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京都大学 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(医学) / 甲第25491号 / 医博第5091号 / 新制||医||1073(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院医学研究科医学専攻 / (主査)教授 浅野 雅秀, 教授 篠原 隆司, 教授 近藤 玄 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Medical Science / Kyoto University / DFAM

The resolution power of single Very Low Frequency (VLF) data and multi-frequency Radiomagnetotelluric (RMT) data in delineating conductive structures typical for the sedimentary cover and crystalline basement in Scandinavia is studied with a view to future developments of the technique to increasing the frequency range into the LW radio band. Airborne and ground VLF data are interpreted and correlated with RMT measurements made on the ground to better understand the resolution power of VLF data. To aid in this understanding single and multifrequency VLF and RMT responses for some typical resistivity structures are analyzed. An analytic model is presented for obtaining unique transfer functions from measurements of the electromagnetic components on board an air-plane or on the ground. Examples of 2D inversion of ground and airborne VLF profiles in Sweden are shown to demonstrate the quantitative interpretation of VLF data in terms of both lateral and depth changes of the resistivity in the uppermost crust. Geothermal resources are ideal targets for Electromagnetic (EM) methods since they produce strong variations in underground electrical resistivity. Modelling of Magnetotelluric (MT) data in SW Iceland indicates an alteration zone beneath the surface, where there are no obvious geothermal manifestations, in between Hengill and Brennisteinsfjoll geothermal systems. It suggests that a hydrothermal fluid circulation exists at depth. It also proves that the MT method, with its ability to map deep conductive features can play a valuable role in the reconnaissance of deep geothermal systems in active rift regimes such as in Iceland. A damped nonlinear least-squares inversion approach is employed to invert Controlled Source Tensor MT (CSTMT) data for azimuthal anisotropy in a 1D layered earth. Impedance and tipper data are inverted jointly. The effects of near-surface inhomogeneities are parameterized in addition to each layer parameter(s). Application of the inversion algorithm to both synthetic and field data shows that the CSTMT method can be used to detect azimuthal anisotropy under realistic conditions with near surface lateral heterogeneities.

<p>Impact craters are formed when a large meteorite or comethits the Earth. At the impact a shock wave is released causingabundant fracturing in the surrounding bedrock. This type offracturing is intense and occurs throughout a very large volume(>100 km³) of the bedrock. Fractures of this type have beenobserved in deep drilling, to 5 km depth, in thePuchezh-Katunki Impact Crater. At theses depths the ambienttemperature is high. Thus impact structures are candidates forpotential heat-exchange sources for extraction of geothermalenergy.</p><p>There is a relation between fracture intensity and electricresistivity in bedrock predominated by impact-generatedfractures. In crystalline bedrock changes in electricresistivity is mainly due to fracturing which is the mainsource of porosity in these rocks. Electric resistivity methodsare highly sensitivity to porosity. Furthermore highfracture-intensities have generally been associated with lowelectric resistivity. Electro-magnetic methods like Very LowFrequency Resistivity (VLF-R) and Magnetotellurics (MT) canindirectly measure electric resistivity to relatively largedepths in the bedrock.</p><p>This study will quantify the relationship between fractureintensity and electric resistivity which can be used as aprospecting tool for geothermal energy resources at largedepth.</p><p>To meet that end, a method for fracture mapping on outcropsin Swedish terrain and a method to calculate thethree-dimensional fracture frequency from two-dimensionalfracture data has been developed. The fracture traces measuredin two dimensions on outcrops are assumed to represent avertical surface and must be converted to a three-dimensionalmeasure of the fracture frequency per unit volume. Spacing, dipand trace length of fractures have been accounted for. Thebiases associated with the mapping method have also beenaccounted for (II).</p><p>The correlation between impact-induced fracturing andelectric resistivity in crystalline rocks in the Lockne Areashows that the extent of impact fracturing in crystalline rockscan be measured with electro-magnetic or electric techniques.In addition the electric resistivity of crystalline basementand impact generated Tandsby Breccia from the Lockne Craterwere determined (I).