A novel battery power system configured by the battery power modules (BPMs) is proposed. Each BPM consists of a single battery pack or a battery bank equipped with an associated DC/DC converter. The output ports of BPMs can be connected in series for the high voltage applications, or in parallel to cope with a higher power or energy. For a large scale battery power system, a number of BPMs can be arrayed with combination of series and parallel connections to meet the load requirements. These all configurations allow the BPMs be operated individually. Consequently, the discharging currents of the batteries can be independently controlled, but coordinated to provide a full amount of the load current. The performances of BPMs connected in both parallel and series at outputs are analyzed theoretically and discussed from the experimental results. Batteries operating independently do not suffer from charge imbalance, and thus can avoid being over-charged or over-discharged, so that the life cycle can be prolonged. Furthermore, sophisticated discharging profiles such as intermittent currents can be realized to equalize the charges and thus to efficiently utilize the available stored energy in batteries. During the operation period, some of the batteries may take rest or be isolated from the system for the open-circuit measurement, facilitating the estimation of the state-of-charge (SOC) and the evaluation of the state-of-health (SOH). With the benefit of independent operation, the BPMs can be discharged with a scheduled current profile, such as intermittent discharging. The investigation results show that the average current plays the most important role in current discharging. By detecting the battery voltage at the break time, an SOC estimation method based on the dynamically changed open-circuit voltage exhibits an acceptable accuracy in a shorter time with considerations of the previous charging/discharging currents and the depth-of- discharge (DOD). In addition, the coulomb counting method can be enhanced by evaluating the SOH at the exhausted and fully charged states, which can be intended on the independently operated BPMs. Through the experiments that emulate practical operations, the SOC estimation methods are verified on lead-acid batteries and lithium-ion batteries to demonstrate the effectiveness and accuracy.

In this paper, we searched the parameter of BEF (Brightness enhancement film) using commercial FRED server for backlight module. The pattern analysis was carried out to understand its characteristic. The current structures used in LCD backlight are double-layer BEF. In addition, BEF of 3M takes the lion¡¦s share. But this may increase the thickness and cost of backlight module. In order to avoid those disadvantages, we tried to design single-layer BEF and characterize the effect through parameters study by using FRED software simulation. pyramid-shaped microlens array of BEF was constructed. Therefore, the effect of the variation of the structure parameters can be analyzed, such as prismatic degree (£c), prismatic structure on the brightness enhancement. It can be found from the result of simulation that the changes of the prismatic degree (£c) of 85 degree influence the brightness enhancement the most.

La pyrolyse d'un polymère précurseur permet de réaliser des dépôts céramiques. Comparé aux méthodes classiques (CVD, PVD), le principe est simple mais la réalisation pose des problèmes importants. On ne parvient pas à élaborer de cette façon des revêtements d'une épaisseur supérieure à environ 0,5 micromètres non fissurés et adhérents. L'objectif de cette étude est la compréhension des phénomènes de fissuration spontanée lors de la transformation par pyrolyse d'un film mince de polysilazane en céramique « SiCN ».<br />Dans un premier temps, l'analyse du comportement de dépôts pyrolysés sous différentes atmosphères est effectuée avec un dispositif de micro-pyrolyse spécialement développé pour cette étude. Il permet d'observer en microscopie optique la surface du dépôt en continu pendant le traitement thermique. Nous mettons ainsi en évidence plusieurs phénomènes pendant le chauffage. En particulier, nous montrons que la fissuration des dépôts se produit pendant la montée en température, vers 580°C sous azote ou sous argon. Des caractérisations chimiques montrent que, dans ces conditions, les dépôts sont du type SiCNO avec une couche oxydée (SiO2) en surface (épaisseur 100 nm environ).<br />Des modélisations mécaniques issues de la littérature, puis la construction d'un modèle monodimensionnel simple nous permettent de décrire la fissuration et le décollement des dépôts de manière plus quantitative.<br />La dernière partie de ce travail consiste en la détermination des paramètres principaux qui gouvernent cette fissuration. La caractérisation mécanique des dépôts à différents stades de la transformation du précurseur est effectuée par nanodureté. Nous montrons que la fissuration des dépôts coïncide avec un brutal accroissement des propriétés mécaniques du matériau (dureté et module d'Young) entre 550°C et 650°C, couplé à une augmentation importante du retrait à ces températures. Nous en déduisons que la fissuration résulte de la transition polymère/céramique.

