Submitted by DANILO DAMASCENO SABINO (engdanilosabino@gmail.com) on 2018-07-03T16:00:40Z No. of bitstreams: 1 DaniloSabino_TeseVersaoFinal.pdf: 4134991 bytes, checksum: 888a0a610949d5417be468fa2b94c7c8 (MD5) / Rejected by Cristina Alexandra de Godoy null (cristina@adm.feis.unesp.br), reason: Danilo, seu trabalho foi redigido em língua inglesa, mas é preciso inserir o título em português no campo "título em outro idioma". Tentamos contato por e-mail mas sem resposta. Assim, solicitamos que refaça a submissão do seu trabalho com essa informação. on 2018-07-06T14:47:31Z (GMT) / Submitted by DANILO DAMASCENO SABINO (engdanilosabino@gmail.com) on 2018-09-24T22:07:38Z No. of bitstreams: 1 DaniloSabino_TeseVersaoFinal.pdf: 4134991 bytes, checksum: 888a0a610949d5417be468fa2b94c7c8 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Cristina Alexandra de Godoy null (cristina@adm.feis.unesp.br) on 2018-09-25T11:47:26Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 sabino_dd_dr_ilha.pdf: 4134991 bytes, checksum: 888a0a610949d5417be468fa2b94c7c8 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-09-25T11:47:26Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 sabino_dd_dr_ilha.pdf: 4134991 bytes, checksum: 888a0a610949d5417be468fa2b94c7c8 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-02-01 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / O objetivo específico deste trabalho é estender as capacidades da técnica de rastreamento de pontos em 3 dimensões (three-dimensional point tracking – 3DPT) para identificar as características dinâmicas de estruturas grandes e complexas, tais como pás de turbina eólica. Um sistema multi-camera (composto de múltiplos sistemas de estéreo visão calibrados independentemente) é desenvolvido para obter alta resolução espacial de pontos discretos a partir de medidas de deslocamento sobre grandes áreas. Uma proposta de técnica de costura é apresentada e empregada para executar o alinhamento de duas nuvens de pontos, obtidas com a técnica 3DPT, de uma estrutura sob excitação dinâmica. Três diferentes algoritmos de registro de nuvens de pontos são propostos para executar a junção das nuvens de pontos de cada sistema estéreo, análise de componentes principais (Principal Component Analysis - PCA), decomposição de valores singulares (Singular value Decomposition - SVD) e ponto mais próximo iterativo (Iterative Closest Point - ICP). Além disso, análise modal operacional em conjunto com o sistema de medição multi-camera e as técnicas de registro de nuvens de pontos são usadas para determinar a viabilidade de usar medidas ópticas (e.g. three-dimensional point tracking – 3DPT) para estimar os parâmetros modais de uma pá de gerador eólico comparando seus resultados com técnicas de medição mais convencionais. / The specific objective of this research is to extend the capabilities of three-dimensional (3D) Point Tracking (PT) to identify the dynamic characteristics of large and complex structures, such as utility-scale wind turbine blades. A multi-camera system (composed of multiple independently calibrated stereovision systems) is developed to obtain high spatial resolution of discrete points from displacement measurement over very large areas. A proposal of stitching techniques is presented and employed to perform the alignment of two point clouds, obtained with 3DPT measurement, of a structure under dynamic excitation. The point cloud registration techniques are exploited as a technique for dynamic measuring (displacement) of large structures with high spatial resolution of the model. Three different image registration algorithms are proposed to perform the junction of the points clouds of each stereo system, Principal Component Analysis (PCA), Singular value Decomposition (SVD) and Iterative Closest Point (ICP). Furthermore, operational modal analysis in conjunction with the multi-camera measurement system and registration techniques are used to determine the feasibility of using optical measurements (e.g. three-dimensional point tracking (3DPT)) to estimate the modal parameters of a utility-scale wind turbine blade by comparing with traditional techniques.