</p><p>The relation between fracture frequency and electricresistivity in fresh water conditions using the VLF-R method isestablished from data collected from both two drill holes andfrom numerous outcrops in the Björkö region. Apreliminary quantification of the fracture frequency has beenmade. The MT resistivity models, related to the two drillholes, show that porosity and mineral-conductivity variationsof the bedrock affect this relation more than the salinityvariations in the bore-hole fluid. Further research is neededto establish a firm relation between fracture frequency,salinity of rock fluid, conductivity and porosity in order tovalidate the MT resistivity models (III).</p><p><b>Keywords:</b>Electric resistivity, Fracture frequency,Impact generated fractures, Electro-magnetic techniques, VLF-Rmethod, MT method, Window-mapping technique, Three-dimensionalfracture calculations, heat-exchange structure, geothermalenergy.</p>

This thesis addresses a gap in research on collaborative creativity. Prior research has investigated how groups of professionals, young people and children work together to co-create work, but the distinctive contribution of this thesis is a socioculturally framed understanding of undergraduates’ interdisciplinary practices over an extended period. Guided by a socioculturally framed theory of creativity, this thesis observed 4 students creating a 10 minute performance piece, and presents a longitudinal analysis of the co-creation process which occurred through a total of 28 meetings recorded over the course of a twelve-week term (24 hours of recordings in total). Specific episodes were selected from the full set of recordings, constituting 2 hours of recordings for in-depth analysis. Sociocultural discourse analysis was used to examine how social and cultural contexts constituted an ecology of undergraduate practice in interdisciplinary creative collaboration. Offering a new methodology, this discursive approach for studying context (Arvaja, 2008) was combined with interaction analysis (Kumpulainen & Wray, 2002; Scott, Mortimer & Aguiar, 2006) to analyse how moment-by-moment creative developments and contexts were resourced and constituted through dialogue, artifacts and physical settings. With implications for theory and practice, the analysis showed how the students’ collaborative contexts were constituted through dialogue, and how their emerging co- creative practice was mediated through multiple social and physical settings. It further evidenced how common knowledge was constructed through the process of collaboration, the value of peer feedback for fostering confidence, and students’ need for ‘silent witnessing’; for space to reflect and contribute to a long-term cumulative conversation. The thesis also discusses how resourceful the students were, in terms of negotiating unfamiliar and unpredictable co-creating activities. Evidence is provided for the collaborative value of creating and appropriating new tools to develop common knowledge, and for the significance of imagination as a psychological resource for building common knowledge about hypothetical future activities, showing how technology-mediated co-creating can be seen as a complex interactional accomplishment.

Developed countries are striving to achieve a cm geoid model. Most developing countries/regions think that the situation in their areas does not allow even a few decimetre geoid model. GNSS, which provides us with position, is one of the greatest achievements of the present time. Conversion of ellipsoidal height to orthometric height, which is more useful, requires an accurate geoid model. In spite of the sparse terrestrial gravity data of variable density, distribution and quality (a typical situation in developing countries), this study set out to develop as accurately as possibly achievable, a high quality geoid model of Tanzania. Literature review of three more preferred geoid methods came to a conclusion, that the Royal Institute of Technology of Sweden (KTH) method of least squares modification of Stokes formula (LSMS) with additive corrections (AC) is the most suitable for this research. However, even with a good method, the accuracy and the quality of a geoid model depend much on the quality of the data. In this study, a procedure to create a gravity database (GDB) out of sparse data with varying density, distribution and quality has been developed. This GDB is of high density and full coverage, which ensures presence of high and low gravity frequencies, with medium frequencies ranging between fair and excellent. Also an alternative local/regional Global Gravitational Model (GGM) validation method based on quality terrestrial point surface gravity anomaly has been developed. Validation of a GGM using the new approach of terrestrial point gravity and GPS/Levelling, gave the same results. Once satisfactorily proved, the method has extra advantages. The limits of Tanzania GDB (TGDB) are latitudes 15 ° S to 4 ° N and longitudes 26 ° E to 44 ° E . Cleaning and quality control of the TGDB was based on the cross validation (XV) by the Kriging method and Gaussian distribution of the XV residuals. The data used in the LSMS with AC to develop a new Tanzania gravimetric geoid model 2008, TZG08, are 1′ ×1′ clean and statistically tested surface gravity anomalies. 