Near East and in Rome, and on the execution of war criminals.The Argei and new year’s sacred marriage both occurred during the initiation of campaign and spring planting and harvest season. Both in the ancient Near East and in Rome, animal victims were sacrificed and displayed through impaling, crucifixion, and hanging for fertility and in war. for both Rome and the Near East war casualties were displayed on sacred trees. Through the Near East cultures a strong correlation existed between impaling, hanging, and crucifixion in war and Sacred Tree fertility worship. By examining Roman tree worship, military rituals, and agricultural ceremonies a similar correlation becomes apparent. on the same day of the Argei, Mars was married to the anthropomorphized new year and within the month became a scapegoat expelled from the city. Additionally, on the first day of the Argei boys became soldiers.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:23:43Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2008-11-04Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:50:57Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 belmonte_ea_me_jabo.pdf: 395445 bytes, checksum: 92da23e7783cda1b9d0618c6cb55f316 (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Objetivou-se avaliar os parâmetros cardiovasculares e respiratórios, em cães anestesiados com isofluorano, submetidos à infusão contínua de morfina (3,3 μg/Kg/min) ou fentanil (0,03 μg/Kg/min), associados à lidocaína (50 μg/Kg/min) e cetamina (10 μg/Kg/min). Para tal, formaram-se dois grupos de oito animais, denominados morfina-lidocaína-cetamina MLK e fentanil-lidocaína-cetamina (FLK). Os cães foram pré-tratados com levomepromazina (0,5 mg/Kg IV), induzidos à anestesia com propofol (5 mg/Kg) e mantidos com isofluorano, ajustando-se a concentração para obterem-se valores de índice biespectral (BIS) entre 55 e 65. As mensurações da freqüência cardíaca (FC), duração (Ps) e amplitude (PmV) da onda P, intervalo PR, duração do complexo QRS, intervalo QT e RR, pressões arteriais sistólica (PAS), diastólica (PAD), e média (PAM), concentração de isofluorano expirado (EtISO), tensão de dióxido de carbono expirado (EtCO2), saturação de oxihemoglobina (SpO2) freqüência respiratória (f), tempo para extubação (Te), temperatura esofágica (T) e consumo de anestésico (ISOmL) tiveram início 30 minutos após a indução (M0), e após o início da infusão das soluções, em intervalos de 15 minutos (M15 a M75). Os dados foram submetidos à análise de perfil (P < 0,05) e ao Teste T (P < 0,05). À exceção da T (grupo FLK), não houve diferenças entre momentos para as demais variáveis. Entre grupos, EtISO (M30), FC (M0, M45, M60 e M75) e QRS (M60), ISOmL e T (M30, M45, M60 e M75), apresentaram médias do grupo MLK maiores que as do FLK. Para QT (M30 e M75), RR (M0, M60 e M75) e SpO2 (M60), as médias do grupo MLK foram menores que as do FLK. Concluiu-se que as soluções testadas não comprometem os parâmetros avaliados e não prejudicam a monitoração da profundidade anestésica por meio do BIS. / The aim of this study was investigate the effects over cardiovascular and respiratory system related with the continuous rate infusion of morphine (3,3mg/Kg/min) or fentanyl (0,03mg/Kg/min) associated with a solution of lidocaine (50ug/Kg/min) and ketamine (10ug/Kg/min). For such, two groups named morphine-lidocaine-ketamine (MLK) and fentanyl-lidocaine-ketamine (FLK) with eight dogs each were formed. As preanesthetic medication, the dogs received levomepromazine (0,5mg/Kg – IV). For induction and maintenance of anesthesia, propofol (5mg/Kg –IV) and isoflurane were used respectively. The values of bispectral index (BIS) were maintained between 55 and 65. The measurements of heart rate (HR), length (Ps) and amplitude (PmV) of the P wave, PR interval, duration of the QRS complex, QT interval and RR, systolic blood pressures (SBP), diastolic (DBP) and mean (MAP), expired concentration of isoflurane (EtISO), tension of carbon dioxide expired (ETCO2), oxyhemoglobin saturation (SpO2) respiratory rate (f), time to extubation (Te), esophageal temperature (T) and consumption of anesthetics (ISOmL) started 30 minutes after induction (M0), and after the infusion of solutions, at intervals of 15 minutes (M15 to M75). The data were submitted to analysis of profile (P <0.05) and the T test (P <0.05). With the exception of T (FLK group), there was no difference between moments for the other variables. Among groups, EtISO (M30), FC (M0, M45, M60 and M75) and QRS (M60), ISOmL and T (M30, M45, M60 and M75), showed means of MLK more than FLK. For QT (M30 and M75), RR (M0, M60 and M75) and SpO2 (M60), the means of MLK were smaller than FLK. The result of this study demonstrates that booth tested solutions not alters the respiratory or cardiovascular parameters, but, the solution with fentanyl promotes temperature reduction.

