The diploma thesis deals with different methods of determining levels of degradation of concrete due to freezing, also considering the options of freeze thaw resistance determination in structure. At first the properties of concrete and possible mechanisms of concrete degradation are described – mainly the effects of freezing water in the inner structure and of the combination of freezing water and de-icing chemicals on the surface. Principle and properties of air-entrained concrete are also mentioned. An overview of the approaches that current standards use to determine the freeze-thaw resistance of concrete is listed, followed by description of the tests that are used on air-entrained concrete specimens in the main part of the thesis. A portion of the test specimens was made in moulds while the rest was obtained from structure (concrete block). The non-destructive tests used are evaluated in several different ways and their results are compared with the destructive tests. Comparison and evaluation of different approaches used to determine the freeze-thaw resistence of concrete are the main outcome of this thesis.

The presented diploma thesis deals with the modeling of the rotor packet in dynamic calculations and analysis of the influence of the packing pressing force on the critical speed of the electric motor. The thesis can be divided into three main parts. The first part discusses the current level of rotor packet modeling in dynamic calculations and also deals with analytical theories for subsequent experimental tests. The second part describes the implementation of two experiments to determine the equivalent modulus of elasticity. The first experiment is a four-point bending test and the second is an experimental modal analysis. The third part is used for comparing the results obtained from experimental tests and describes the calculation of the critical speed of the rotor package pressed on the shaft by the finite element method.

The diploma thesis deals with influence of the used adhesive to large format tiles properties after installation. Properties on large format tiles were monitored by ultrasonic pulse velocity method. Hydraulic setting adhesives were tested in second part. Strength and modulus of elasticity were tested. The development of shrinkage over time was also monitored. The results were summarized in tabular and graphical form and were examined by simple statistical analysis to determine resulting conclusions.

This master’s thesis deals with the determination of dynamic modulus of elasticity non-destructive methods of brick body. The test samples were laboratory-made from two types of brick earth and further were used cotouts from the full brick types clinker. For measuring were used ultrasonic impulse and resonant-impact method.

The thesis is focused on the use of R-material into cold asphalt mixtures. It deals with cold recycling and with input materials for this technology. It verifies properties of R-material and residues of bituminous binder. It also verifies properties of designed cold asphalt mixtures by the probative controls (indirect tensile strenght and water resistance). Furthermore is focused on the experimental measurement of selected mixtures to ensure more characteristics. The amount of homogenity of R-material, quantity and quality of residues bituminous binder is essential for positive results.

The master‘s thesis focuses on testing the shotcrete prepared in laboratory conditions. The main observed properties are compresive strenght of shotcrete and modulus of elasticity. The aim is assessment of methods for measuring those parameters. The calibrating correlations for strenght characteristics of shotcrete are given by obtaining the results of used methods. The shotcrete composition, amount and type of accelerating additive as well as economic aspect of using shotcrete is also assessed.

In der Arbeit wurde gezeigt, dass mit Hilfe der gewählten zerstörungsfreien und -armen Prüfverfahren der Bezug zu festigkeitsrelevanten Parametern hergestellt werden kann. Insgesamt 58 ungeschädigte und durch Braunfäulepilze geschädigte Nadelholzbalken und daraus hergestellte Prismen wurden mit Ultraschallecho und Bohrwiderstand geprüft und grundlegende Erkenntnisse für die Prüfungen an Holzbauteilen gewonnen. Die Ergebnisse wurden mit zerstörenden Festigkeitsprüfungen kombiniert. Bei den Ultraschallechountersuchungen wurde festgestellt, dass sich für die geprüfte Rohdichtespanne die Schallgeschwindigkeit der Transversalwellen mit steigender Rohdichte erhöht. Ein enger Zusammenhang konnte auch bezüglich des Feuchtigkeitsgehaltes nachgewiesen werden. Nach Durchführung multipler Regressionsanalysen mit der Rohdichte, dem Feuchtegehalt und der Messfrequenz als unabhängige Variablen wurden sehr gute Korrelationen innerhalb der Holzarten ermittelt, so dass die Schallgeschwindigkeit gut abgeschätzt werden konnte. Die Lokalisierung von Ästen und Rissen ist gut möglich. Schädigungen wurden prinzipiell durch Ausbleiben des Echos der Bauteilrückseite detektiert. War der Übergang in Schallausbreitungsrichtung abrupt, wurden die Wellen reflektiert und erzeugten ein Echosignal. Die durchgeführten Bohrwiderstandsuntersuchungen belegen einen Zusammenhang zwischen Bohrwiderstand und Rohdichte sowohl für die Prismen als auch für die geprüften Balken. Die Streuung der Werte der Regressionsanalysen wurde bei Differenzierung der Bohrrichtung und des durchbohrten Bereiches des Balkenquerschnitts reduziert. Zwischen Bohrwiderstand und Rohdichte bestand auch in den Zonen des Schadensübergangsbereiches ein linearer Zusammenhang. An Balken und Prismen wurden Festigkeitsuntersuchungen durchgeführt und die Schadensübergangsbereiche gesondert betrachtet. Eine Differenzierung von Schädigungsgraden war in der Regel möglich. Bei den geschädigten Balken wurde der reale Querschnitt ermittelt und für die weiteren Berechnungen angesetzt. Danach wurde ein mittlerer Zusammenhang von Biegefestigkeit und E-Modul für die pilzgeschädigten Balken festgestellt. Die Kombination der ermittelten Festigkeiten mit dem Bohrwiderstand führte zu mittelgroßen bis starken Zusammenhängen. Die Differenzierung der Bereiche des Schadensüberganges war möglich. Im Hinblick auf die Einschätzung der Biegefestigkeit bestehender Träger wurden multiple Regressionsanalysen mit modifizierten Sortierkriterien, der Rohdichte, dem Feuchtigkeitsgehalt, der Querschnittszone, dem Bohrwiderstand und dem E-Modul durchgeführt und ergaben einen sehr starken Zusammenhang, der das erhebliche Potenzial der entwickelten Methodik bei der Bewertung geschädigter Tragkonstruktionen aufzeigt.