La réalisation de Hodge du polylogarithme d'un schéma abélien complexe de dimension g est une (2g-1)-extension de modules de Hodge. Lorsque le schéma abélien est principalement polarisé, on en donne une description au niveau topologique. Pour cela, on utilise des courants de type "courants de Green" introduits par Levin. On applique alors ce résultat aux familles modulaires de Hilbert-Blumenthal pour montrer que certaines classes d'Eisenstein (construites à partir du polylogarithme et d'une section de torsion) dégénèrent, en l'infini, en une valeur spéciale de fonction L du corps de nombres totalement réel sous-jacent. On en déduit deux autres résultats : une version partielle du théorème de Klingen-Siegel et un résultat de non nullité pour certaines de ces classes d'Eisenstein. Ainsi, on montre que pour tout entier g plus grand que 2, il existe un schéma abélien complexe de dimension g tel que certaines de ses classes d'Eisenstein soient non nulles.

Environmental aspect of pavement, unlike its economic counterpart, is seldom considered in the theoretical study and field practices. As a highly energy and material intensive infrastructure, pavement has great potential to contribute to the environment protection, which, in root, depends on the in-depth understanding of the environmental impacts, holistically and specifically. A life cycle assessment (LCA) model is used to fulfill the goal. This research firstly carried out extensive literature review of LCA studies on pavement to identify the major research gaps, including: incompleteness of the methodology, controversy of the functional unit, and unawareness of feedstock energy of asphalt, etc. Based on that, a comprehensive methodology to apply the LCA model in the context of pavement engineering was developed. The five-module methodology, including material module, maintenance and rehabilitation (M&R) module, construction module, congestion module, and end of life module, covers almost every stage of pavement for a life time. The unique contribution of the proposed methodology lies in the deep-going modeling of the congestion module due to construction and M&R activities and the great efforts on the usage module. Moreover, the proposed methodology is a complex structure, demanding many sub-models to enrich the model bank and therefore another three contributions are made accordingly. Specifically, the environmental damage costs (EDCs) were calculated based on the estimates of the marginal damage cost of involved air pollutants; a function describing the relationship of pavement roughness and average vehicle speed was established; and an improved pavement M&R optimization algorithm was developed with the incorporation of EDCs. To demonstrate how the proposed methodology can be implemented, a case study of three overlay systems, including hot mixture asphalt (HMA), Portland cement concrete (PCC), and crack, seat and overlay (CSOL), was performed. Through the case study, the PCC option and CSOL options are found to have less environmental burdens as opposed to the HMA option while the comparison between the former two is indeterminate due to the great uncertainties associated with usage module, especially pavement structure effect; and the material, congestion, and usage modules are the three major sources of energy consumptions and air pollutant emissions. Traditionally, cost evaluation of pavement does not refer to EDC while the developed M&R optimization algorithm suggests that EDC occupies a significant fraction of the total cost constitution. And the M&R algorithm leads to a reduction from 8.2 to 12.3 percent and from 5.9 to 10.2 percent in terms of total energy consumptions and costs compared to the before optimization results. On the other aspect, pavement communities seem to prefer long life pavement because they believe small increase of pavement thickness prolongs the service life and thus leads to a smaller marginal cost while the study in Chapter 5 suggests that it may not be always true, at least in terms environmental impacts. Specially, frequently used pavement designs in the U.S. of two design lives, 20 years and 40 years, at three levels of traffic, are evaluated for their environmental impacts using the proposed methodology. It is found that only at high traffic volumes, the 40-year designs carry environmental advantages over their 20-year counterparts while the opposite is true at the low or medium traffic volumes. Unfortunately, it is not possible to determine the watershed traffic volumes due to the disturbance of many external factors.

Understanding the underlying coordination mechanisms that lead to a patient’s poor walking performance is critical in developing effective rehabilitation interventions. However, most common measures of rehabilitation effectiveness do not provide information regarding underlying coordination mechanisms. The overall goal of this research was to analyze the relationship between two potential measures of walking performance (step length asymmetry and module composition) and underlying walking mechanics. Experimental analyses were used to analyze the walking mechanics of hemiparetic subjects grouped by step length asymmetry. All groups had impaired plantarflexor function and the direction of asymmetry provided information regarding the compensatory mechanism used to overcome this plantarflexor impairment. Those subjects who walked with longer paretic than nonparetic steps compensated using increased output from the nonparetic leg, while those with symmetric steps compensated using a bilateral hip strategy. These results suggest that step length asymmetry may provide information regarding underlying coordination mechanisms that can be used to guide rehabilitation efforts. Another way to assess walking performance is to directly analyze deficits in muscle coordination. Recent studies have suggested that complex muscle activity during walking may be generated using a reduced neural control strategy organized around the co-excitation of multiple muscles, or modules, which may provide a useful framework for characterizing coordination deficits. Simulation analyses using modular control were performed to understand how modules contribute to important biomechanical functions of non-impaired walking and how the generation of these functions is altered in groups of post-stroke hemiparetic subjects who commonly merged different sets of non-impaired modules. The non-impaired simulation found that six modules are needed to generate the three-dimensional tasks of walking (support, forward propulsion, mediolateral balance control and leg swing control). When the plantarflexor module was merged with the module controlling the knee extensors and hip abductors, forward propulsion and ipsilateral leg swing were impaired. When the module controlling the hamstrings was merged with the module controlling the knee extensors and hip abductors, forward propulsion, body support and mediolateral balance control were impaired. These results suggest that module analysis may provide useful information regarding the source of walking deficits and can be used to guide rehabilitation efforts. / text