39,677 point gravity in land and 57,723 in the ocean were utilised. Pure satellite ITGGRACE03S GGM to degree 120 was used to determine modification parameters and long-wavelength component of the geoid model. 3′′ Shuttle Radar Topographic Mission (SRTM) Digital Elevation Model (DEM), ITG-GRACE03S to degree 120 and EIGENCG03C to degree 360 combined GGM qualified to patch the data voids in accordance to the method of this research. TZG08 is referred to Geodetic Reference System 1980 (GRS80), and its extents are latitudes 12 ° S to 1 ° N and longitudes 29 ° E to 41 ° E . 19 GPS/levelling points qualified to assess the overall accuracy of TZG08 as 29.7 cm, and upon approximate removal of GPS and orthometric systematic effects, the accuracy of TZG08 is 27.8 cm. A corrector surface (CS) for conversion of GPS height to orthometric height referred to Tanzania National Height Datum (TNHD) has been created for a part of TZG08. Using the CS and TZG08, orthometric height of Mt. Kilimanjaro is re-established as it was in 1952 to be 5,895 m above the TNHD, which is still the official height of the mountain. / <p>QC 20100813</p>

O preparo e produção de material didático para cursos on-line demanda o trabalho de uma equipe multidisciplinar (com técnicos e especialistas de diferentes áreas) junto aos professores-autores. A organização e o processo de produção são complexos e específicos para cada projeto e instituição de ensino. Nesta pesquisa, o objetivo é analisar como ocorreu o processo colaborativo de produção de material didático no curso semipresencial de Licenciatura em Ciências da USP/UNIVESP (no período de 2013). Este estudo é definido como pesquisa qualitativa, identificada como estudo de caso. Para alcançar os objetivos previstos foi realizada coleta de dados documentais e entrevistas com profissionais que participaram do processo de criação. Para análise dos dados obtidos foi realizado inicialmente o levantamento de posicionamentos teóricos ligados aos principais termos que permeiam o estudo. Por meio de análise de conteúdo foram estabelecidas as relações entre a teoria estudada e os dados coletados. Ao final, conclui-se que, por se tratar de um trabalho em equipe, o conteúdo (texto) original precisa passar por alterações e adequações ao longo de todo o processo até se tornar material didático do curso (em seus diferentes formatos). Vale destacar que esse processo de produção é acompanhado, discutido e validado pelo professor em todas as suas etapas. Como em toda equipe multidisciplinar, a comunicação e as inter-relações entre os profissionais são constantes e significativas para o processo. É nesse contexto de trabalho em equipe (junto ao professorautor) que ocorrem momentos de cocriação didática, resultado de um trabalho colaborativo e de criação. Verificou-se que esse processo de atuação das equipes na produção de material didático tem momentos intercalados de trabalho individualizado e colaborativo. Apesar desse fluxo estar desenhado de forma linear, com etapas predefinidas, é nas inter-relações e trocas de conhecimentos, sugestões e adequações do conteúdo que ocorrem momentos de cocriação. Trata-se de um processo híbrido: linear e de cocriação. Linear em sua estrutura e forma de trabalho e de cocriação como parte natural das relações humanas e da produção coletiva de conhecimento. / The preparation and the production of didactic materials for on-line courses demand a multidisciplinary teamwork (technicians and specialists from different areas) along with teacherauthors. The organization and the process of production are complex and specific for each project and teaching institution. The objective of this research is to analyze how the collaborative process of the didactic material produced in the blended learning course of the Licentiate Degree in Science from USP/UNIVESP (conducted over a certain period of time. Qualitative approach has been adopted for this study, more specifically, a case study research. In order to accomplish our goals, we have conducted data collection by using review of documents as well as interviews with the professionals that participated in the creation process. For the purpose of analyzing the collected data, we have gathered diverse theoretical approaches related to the main topics of this study. By having the content analyzed, a relationship between the studied theory and the data collected has been established. In conclusion, due to the fact that it is the product of a teamwork, the original content (text) needs to go through some changes