Ce mémoire présente l’évaluation du remodelage osseux autour des composantes acétabulaires non cimentées press-fit d’une arthroplastie de resurfaçage (RH) et d’une prothèse totale de hanche (PTH) après un minimum de 21 mois d’implantation. Nous avons mesuré par l’absorptiométrie à rayons X en double énergie (DEXA) la densité minérale osseuse (DMO) supra acétabulaire chez 60 patients (44 RH, 16 PTH). Aucune différence significative de la moyenne des DMO au niveau de la zone globale et de la zone centrale de l’acétabulum n’a été trouvée entre la hanche opérée et la hanche controlatérale, dans les deux groupes de traitement. Cependant, la DMO des zones corticospongieuses médiale et latérale est plus élevée du côté opéré par rapport au côté non opéré avec la cupule en chrome cobalt de la RH; (p=0,014 et 0,031 respectivement). Alors que pour la PTH avec une cupule en titane, la différence de la DMO au niveau de ces zones n’est pas significative; (p=0,130 et 0,733). Ces données semblent démontrer qu’avec des cupules plus rigides, il y a transfert des contraintes de charges vers la périphérie corticale. C’est la première étude à évaluer le remodelage osseux péri acétabulaire avec un RH. Cela montre que la DMO est relativement préservée et que le transfert des contraintes vers la périphérie peut être favorable au maintien de la stabilité de l’implant primaire et aux éventuelles révisions de la cupule press-fit du RH. / We undertook a retrospective study to evaluate bone remodeling around two uncemented press-fit acetabular components: (1. Hip resurfacing (HR) and 2. total hip replacement (THR)) at a minimum of 21 months after implantation. We measured by DEXA (Dual energy X ray absorptiometry) the bone mineral density (BMD) in the supra acetabular area in 60 patients (44 HR, 16 THR). We found no significant difference in the average BMD of the global zone and central zone of the acetabulum between the operated hip and the opposite non-operated hip in both treatment groups. However, the BMD of the medial and lateral cortico-cancellous areas on the side of surgery was significantly higher compared to non-operated side in HR group with the cobalt chrome cup; (p=0,014 and 0,031 respectively) As for THR with a titanium cup, we found no significant difference in BMD at these areas (p=0,130 and 0,733). These data show that with more rigid cups, there seems to be greater load transfer to the periphery of the acetabulum without significant stress shielding. This is the first study to assess peri-acetabular bone remodeling with HR. We showed that BMD is relatively preserved. Stress transfer to the periphery may be beneficial in maintaining the stability of the primary implant while conserving bone stock for possible revisions of the press-fit cup of the HR.