As pontes estaiadas são exemplos de estruturas esbeltas e flexíveis onde a capacidade de utilização dos materiais tem grande importância. Neste sentido, para garantir a melhor utilização dos materiais envolvidos (aço e concreto, por exemplo), é preciso determinar as forças de protensão aplicadas aos cabos. A melhor distribuição dos momentos fletores no tabuleiro de ponte é aquela obtida com uma viga contínua. Pontes estaiadas fornecem apoios elásticos ao tabuleiro. O presente trabalho emprega o método da anulação dos deslocamentos, MAD, para obter as forças axiais a que os cabos estarão submetidos de modo a aproximar o comportamento do tabuleiro ao de uma viga contínua. O método MAD. proporciona uma estrutura economicamente mais viável. O código computacional desenvolvido realiza análises estática e modal por meio do método dos elementos finitos, MEF. A análise estática utilizada é a não linear geométrica, considerando as não linearidades do efeito de catenária do cabo, e dos elementos submetidos à compressão. O material é assumido no campo do regime elástico linear. A ponte é modelada por elementos de treliça plana com módulo de elasticidade de Dischinger, para simular os cabos, e elementos de pórtico plano para os elementos do tabuleiro e da torre. O carregamento da estrutura considera a atuação apenas do peso-próprio dos elementos estruturais. O código computacional desenvolvido permite, também, a análise modal da estrutura a fim de determinar suas frequências naturais e modos de vibração. A análise modal pode ser realizada com a matriz de massa concentrada, ou consistente. Em relação à matriz de rigidez, a análise modal da estrutura pode utilizar a matriz de rigidez linear, para uma análise de vibrações livres, ou a matriz de rigidez tangente para as análises de vibração sob tensões iniciais. Exemplos encontrados na literatura são resolvidos com o código computacional desenvolvido para verificação e validação. / The cable-stayed bridges are examples of slender and flexible where the usability of the materials is very important structures. In this sense, to ensure the best use of the materials involved (steel and concrete, for example), one must determine the forces applied to the prestressing cables. A better distribution of the bending moments in the bridge deck is obtained with a continuous beam. Cable-stayed bridges provide elastic support to the deck. This work employs the zero displacement method, ZDM, to determine the axial forces that the cables will be subjected to in order to approximate the behavior of the deck to the one as a continuous beam. The ZDM method provides an economically viable structure. The computational code performs static and modal analysis, which are performed by using the finite element method, FEM. The static analysis is a nonlinear geometric analysis which considers the nonlinearities of the cable sag, and the compression effects on the elements. The material is assumed in the field of linear elastic regime. The bridge is modeled by elements of plane truss with Dischingers elasticity module, to simulate cables and plane frame elements for the deck and the tower elements. The structure is subjected to self-weight of the elements. The computer code developed also performs the modal analysis of the structure to determine their natural frequencies and mode shapes. The modal analysis can be carried out with the concentrated or consistent mass matrix. In relation to the stiffness matrix, modal analysis of the structure may use a linear stiffness matrix for analysis of free vibration analysis or the tangent stiffness matrix for the analysis of vibration under initial stress. Examples in the literature are solved with the computational code developed for verification and validation.