and adaptations during the whole process until the final version of the didactic material (in all its different formats) is completed. It is important to emphasize that every step during the process of production is attended, discussed and validated by the teacher-author. As in any multidisciplinary teamwork, the communication and the interrelationships are constant and meaningful to the process. It is in this context of teamwork (including the teacher-author) that the didactic co-creation occurs, being the result of collaborative and creation work. It has been verified that the groups worked in intercalated moments throughout the production of the material: as individuals or in collaboration. Despite the fact that there are predefined steps which are supposed to flow in a linear way, co-creation takes place during the interrelationships, the exchange of knowledge and suggestions and the adaptation of the content. It turns out to be a hybrid process: linear and co-creative. Linear in its structure and its way of working and co-creative as a natural part of human relationships and as a collective production of knowledge.

På grund av det rådande miljöhotet så bör fokus för forskning och utveckling i ämnet riktas åt att utnyttja så många förnybara energikällor som möjligt, samt även optimera dessa för största möjliga energiupptagning. Vind, vatten och solljus är välkända och väl utformade källor för energi. Huruvida vatten i form av regn kan utnyttjas och dess potential kommer studeras i det här arbetet. Materialval och konstruktionslösningar står i centrum för arbetet. Vidare så studeras dess bakgrunder för utvinningsmetoderna och dess grundläggande principer tas upp för att skapa en bättre förståelse för möjligheterna att utnyttja tekniken. Fortsättningsvis så har rådande potentiella användningsområden och kommande utmaningar diskuterats utförligt. / Because of the prevailing environmental threat, focus for research and development in the subject should aim towards taking advantage of as many renewable energy sources as possible aswell as optimizing them to convert as much energy as possible. All renewable energy must be utilized, but above all, also optimized. Wind, water and sunlight are well-known and well-designed sources of energy. Whether water in the form of rain can be utilized and its potential as a sustainable commercial method will be studied in this paper. Material selection and design solutions are at the heart of the work. Furthermore, its backgrounds for the extraction methods are studied and its basic principles are addressed to create a better understanding of the possibilities of utilizing the technology. Moreover, the current potential uses and future challenges have been discussed in detail.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-07-27T13:47:51Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Lucia de Fatima Lobo Cortez Amado.pdf: 2377672 bytes, checksum: 0e5baf697ca845488a5802dd6c8e0a94 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2001-06-08 / The present study - San Francisco and the blacks: continuity and change in a rural community of rio Manso-MT -, were made up of na interpretation of a religious local festival - San Francisco s local festival - with two aims: the first one has made possible the understanding of how a construction of a hidroelectric instituted changes in the identity of a rural community - Black Community - elapsed of a process of non-territorylization; the second onde tried to comprise how a continuity of the local festival may signify the base for the process of reconstruction of the identity of this community in a new territory. The conquest of the research counted with na anthropological methodology: dense ethnography that proportioned the interpretation of the social meanings of the local festival of the saint, through which came by the processes of change and of the continuity in the community that got through the impact of the construction of a hidroelectric. / presente estudo - São Francisco e os Pretos: Continuidade e Mudança em uma Comunidade Rural do Rio Manso-MT -, constituiu-se na interpretação de uma festa religiosa - festa de São Francisco - com dois objetivos: o primeiro possibilitou entender como a construção de uma hidrelétrica instaurou mudanças na identidade de uma comunidade rural - Comunidade dos Pretos -, decorrente de um processo de des-territorialização; o segundo buscou compreender como a continuidade da festa pode significar a base para o processo de re-construção da identidade dessa comunidade em um novo território. A consecução da pesquisa contou com uma metodologia antropológica: etnografia densa que propiciou a interpretação dos significados sociais da festa de santo, pelos quais auferiu-se os processos de mudança e os de continuidade na comunidade que vivenciou o impacto da construção de uma hidrelétrica.

