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Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Wisconsin--Madison, 1932. / Typescript. eContent provider-neutral record in process. Description based on print version record. Includes bibliographical references (leaves [38]-45).

Severe accident studies have become important for understanding the environmental impact of nuclear power following the Three Mile Island (TMI) accident. Severe accident phenomena are interdisciplinary since they can include the interaction of molten corium with reactor structures and water, and the transport and release of fission products that carry vapors and aerosols. During an accident, molten corium may fall in the form of a jet into a water pool. The fragmentation of the corium jet is a critical process concerning Fuel-Coolant Interactions (FCI). A steam explosion could occur depending on jet fragmentation and dispersion in the water. A 2-D in-house CFD MATLAB script has been developed by employing the Volume of Fluid Method (VOF) to simulate jet fragmentation in a water pool. This research is the first study to use the Multidimensional Universal Limiter for Explicit Solution (MULES) algorithm to capture the interface behavior in the jet breakup process. The effect of the compression constant, the mesh sensitivity, and the face correction loop on the MULES are investigated in this thesis. Moreover, the effects of the jet inlet velocity and jet diameter on the jet breakup length are numerically studied using the newly developed code. The simulation results compared well with the experimental results and another numerical study found in the literature. / Master of Science / After the TMI accident, many countries have started experimental and numerical studies to investigate and predict the accident's possible outcomes. During a severe accident, the molten corium may drop into a water pool in the form of a jet. The jet contacts the water, fragments into droplets and disperses in the pool, which could then cause a steam explosion. A possible molten corium-water interaction is simulated using a 2-D in-house CFD code written in MATLAB in this study. Interface tracking is one of the most critical processes in multi-phase flow simulation, and the MULES algorithm is used to capture the interface in this study. It is the first study to use the MULES algorithm to investigate jet breakup behavior. The simulation results compared well with experimental data and other numerical studies.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Wisconsin--Madison, 1920. / Typewritten. eContent provider-neutral record in process. Description based on print version record.

Os objetivos deste trabalho foram determinar valores hematológicos e bioquímicos para muares de três faixas etárias e compará-los com os das raças formadoras. Para o desenvolvimento do trabalho foram utilizados 288 animais, machos ou fêmeas, sendo: 10 jumentos, 30 éguas e 260 muares. Os muares foram divididos em três grupos: G1 (animais entre dois meses e um ano de idade), G2 (animais entre um e três anos de idade) e G3 (animais acima de três anos de idade). Foram realizadas as seguintes avaliações laboratoriais: hemograma, contagem de plaquetas, fibrinogênio, glicemia, ureia, creatinina, creatinoquinase, aspartato aminotransferase, gama glutamiltransferase, fosfatase alcalina, lactato desidrogenase, bilirrubinas, proteína total, albumina, triglicérides, colesterol, lactato, sódio, cloro, potássio, cálcio, fósforo, magnésio e ferro. Além do estabelecimento dos valores de referência do hemograma e bioquímica sérica para muares de três faixas etárias, conclui-se também que: hematologicamente os muares estão mais próximos dos asininos que dos equinos; há diferença significativa nos valores bioquímicos e hematológicos entre as faixas etárias; há influência sexual nos valores hematológicos e bioquímicos de maures, mas é clinicamente menos significativa do que a influência etária; o hemoparasita Theileria equi pode ser encontrado no esfregaço sanguíneo de um número significativo de muares, mesmo que estes não apresentem sintomatologia clínica. / The purpose of this study was to determine hematological and biochemical values of three age groups of mules and to compare them with the forming races. For the development of this study, it was used 288 animals, males or females, as follows: 10 donkeys, 30 mares and 260 mules. The mules were divided into three groups: G1 (animals between two months and one year old), G2 (animals between one and three years old) and G3 (animals above three years old). The following laboratory evaluations were performed: blood count, platelet count, fibrinogen, glucose, urea, creatinine, creatine kinase, aspartate aminotransferase, gamma glutamyl transferase, alkaline phosphatase, lactate dehydrogenase, bilirubin, total protein, albumin, triglycerides, cholesterol, lactate, sodium, chlorine, potassium, calcium, phosphorus, magnesium and iron. In addition to the establishment of reference values for blood count and serum biochemistry for mules of three age groups, it is also concluded that: hematologically, the mules are closer to donkeys than the horses; there is a significant difference in biochemical and haematological values between age groups; there is a sexual influence in the mules haematological and biochemical values, but it is clinically less significant than the age influence; the hemoparasite Theileria equi can be found in the blood smear in a significant number of mules, even if they do not show clinical symptoms.