Les conceptions récentes de turbomachines ont tendance à évoluer vers des liaisons entre étages de plus en plus souples et des niveaux d'amortissement faibles, donnant lieu à des configurations où les modes sont susceptibles de présenter des niveaux de couplages inter-étages forts. En général, les ensembles disques aubes multi-étagés n'ont aucune propriété de symétrie cyclique d'ensemble et l'analyse doit porter sur un modèle de la structure complète donnant lieu à des calculs très coûteux. Pour palier ce problème, une méthode récente appelée symétrie cyclique multi-étages peut être utilisée pour réduire le coût des calculs des rotors composés de plusieurs étages, même lorsque les étages ont un nombre différent de secteurs. Cette approche profite de la symétrie cyclique inhérente à chaque étage et utilise une hypothèse spécifique qui aboutit à des sous-problèmes découplés pour chaque ordre de Fourier spatial. La méthodologie proposée vise à étudier l'effet des incertitudes sur le comportement dynamique des rotors en utilisant l'approche de symétrie cyclique multi-étages et l'expansion en Chaos Polynomial. Les incertitudes peuvent découler de l'usure des aubes, des changements de température ou des tolérances de fabrication. En première approche, seules les incertitudes provenant de l'usure uniforme de l'ensemble des aubes sont étudiées. Celles-ci peuvent être modélisées en considérant une variation globale des propriétés du matériau de l'ensemble des aubes d'un étage particulier. L'approche de symétrie cyclique multi-étages peut alors être utilisée car l'hypothèse de secteurs identiques est respectée. La positivité des matrices aléatoires concernées est assurée par l'utilisation d'une loi gamma très adaptée à la physique du problème impliquant le choix des polynômes de Laguerre comme base pour le chaos polynomial. Dans un premier temps des exemples numériques représentatifs de différents types de turbomachines sont introduits dans le but d'évaluer la robustesse de la méthode de symétrie cyclique multi-étages. Ensuite, les résultats de l'analyse modale aléatoire et de la réponse aléatoire obtenus par le chaos polynomial sont validés par comparaison avec des simulations de Monte-Carlo. En plus des résultats classiquement rencontrés pour les fréquences et réponses forcées, les incertitudes considérées mettent en évidence des variations sur les déformées modales qui évoluent entre différentes familles de modes dans les zones de forte densité modale. Ces variations entraînent des modifications sensibles sur la dynamique globale de la structure analysée et doivent être considérées dans le cadre des conceptions robustes. / Recent designs in turbomachinery tend to have more flexible inter-stage rims and to be more lightly damped, resulting in configurations where modes might not be confined to only one stage. In general, multi-stage rotors have no particular axial symmetry property and the computationally costly analysis of the whole structure becomes mandatory. However, a multi-stage cyclic symmetry approach can be used for reducing the cost of modeling rotors composed of several stages even when the stages have different numbers of sectors. This approach takes advantage of the inherent cyclic symmetry of each stage and uses a specific assumption that results in decoupled subproblems for each spatial Fourier harmonic. The methodology proposed in this work allows including uncertainties in the analysis of multi-stage rotors using the multi-stage cyclic symmetry approach and the Polynomial Chaos Expansion. Uncertainties in rotors may arise from in-use wear of blades, temperature changes or manufacturing tolerances. As a first approach, only uncertainties arising from uniform in-use wear of the set of blades are included. These may be modeled by considering a global variation of the material properties of the set of blades of a particular stage. The multi-stage cyclic symmetry approach can then be used since the underlying assumption of identical sectors is respected. The positiveness of the random matrices involved is reached by using gamma-distributed random variables which imply the use of Laguerre's polynomials as basis for the polynomial chaos. Numerical examples representative of various types of turbomachinery are introduced in order to assess the robustness of the method of multi-stage cyclic symmetry. Uncertainties results for the free and forced response analyses obtained by the polynomial chaos are validated by comparison with Monte Carlo simulations. The considered uncertainties induce variations on the mode shapes that evolve between different families of modes in areas of high modal density. These variations result in significant changes in the global dynamics of the structure and must be considered in the context of robust designs.

There is a need of substitution woods for the use in musical instruments because of the limited availabil-ity of some commonly used tropical tonewoods. Before substitutions can be found, it is necessary to knowabout the required properties. Hence, in this paper acoustical, mechanical and physical properties of fourcommon tropical hardwoods (Indian rosewood, ziricote, African blackwood and ebony) were determinedbecause there are less literature values for some properties available, e.g. internal friction, hardness orswelling behaviour. The acoustic properties were determined by means of experimental modal analysis,the mechanical properties by means of static bending tests and tests of the Brinell hardness. For the swel-ling behaviour the volume swelling and also the differential swelling coefficients were determined. Withthe results it is possible to look for new ‘tonewoods’ or to specifically modified woods, e.g. thermally trea-ted wood, to substitute tropical wood species.