Due to high rates of emissions of carbon dioxide released in cement production, an alternative to minimize this pollution is the use of rice husk ash in concrete as partial cement replacement. This research aims to investigate the technical feasibility, and the mechanical properties of the use of rice husk ash in concrete for structural purposes. Rice husk ash content to 15% by mass replacement of cement CPII-Z and CPIV were used in natural state and ground in a ball mill and compared with the reference concrete, with three water/binder relationships: 0.45; 0.55 and 0.65. Mechanical strength tests by axial compression and diametral compression at ages 28 and 91 days and elasticity modulus at 28 days were performed. The 28 days results indicated axial compression strength, modulus of elasticity and diametrical compression strength below the reference at 91 days and the concrete results with mineral admixtures were similar to the reference concrete. The mixtures containing CPII-Z, presented higher axial compressive strength than CPIV, because the higher cement consumption compared with the CPII-Z with the same w/b relationship. This fact coupled with the presence of high levels of fly ash, classifies cement CPIV with resistance to higher environmental aggressiveness, which represents more durability and useful life. It was found that mixtures containing CCAN reduced axial compressive and diametral strength compared with CCAM, because of the smaller chemical reactivity and bigger particles of CCAN compared with ground rice husk ash. These differences between the mixtures were not relevant, being about 10% and consumption of about 20 kg/m³ in relation to the same w/b compared with mixtures of CCAM for the two cement types. In conclusion, the results of the tests show that there is technical feasibility for the use of natural rice husk ash in structural concrete due to the differences observed with the ground mixtures were negligible. The values obtained in the tests were satisfactory for natural rice husk ash and ground rice husk ash with sligth advantage for the latter compared to first one, because both developed axial compressive and diametral strength and elasticity modulus similar to the reference concretes. These results reveal the greater sustainability to the concrete utilizing agriculture by-products, contributing to reducing the pollutants emissions and the global warming, due to decreased use of clinker in the mixtures. / Devido às altas taxas de emissão de dióxido de carbono liberado na produção do cimento, uma alternativa para minimizar esta poluição é o uso parcial de cinza de casca de arroz no concreto em substituição ao cimento. Esta pesquisa teve o objetivo de investigar a viabilidade técnica, quanto às propriedades mecânicas do emprego de cinza de casca de arroz natural (sem moagem) e moída, em concretos para fins estruturais. Foram utilizadas cinza de casca de arroz com teor de 15% em substituição em massa de cimento CPII-Z e CPIV, nas formas moída em moinho de bolas e natural (sem beneficiamento), e comparadas com o concreto de referência, com três relações água/aglomerante: 0,45; 0,55; e 0,65. Foram executados os ensaios de resistência por compressão axial e compressão diametral nas idades de 28 e 91 dias e módulo de elasticidade aos 28 dias. Os resultados aos 28 dias indicaram resistências axiais, módulo de elasticidade e resistência por compressão diametral inferiores ao de referência; aos 91 dias, os resultados dos concretos com adições minerais foram semelhantes ao concreto de referência. As misturas com cimento CPII-Z apresentaram resistências à compressão axial superiores com CPIV, este com consumo de cimento maior nas relações a/ag do que o anterior. Tal fato, aliado com a presença de altos teores de cinza volante, classifica o cimento CPIV com maior resistência à agressividade ambiental de agentes deletérios como cloretos e carbonatação, o que representa maior durabilidade frente aos agentes agressivos. Também foi constatado que as misturas com CCAN tiveram menores resistências mecânicas comparadas com CCAM, em razão de a CCAN possuir partículas maiores e reatividade química menor do que a cinza moída. Estas diferenças entre os dois tipos de misturas não se revelaram significativas, ficando em aproximadamente 10%, e consumo, em torno de 20 kg/m³ em igualdade de relação a/ag se comparadas com as misturas de CCAM para os dois tipos de cimentos. Como conclusão, os resultados obtidos nos ensaios revelam que existe viabilidade técnica para o emprego de cinza de casca de arroz natural no emprego em concreto estrutural, em razão de as diferenças constatadas com as misturas com CCA moída terem sido pouco significativas. Os valores obtidos nos ensaios foram bastante próximos, tanto para cinza de casca de arroz natural como moída, com vantagem para esta última, pois ambas desenvolveram resistências à compressão axial, módulos de elasticidade e resistências por compressão diametral similares ao concreto de referência. Estes resultados contribuem para conferir maior sustentabilidade ao concreto pelo aproveitamento de subprodutos da agricultura, contribuindo para diminuir a emissão de poluentes na atmosfera e o efeito estufa, devido à diminuição do uso de clínquer nas misturas.

This diploma thesis is focused on methodology for sorting of solid fired bricks for reconstruction of historical buildings. The theorethical part of this thesis includes description of production technology of solid fired bricks and diagnostic methods. In practical part there are these methods aplied on the solid fired bricks, which are intended for reconstruction of the bridge in Sedlec. There are monitored changes in structure of solid fired bricks caused by repeated freezing and defrosting. This changes are monitored by resonant frequency method and ultasonic pulse method.