Os objetivos deste trabalho foram determinar valores hematológicos e bioquímicos para muares de três faixas etárias e compará-los com os das raças formadoras. Para o desenvolvimento do trabalho foram utilizados 288 animais, machos ou fêmeas, sendo: 10 jumentos, 30 éguas e 260 muares. Os muares foram divididos em três grupos: G1 (animais entre dois meses e um ano de idade), G2 (animais entre um e três anos de idade) e G3 (animais acima de três anos de idade). Foram realizadas as seguintes avaliações laboratoriais: hemograma, contagem de plaquetas, fibrinogênio, glicemia, ureia, creatinina, creatinoquinase, aspartato aminotransferase, gama glutamiltransferase, fosfatase alcalina, lactato desidrogenase, bilirrubinas, proteína total, albumina, triglicérides, colesterol, lactato, sódio, cloro, potássio, cálcio, fósforo, magnésio e ferro. Além do estabelecimento dos valores de referência do hemograma e bioquímica sérica para muares de três faixas etárias, conclui-se também que: hematologicamente os muares estão mais próximos dos asininos que dos equinos; há diferença significativa nos valores bioquímicos e hematológicos entre as faixas etárias; há influência sexual nos valores hematológicos e bioquímicos de maures, mas é clinicamente menos significativa do que a influência etária; o hemoparasita Theileria equi pode ser encontrado no esfregaço sanguíneo de um número significativo de muares, mesmo que estes não apresentem sintomatologia clínica. / The purpose of this study was to determine hematological and biochemical values of three age groups of mules and to compare them with the forming races. For the development of this study, it was used 288 animals, males or females, as follows: 10 donkeys, 30 mares and 260 mules. The mules were divided into three groups: G1 (animals between two months and one year old), G2 (animals between one and three years old) and G3 (animals above three years old). The following laboratory evaluations were performed: blood count, platelet count, fibrinogen, glucose, urea, creatinine, creatine kinase, aspartate aminotransferase, gamma glutamyl transferase, alkaline phosphatase, lactate dehydrogenase, bilirubin, total protein, albumin, triglycerides, cholesterol, lactate, sodium, chlorine, potassium, calcium, phosphorus, magnesium and iron. In addition to the establishment of reference values for blood count and serum biochemistry for mules of three age groups, it is also concluded that: hematologically, the mules are closer to donkeys than the horses; there is a significant difference in biochemical and haematological values between age groups; there is a sexual influence in the mules haematological and biochemical values, but it is clinically less significant than the age influence; the hemoparasite Theileria equi can be found in the blood smear in a significant number of mules, even if they do not show clinical symptoms.