L'objectif de ce travail est de mettre au point des méthodes pour détecter, localiser, quantifier et suivre l'évolution de l'endommagement dans les câbles courts, tels que les suspentes des ponts suspendus, à partir de leurs réponses vibratoires. Afin de modéliser ces câbles, un modèle linéaire 1D de poutre d'Euler Bernoulli avec tension est utilisé. Ce modèle permet de modéliser une large gamme de structures, allant de la corde vibrante à la poutre sans tension. Pour le câble, l'endommagement est introduit dans l'équation vibratoire par des modifications locales de la masse linéique et de la rigidité en flexion et par un changement global de la tension. De plus, pour introduire une "fissure" dans l'équation vibratoire d'une poutre, la modification de la rigidité peut être remplacée par un ressort de rotation au niveau de la fissure. Pour ces deux modèles d'introduction d'endommagements, une estimation analytique au premier ordre des variations des paramètres modaux en fonction des modifications est établie. Grâce aux estimations analytiques obtenues pour la variation relative des fréquences en fonctions des modifications physiques, nous développons des techniques de localisation pour deux cas d'étude : deux essais seuls correspondants à deux états (sain et endommagé) et une série d'essais (plusieurs essais de l'état sain à l'état endommagé). Pour ce second cas, une autre méthode de détection et de localisation utilisant cette fois la SVD est proposée. Les méthodes proposées sont testées sur des données numériques et sur des données expérimentales existant dans la littérature ou effectuées pendant la thèse / The objective of this work is to develop methods to detect, localize, quantify and follow the evolution of the damage in short cables, such as suspenders of the suspension bridges, using their vibratory responses. To simulate these cables, a 1D Euler Bernoulli beam linear model with tension is used. This model allows to study a wide range of structures from the vibrating string to the beam without tension. For cables, damage is introduced into the vibratory equation by local changes of the linear density and the bending stiffness and a global change in the tension. To introduce a crack in the vibrating beam equation, the change in the rigidity may be replaced by a pinned joint at the location ofthe crack. For both these models, a first order analytical estimation of the variation of modal parameters due to theses changes is established. Using these analytical estimations of the relative frequency variations in functions of the physical changes, we develop methods of localization for two cases : only two tests corresponding to two states (healthy and damaged) and a series of tests (several tests on the healthy state and several tests on the damaged state). For the second case, we propose another method of detection and localization which uses the SVD tool . These methods are tested on numerical data and experimental data from literature or from tests performed during the phD.

Les différentes étapes et processus de la fabrication additive (FA) induisent des erreurs de sources multiples et complexes qui soulèvent des problèmes majeurs au niveau de la qualité géométrique du produit fabriqué. Par conséquent, une modélisation effective des écarts géométriques est essentielle pour la FA. Le paradigme Skin Model Shapes (SMS) offre un cadre intégral pour la modélisation des écarts géométriques des produits manufacturés et constitue ainsi une solution efficace pour la modélisation des écarts géométriques en FA.Dans cette thèse, compte tenu de la spécificité de fabrication par couche en FA, un nouveau cadre de modélisation à base de SMS est proposé pour caractériser les écarts géométriques en FA en combinant une approche dans le plan et une approche hors plan. La modélisation des écarts dans le plan vise à capturer la variabilité de la forme 2D de chaque couche. Une méthode de transformation des formes est proposée et qui consiste à représenter les effets de variations sous la forme de transformations affines appliquées à la forme nominale. Un modèle paramétrique des écarts est alors établi dans un système de coordonnées polaires, quelle que soit la complexité de la forme. Ce modèle est par la suite enrichi par un apprentissage statistique permettant la collecte simultanée de données des écarts de formes multiples et l'amélioration des performances de la méthode.La modélisation des écarts hors plan est réalisée par la déformation de la couche dans la direction de fabrication. La modélisation des écarts hors plan est effectuée à l'aide d'une méthode orientée données. Sur la base des données des écarts obtenues à partir de simulations par éléments finis, deux méthodes d'analyse modale: la transformée en cosinus discrète (DCT) et l'analyse statistique des formes (SSA) sont exploitées. De plus, les effets des paramètres des pièces et des procédés sur les modes identifiés sont caractérisés par le biais d'un modèle à base de processus Gaussien.Les méthodes présentées sont finalement utilisées pour obtenir des SMSs haute-fidélité pour la fabrication additive en déformant les contours de la couche nominale avec les écarts prédits et en reconstruisant le modèle de surface non idéale complet à partir de ces contours déformés. Une toolbox est développée dans l'environnement MATLAB pour démontrer l'efficacité des méthodes proposées. / The intricate error sources within different stages of the Additive Manufacturing (AM) process have brought about major issues regarding the dimensional and geometrical accuracy of the manufactured product. Therefore, effective modeling of the geometric deviations is critical for AM. The Skin Model Shapes (SMS) paradigm offers a comprehensive framework aiming at addressing the deviation modeling problem at different stages of product lifecycle, and is thus a promising solution for deviation modeling in AM. In this thesis, considering the layer-wise characteristic of AM, a new SMS framework is proposed which characterizes the deviations in AM with in-plane and out-of-plane perspectives. The modeling of in-plane deviation aims at capturing the variability of the 2D shape of each layer. A shape transformation perspective is proposed which maps the variational effects of deviation sources into affine transformations of the nominal shape. With this assumption, a parametric deviation model is established based on the Polar Coordinate System which manages to capture deviation patterns regardless of the shape complexity. This model is further enhanced with a statistical learning capability to simultaneously learn from deviation data of multiple shapes and improve the performance on all shapes.Out-of-plane deviation is defined as the deformation of layer in the build direction. A layer-level investigation of out-of-plane deviation is conducted with a data-driven method. Based on the deviation data collected from a number of Finite Element simulations, two modal analysis methods, Discrete Cosine Transform (DCT) and Statistical Shape Analysis (SSA), are adopted to identify the most significant deviation modes in the layer-wise data. The effect of part and process parameters on the identified modes is further characterized with a Gaussian Process (GP) model. The discussed methods are finally used to obtain high-fidelity SMSs of AM products by deforming the nominal layer contours with predicted deviations and rebuilding the complete non-ideal surface model from the deformed contours. A toolbox is developed in the MATLAB environment to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed methods.