Volcanism is the cause of great non-anthropogenic perturbations on the Earth climate through energy imbalance changes. There is still much to be uncovered relative to its impacts on the Southern Hemisphere, even more with respect to the Southern Ocean. The South Atlantic and its Southern Ocean sector response to volcanism are examined using simulation results from the Last Millennium Ensemble Experiment of the Community Earth System Model (CESM-LME), for the period 850-2005. Composite results point to significant changes in sea surface temperature and salinity in the first austral summer following the eruption. North of 60S, there is ocean cooling, as expected because of the higher albedo related to the volcanic forcing. In contrast, near the Antarctic Peninsula in the Weddell Sea, a local warming of &#8764; 0.8&#186;C is observed (significant at the 90% level). Salinity shows positive anomaly (&#8764;0.1) at the northern region off Antarctic Peninsula from the first year after the eruption to the fourth subsequent year. Oceanic surface anomalies weaken after the fifth subsequent year, however it is still present in deeper layers (&#8764;500m). At the same time, wind stress changes are evident, results show a poleward shift (&#8764;2&#186;), strengthening (&#8764;10%) of the prevailing westerlies and the reversal in direction of the meridional wind stress component in the northern Antarctic Peninsula. As consequence, there is intensification of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current southern extension. Together with the stronger westerlies, the mixing in the northern Antarctic Peninsula is enhanced, bringing up warmer subsurface waters, therefore explaining the anomalous surface warming after the eruption. The 1991 Mt. Pinatubo eruption response is also investigated. CESM-LME, observations and reanalysis have shown similar behavior, however for the second subsequent year, thus suggesting the occurrence of the same mechanism identified after Last Millennium eruptions. / Vulcanismo é uma das maiores causas naturais de mudanças no clima. Poucos estudos tiveram foco no seu impacto no hemisfério sul, principalmente no Oceano Austral. Desta forma, o impacto de erupções vulcânicas é investigado no Oceano Atlântico Sul incluindo o seu setor austral, em resultados do modelo CESM-LME (Community Earth System Model Last Millennium Ensemble) entre 850 e 2005. Os resultados utilizando composições mostram mudanças significativas na temperatura e salinidade da superfície do oceano no primeiro verão austral depois da erupção. Ao norte de 60S, há uma anomalia negativa de &#8764; -0.8&#186;C na temperatura em superfície, devido ao maior albedo após a erupção. No entanto, próximo à Península Antártica no Mar de Weddell, é visto uma anomalia positiva de &#8764;0.8&#186;C (significativa a 90%). A salinidade apresenta mudanças importantes entre o primeiro e o quarto ano após a erupção, com anomalia positiva (&#8764;0.1) ao norte da Península Antártica. A resposta ao vulcanismo em superfície desaparece no quinto ano sequente, mas permanecem anomalias em profundidade (&#8764;500m). O campo de vento também se altera no mesmo ano, os ventos de oeste migram para sul (&#8764;2&#186;) e se intensificam (&#8764;10%), além da componente meridional inverter seu sentido ao norte da Península Antártica. Como consequência, é observada intensificação da borda sul da Corrente Circumpolar Antártica. Junto com isto, há aumento da mistura próximo à Península Antártica, desta forma, águas subsuperficiais mais quentes afloram, explicando a anomalia quente após a erupção. Finalmente, é verificada a ocorrência de resposta similar após a erupção do Monte Pinatubo (1991). Resultados do CESM-LME tiveram comportamento aproximado quando comparados com dados observacionais e reanálise. O aquecimento próximo à Península Antártica é evidenciado no segundo ano após a erupção, sugerindo a ocorrência do mesmo mecanismo do último milênio.