Orientador: José Antônio Marques / Coorientador: Marina Salles Munerato / Banca: André Escobar / Banca: Paulo Sergio Patto dos Santos / Resumo: As principais complicações para a realização de anestesia a campo em muares é a ocorrência de hipoxemia e a escassez de estudos a respeito de protocolos anestésicos na espécie. Assim, o objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o efeito da suplementação intranasal de oxigênio (SIO) em burros (Equus caballus X Equus asinus) anestesiados a campo com a associação cetamina/butorfanol/éter gliceril guaiacólico (EGG). Para isso, foram utilizados 6 burros adultos (278 a 365 kg) submetidos à medicação pré-anestésica (MPA) com 0,2 mg/kg de midazolam por via intramuscular (IM), após 15 minutos, 0,02 mg/kg de detomidina por via intravenosa (IV), seguido, após 5 minutos, de indução com administração IV da associação de cetamina (2mg/ml), butorfanol (22,5 μg/ml) e EGG (50 mg/ml) em solução de glicose a 5% (C/B/G) até o animal assumir o decúbito lateral. A manutenção foi realizada com a mesma associação anestésica da indução na taxa de infusão inicial de 2,1 ml/kg/h. Os animais foram submetidos duas vezes à MPA, indução e manutenção anestésica descrita anteriormente, com intervalo mínimo de 20 dias, formando, assim, dois grupos experimentais. Grupo SEM SIO - MPA, indução (0,92 ± 0,24 ml/kg (média ± DP)) e manutenção anestésica (2,2 ± 0,2 ml/kg/h) com a associação C/B/G sem SIO; Grupo COM SIO - MPA, indução (0,98 ± 0,17 ml/kg) e manutenção anestésica (2,3 ± 0,4 ml/kg/h) com a associação C/B/G com SIO, fluxo de 40 ml/kg/h de oxigênio. Durante a anestesia foi colhido sangue arterial a cada 20 minutos (T0, T20, T40 e T60) para hemogasometria e analisados os parâmetros cardiovasculares a cada 5 minutos. Os dados foram analisados pela ANOVA seguidos pelo teste de Bonferroni. Valores de p < 0,05 foram considerados significativos. Foi observado hipoxemia (PaO2 < 60 mmHg) dos burros no grupo sem SIO em todos os tempos avaliados ... / Abstract: The main complications of the field anesthesia in the mules are incident of hypoxemia and paucity of studies on anesthetic protocols in the species. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of intranasal oxygen supplementation (SIO) in mules (Equus caballus X Equus asinus) anesthetized under field conditions with combination of ketamine, butorphanol and guaifenesin. Six adult mules (278 to 365 kg) were used and underwent to premedication with 0.2 mg/kg of midazolam (i.m.), after 15 min, 0.02 mg/kg of detomidine (i.v.), after 5 min, anesthesia was induced with administration (free flow) a mixture of 5% guaifenesin with ketamine (2.0 mg/ml) and butorphanol (22.5 μg/ml) (C/B/G). When lateral recumbency occurred, the same mixture was used to maintenance (2.1 ml/kg/h). The animals were submitted twice to the MPA, induction and maintenance of anesthesia described above, with a minimum interval of 20 days, thus forming two experimental groups. WITHOUT SIO - MPA, induction (0.92 ± 0.24 ml/kg (mean ± SD)) and maintenance (2.2 ± 0.2 ml/kg/h) with C/B/G mixture without SIO; WITH SIO - MPA, induction (0.98 ± 0.17 ml/kg) and maintenance (2.3 ± 0.4 ml/kg/h) with C/B/G mixture with SIO in rate of 40 ml/kg/min. Arterial blood was collected each 20 minutes (T0, T20, T40 and T60) during anesthesia, for blood gas analysis, and the cardiovascular parameters measured each 5 minutes. The data were analyzed by repeated measures ANOVA followed by Bonferroni test and P values < 0.05 were considered significant. Hypoxemia (PaO2 < 60 mmHg) was observed in mules of the group without SIO at all times evaluated (T0 = 59 ± 5; T20 = 55 ± 5; 53 ± 7 = T40; T60 = 49 ± 8) and the means were considered significantly lower than the mean the supplemented group (T0 = 160 ± 34; T20 = 115 ± 34; T40 = 92 ± 25; T60 = 81 ± 19). Furthermore, the animals showed cardiovascular stability, demonstrating that the ... / Mestre