There is a need of substitution woods for the use in musical instruments because of the limited availabil-ity of some commonly used tropical tonewoods. Before substitutions can be found, it is necessary to knowabout the required properties. Hence, in this paper acoustical, mechanical and physical properties of fourcommon tropical hardwoods (Indian rosewood, ziricote, African blackwood and ebony) were determinedbecause there are less literature values for some properties available, e.g. internal friction, hardness orswelling behaviour. The acoustic properties were determined by means of experimental modal analysis,the mechanical properties by means of static bending tests and tests of the Brinell hardness. For the swel-ling behaviour the volume swelling and also the differential swelling coefficients were determined. Withthe results it is possible to look for new ‘tonewoods’ or to specifically modified woods, e.g. thermally trea-ted wood, to substitute tropical wood species.

This thesis deals with computational modeling of curve squeal noise phenomena which occurs during cornering tight curves by trams. Lateral creep between rail and wheel and slip-stick phenomena leads to self-excited vibrations of the wheel which, therefore, emits unpleasant high-pitched noise. Two FEM models in frequency domain are carried out. First model is based on prestressed modal analysis. Due to unsymmetric stiffness matrix, unstable eigenvalues can occur. It is assumed that self-excited vibrations occurs on frequencies corresponding to that eigenvalues. Second model uses harmonic response analysis. It examines vibrations of the wheel excited by lateral creep force acting in contact region. This force is obtained externally by simple time-domain model. Results from harmonic response are used consequently for noise radiation computation.

This diploma thesis is focused on the design of a rotating rectifier for a synchronous generator. Based on defined requirements, the new rotating rectifier concept has been created that allows a greater current range than existing rectifier used by Siemens Electric Machines s.r.o. The thesis is divided into five parts. The first part deals with the search of existing rotating rectifiers and other design possibilities. The requirements for the rotating rectifier were defined in the second part of the thesis. The following section deals with both electrical design of rectifier elements and varistors. The fourth part of the diploma thesis describes the thermal analysis. On the basis of thermal analysis the operating conditions of the rotating rectifier were determined. The last part of the thesis is devoted to mechanical and modal analysis. Based on these analyses, the strength and operability of the new rotating rectifier concept were verified.

The thesis deals with the design of the experimental testing rig. Test rig is designed to measure NVH transmission parameters. First, basic knowledge of vibro-acoustic measurement is discussed. This is followed by an evaluation of the most commonly used power devices to derive real loads on measured gearboxes. In more detail, a back-to-back test rig is disassembled among other things. In the thesis are described two main components, which are composed of a connecting element and a test bench. Both components were optimized during the design due to their modal properties. Numerical modal analysis was performed in ANSYS Workbench software. The thesis also includes strength calculations performed using both numerical and analytical approaches. The indispensable result of the design work is the complete drawing documentation. Finally, measurements of vibrations and noise on the physically made connecting element assembly have been performed and subsequently evaluated.