Η παρούσα διπλωματική εργασία πραγματεύεται τη μελέτη και κατασκευή ενός μετατροπέα συνεχούς τάσης σε εναλλασσόμενη (αντιστροφέας) που προορίζεται για τη σύνδεση ενός φωτοβολταϊκού πλαισίου στο δίκτυο χαμηλής τάσης. Η εργασία εκπονήθηκε στο Εργαστήριο Ηλεκτρομηχανικής Μετατροπής Ενέργειας του Τμήματος Ηλεκτρολόγων Μηχανικών και Τεχνολογίας Υπολογιστών του Πανεπιστημίου Πατρών. Αρχικά, παρουσιάζονται, συνοπτικά, πληροφορίες για τη φωτοβολταϊκή τεχνολογία και για τους τρόπους διασύνδεσής τους με την κατανάλωση ή το δίκτυο. Στη συνέχεια, γίνεται αναφορά στον αντιστροφέα της διπλωματικής εργασίας. Πιο συγκεκριμένα, μελετάται ένας διαφορικός αντιστροφέας τύπου boost, ένα χαρακτηρισμό που τον οφείλει στην δυνατότητα, να επιτευχθεί μέσω αυτού εναλλασσόμενη τάση εξόδου με ενεργό τιμή μεγαλύτερη της συνεχούς τάσης εισόδου. Ο μετατροπέας αυτός αποτελείται στην ουσία από δύο επιμέρους μετατροπείς dc-dc τύπου boost, με τη συνδυασμένη λειτουργία των οποίων επιτυγχάνεται η επιθυμητή μετατροπή. Η ονομαστική ισχύς για την οποία πραγματοποιείται ο σχεδιασμός του μετατροπέα είναι ίση με 250W. Με δεδομένα τα μεγέθη ρευμάτων και τάσεων, καθώς και των κυματώσεων στα ρεύματα των πηνίων και στις τάσεις των πυκνωτών, υπολογίστηκαν οι τιμές των στοιχείων, βάσει των οποίων έγιναν οι προσομοιώσεις. Κατόπιν, δοκιμάστηκαν σε προσομοίωση διάφορες μορφές ελέγχου του αντιστροφέα, με μόνη ικανοποιητική αυτή του έλεγχου με ολίσθηση στο πεδίο καταστάσεων. Αυτός ήταν και ο έλεγχος που τελικά επιλέχθηκε για τη διάταξη που μελετήθηκε, γι’ αυτό και γίνεται αναλυτική περιγραφή του ελέγχου αυτού. Λόγω των απαιτήσεών του αποφασίστηκε ο έλεγχος να υλοποιηθεί χωρίς χρήση μικροελεγκτή, αλλά με χρήση αποκλειστικά ολοκληρωμένων αναλογικών κυκλωμάτων. Ακολουθεί η περιγραφή της διαδικασίας σχεδίασης και κατασκευής του μετατροπέα που έγινε στο Εργαστήριο Ηλεκτρομηχανικής Μετατροπής Ενέργειας και παρουσιάζονται τα επιμέρους στοιχεία και οι συνδεσμολογίες που χρησιμοποιήθηκαν. Τέλος, περιγράφονται τα πειράματα που πραγματοποιήθηκαν και παρατίθενται τα αποτελέσματα που προέκυψαν, αποδεικνύοντας την ορθή λειτουργία της διάταξης. Επίσης, εξάγονται τα ανάλογα συμπεράσματα. / In this diploma thesis, a Power Inverter in order to connect an Alternating Current-Photovoltaic (AC-PV module) to the low voltage grid is analyzed, designed and manufactured. The work was carried out in the Laboratory of Electrical and Mechanical Energy Conversion at the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering of the Polytechnic School, University of Patras, Greece. At first, some data and information concerning the photovoltaic technology are presented as well as the connection modes of a PV system or module. Secondly, the operation and structure of the inverter is described. Specifically, a differential output boost inverter is examined, the title of which is derived from its ability to produce an output voltage larger than the input voltage. In fact, this converter consists of two boost dc-dc converters, the combined operation of which achieves the desirable operation of the inverter. The nominal power of the inverter is chosen to be equal to 250W. Depending on the expected values of the currents and voltages, as well as on the ripple voltages of the capacitors and the ripple currents of the inductors, the component values were calculated. The following step was to simulate the operation of the converter under different control techniques. The only control method with satisfying results which was eventually applied to the inverter was the sliding mode control, so it is extensively described. Due to its requirements, this control technique was implemented without using a microcontroller, but only using analog integrated circuits. The design and implementation of the inverter is then described along with the selected components and some individual circuits. Finally, the results of the conducted experiments are presented, the good operation of the setup is confirmed and the related conclusions are derived.