Made available in DSpace on 2015-01-26T13:21:11Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2014-02-26Bitstream added on 2015-01-26T13:31:03Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 000802614.pdf: 882064 bytes, checksum: b7822e655db58da21a13a3612d8971c0 (MD5) / As principais complicações para a realização de anestesia a campo em muares é a ocorrência de hipoxemia e a escassez de estudos a respeito de protocolos anestésicos na espécie. Assim, o objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o efeito da suplementação intranasal de oxigênio (SIO) em burros (Equus caballus X Equus asinus) anestesiados a campo com a associação cetamina/butorfanol/éter gliceril guaiacólico (EGG). Para isso, foram utilizados 6 burros adultos (278 a 365 kg) submetidos à medicação pré-anestésica (MPA) com 0,2 mg/kg de midazolam por via intramuscular (IM), após 15 minutos, 0,02 mg/kg de detomidina por via intravenosa (IV), seguido, após 5 minutos, de indução com administração IV da associação de cetamina (2mg/ml), butorfanol (22,5 μg/ml) e EGG (50 mg/ml) em solução de glicose a 5% (C/B/G) até o animal assumir o decúbito lateral. A manutenção foi realizada com a mesma associação anestésica da indução na taxa de infusão inicial de 2,1 ml/kg/h. Os animais foram submetidos duas vezes à MPA, indução e manutenção anestésica descrita anteriormente, com intervalo mínimo de 20 dias, formando, assim, dois grupos experimentais. Grupo SEM SIO – MPA, indução (0,92 ± 0,24 ml/kg (média ± DP)) e manutenção anestésica (2,2 ± 0,2 ml/kg/h) com a associação C/B/G sem SIO; Grupo COM SIO – MPA, indução (0,98 ± 0,17 ml/kg) e manutenção anestésica (2,3 ± 0,4 ml/kg/h) com a associação C/B/G com SIO, fluxo de 40 ml/kg/h de oxigênio. Durante a anestesia foi colhido sangue arterial a cada 20 minutos (T0, T20, T40 e T60) para hemogasometria e analisados os parâmetros cardiovasculares a cada 5 minutos. Os dados foram analisados pela ANOVA seguidos pelo teste de Bonferroni. Valores de p < 0,05 foram considerados significativos. Foi observado hipoxemia (PaO2 < 60 mmHg) dos burros no grupo sem SIO em todos os tempos avaliados ... / The main complications of the field anesthesia in the mules are incident of hypoxemia and paucity of studies on anesthetic protocols in the species. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of intranasal oxygen supplementation (SIO) in mules (Equus caballus X Equus asinus) anesthetized under field conditions with combination of ketamine, butorphanol and guaifenesin. Six adult mules (278 to 365 kg) were used and underwent to premedication with 0.2 mg/kg of midazolam (i.m.), after 15 min, 0.02 mg/kg of detomidine (i.v.), after 5 min, anesthesia was induced with administration (free flow) a mixture of 5% guaifenesin with ketamine (2.0 mg/ml) and butorphanol (22.5 μg/ml) (C/B/G). When lateral recumbency occurred, the same mixture was used to maintenance (2.1 ml/kg/h). The animals were submitted twice to the MPA, induction and maintenance of anesthesia described above, with a minimum interval of 20 days, thus forming two experimental groups. WITHOUT SIO – MPA, induction (0.92 ± 0.24 ml/kg (mean ± SD)) and maintenance (2.2 ± 0.2 ml/kg/h) with C/B/G mixture without SIO; WITH SIO - MPA, induction (0.98 ± 0.17 ml/kg) and maintenance (2.3 ± 0.4 ml/kg/h) with C/B/G mixture with SIO in rate of 40 ml/kg/min. Arterial blood was collected each 20 minutes (T0, T20, T40 and T60) during anesthesia, for blood gas analysis, and the cardiovascular parameters measured each 5 minutes. The data were analyzed by repeated measures ANOVA followed by Bonferroni test and P values < 0.05 were considered significant. Hypoxemia (PaO2 < 60 mmHg) was observed in mules of the group without SIO at all times evaluated (T0 = 59 ± 5; T20 = 55 ± 5; 53 ± 7 = T40; T60 = 49 ± 8) and the means were considered significantly lower than the mean the supplemented group (T0 = 160 ± 34; T20 = 115 ± 34; T40 = 92 ± 25; T60 = 81 ± 19). Furthermore, the animals showed cardiovascular stability, demonstrating that the ...

Background: Mutator-like transposable elements, a class of DNA transposons, exist pervasively in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic genomes, with more than 10,000 copies identified in the rice genome. These elements can capture ectopic genomic sequences that lead to the formation of new gene structures. Here, based on whole-genome comparative analyses, we comprehensively investigated processes and mechanisms of the evolution of putative genes derived from Mutator-like transposable elements in ten Oryza species and the outgroup Leersia perieri, bridging similar to 20 million years of evolutionary history. Results: Our analysis identified thousands of putative genes in each of the Oryza species, a large proportion of which have evidence of expression and contain chimeric structures. Consistent with previous reports, we observe that the putative Mutator-like transposable element-derived genes are generally GC-rich and mainly derive from GC-rich parental sequences. Furthermore, we determine that Mutator-like transposable elements capture parental sequences preferentially from genomic regions with low methylation levels and high recombination rates. We explicitly show that methylation levels in the internal and terminated inverted repeat regions of these elements, which might be directed by the 24-nucleotide small RNA-mediated pathway, are different and change dynamically over evolutionary time. Lastly, we demonstrate that putative genes derived from Mutator-like transposable elements tend to be expressed in mature pollen, which have undergone de-methylation programming, thereby providing a permissive expression environment for newly formed/transposable element-derived genes. Conclusions: Our results suggest that DNA methylation may be a primary mechanism to facilitate the origination, survival, and regulation of genes derived from Mutator-like transposable elements, thus contributing to the evolution of gene innovation and novelty in plant genomes.

Prior to the streetcar lines being electrified in the late 1800s, equines pulled the cars. The quadrupeds that pulled the horsecars in New Orleans, Louisiana, were area specific: New Orleans had mules, not horses. The mule in the South is typically associated with the rural South; however, in nineteenth century urban New Orleans the mule played an integral part in daily commerce and society. New Orleanians admiration for the animals turned into concern when the rigors of work became apparent to the public, as mules suffered from the abuses of drivers, the seedy practices of street railway companies, malnutrition, and exhaustion. As a direct result, the Louisiana Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals was established and many New Orleanians took to defending the voiceless laborers. Animal rights, not the drive for more modernity, was the central factor to convince the city to electrify the street railway