Orientador: Newton Nunes / Banca: João Moreira da Costa Neto / Banca: Paulo Sérgio Patto dos Santos / Resumo: Objetivou-se avaliar os parâmetros cardiovasculares e respiratórios, em cães anestesiados com isofluorano, submetidos à infusão contínua de morfina (3,3 μg/Kg/min) ou fentanil (0,03 μg/Kg/min), associados à lidocaína (50 μg/Kg/min) e cetamina (10 μg/Kg/min). Para tal, formaram-se dois grupos de oito animais, denominados morfina-lidocaína-cetamina MLK e fentanil-lidocaína-cetamina (FLK). Os cães foram pré-tratados com levomepromazina (0,5 mg/Kg IV), induzidos à anestesia com propofol (5 mg/Kg) e mantidos com isofluorano, ajustando-se a concentração para obterem-se valores de índice biespectral (BIS) entre 55 e 65. As mensurações da freqüência cardíaca (FC), duração (Ps) e amplitude (PmV) da onda P, intervalo PR, duração do complexo QRS, intervalo QT e RR, pressões arteriais sistólica (PAS), diastólica (PAD), e média (PAM), concentração de isofluorano expirado (EtISO), tensão de dióxido de carbono expirado (EtCO2), saturação de oxihemoglobina (SpO2) freqüência respiratória (f), tempo para extubação (Te), temperatura esofágica (T) e consumo de anestésico (ISOmL) tiveram início 30 minutos após a indução (M0), e após o início da infusão das soluções, em intervalos de 15 minutos (M15 a M75). Os dados foram submetidos à análise de perfil (P < 0,05) e ao Teste T (P < 0,05). À exceção da T (grupo FLK), não houve diferenças entre momentos para as demais variáveis. Entre grupos, EtISO (M30), FC (M0, M45, M60 e M75) e QRS (M60), ISOmL e T (M30, M45, M60 e M75), apresentaram médias do grupo MLK maiores que as do FLK. Para QT (M30 e M75), RR (M0, M60 e M75) e SpO2 (M60), as médias do grupo MLK foram menores que as do FLK. Concluiu-se que as soluções testadas não comprometem os parâmetros avaliados e não prejudicam a monitoração da profundidade anestésica por meio do BIS. / Abstract: The aim of this study was investigate the effects over cardiovascular and respiratory system related with the continuous rate infusion of morphine (3,3mg/Kg/min) or fentanyl (0,03mg/Kg/min) associated with a solution of lidocaine (50ug/Kg/min) and ketamine (10ug/Kg/min). For such, two groups named morphine-lidocaine-ketamine (MLK) and fentanyl-lidocaine-ketamine (FLK) with eight dogs each were formed. As preanesthetic medication, the dogs received levomepromazine (0,5mg/Kg - IV). For induction and maintenance of anesthesia, propofol (5mg/Kg -IV) and isoflurane were used respectively. The values of bispectral index (BIS) were maintained between 55 and 65. The measurements of heart rate (HR), length (Ps) and amplitude (PmV) of the P wave, PR interval, duration of the QRS complex, QT interval and RR, systolic blood pressures (SBP), diastolic (DBP) and mean (MAP), expired concentration of isoflurane (EtISO), tension of carbon dioxide expired (ETCO2), oxyhemoglobin saturation (SpO2) respiratory rate (f), time to extubation (Te), esophageal temperature (T) and consumption of anesthetics (ISOmL) started 30 minutes after induction (M0), and after the infusion of solutions, at intervals of 15 minutes (M15 to M75). The data were submitted to analysis of profile (P <0.05) and the T test (P <0.05). With the exception of T (FLK group), there was no difference between moments for the other variables. Among groups, EtISO (M30), FC (M0, M45, M60 and M75) and QRS (M60), ISOmL and T (M30, M45, M60 and M75), showed means of MLK more than FLK. For QT (M30 and M75), RR (M0, M60 and M75) and SpO2 (M60), the means of MLK were smaller than FLK. The result of this study demonstrates that booth tested solutions not alters the respiratory or cardiovascular parameters, but, the solution with fentanyl promotes temperature reduction. / Mestre

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