A.Kurilavičius. Sporto prekių internetinis valdymo sistemos diegimo modulis. Savo darbe, bandžiau Jus supažindinti su šių dienų CRM sistemomis. Kaip pateiktieji produktai veikia, kas yra siūloma. Mano tema plėtojosi ties smulkiu ir vidutiniu verslu, o šiuo atveju sporto prekių sfera. Antroje dalyje bandoma įrodyti, kad CRM naudinga ir efektyvi priemonė smulkiajam ir vidutiniam verslui. Pabaigoje, paprasčiausiai parodoma kaip pasinaudoti konkrečiu sporto prekių diegimo moduliu, jį įsidiegti ir naudotis. / A.Kurilavičius. Internet management system installation module for sport goods. My job was written to introduce you how works CRM in our days. What products are suggesting for users and what we can suggest for small business companies, as my example, for sport goods sphere. Secondly, we want to prove organization to use IT technologies, especially, CRM. Showing how we can use this in small or average business companies. At the finish you can see how works our chosen systems (Sugar CRM) in small or average business companies, for example sport goods. I show how to create module and use it.

Projekto tikslas – bankinės sistemos komunalinių įmokų modulio sudarymas Lietuvos centrinei kredito unijai (toliau CKU). Tai modulis skirtas atsiskaityti klientams už jiems suteiktas komunalines paslaugas, duomenų užfiksavimą, bei jų paskirstymą visoms įmonėms už kurias klientas atsiskaitė. Visas šis modulis yra daromas centralizuotai. Kadangi CKU teikia paslaugas kitoms unijoms, tai reiškia jog CKU priima visą atsakomybę už sistemos darbus. Sukurtas modulis veikia kaip centras, kuris surenka visus duomenis iš visos Lietuvos unijų ir klientų bei paskirsto juos įmonėms. Šis modulis yra svarbus CKU, kaip žingsnis siekiant patenkinti klientų ir kredito unijų (toliau KU) poreikius, bei konkurencingumo sustiprinimas rinkoje. Šis modulis sustiprina KU pozicijas tiek rinkoje tiek paslaugų teikimo pasiūloje. Šis projektas yra išskirtinis tuo, jog tokios sistemos Lietuvoje dar nėra kaip ir kitose pabaltijos (Lietuvos kaimynės) šalyse. Projekto privalumas yra tas jog jis gali būti lengvai pritaikytas kitos šalies ar pasaulio rinkai. Toliau šioje ataskaitoje yra atliktas kokybės tyrimas bei lyginamuoju principu palyginta liktinė sistema ir nauja sistema su sukurtu komunalinių įmokų moduliu. / Objective of the project is to build a model of banking system utility payments module to the Lithuanian Central Credit Union (hereinafter referred to CKU). This module is intended to help customers to pay for their use of public utility services, data capture, and data distribution to companies for which customers accounted. This entire module is done centrally. Since CKU provide services to other unions, which means that CKU accepts full responsibility for the system works. The module acts as a center, which collects all data from all credit union clients of over Lithuania and distributes data to all public utility services. This project is unique in the fact that such a system in Lithuania is not like the other Baltic States (Lithuania neighboring) countries. The project has the advantage that it can be easily adapted to another country or the world market. During the quality analysis of the system, it was evaluated as a good system.

This thesis presents the results for the temperature variation of the Differential Group Delay (DGD) measurements of a Dispersion Compensation Module (DCM) and interprets the results with a theoretical DGD model based on glass viscoelastic properties and estimated values of some of glass parameters. The results of our analysis demonstrate the existence of long birefringence relaxation times on the order of many hours in response to temperature changes. These results could be of significance in interpreting the behavior of optical fiber systems.