<p>Сложеност процеса доношења одлука у водопривреди лежи у чињеници да су проблеми који се решавају често слабо структурирани, због чега је неопходно њихово учвршћивање хеуристичким техникама до нивоа када се проблем може решити применом математичких модела вишекритеријумске оптимизације и анализе.<br />Групно доношење одлука у водопривреди није новост у свету, али коначнаг одређења методологије у овој области још увек нема. Постојање конфликата између различитих страна, заинтересованих за проблематику водопривреде, између врста коришћења вода, као и самих корисника вода указује на сложеност проблемтике. Сложеност увећава постојање великог броја алтернатива, које треба вредновати према великом броју критеријума.<br />Методологија избора учесника у доношењу одлука у водопривреди и одређивања њихових међусобних значаја, који је предложена у дисертацији, заснована је на коришћењу техника стратегијског менаџмента, прогностичких метода, гласачких метода, метода вишекритеријумске анализе и оптимизације и ГИС технологијама.<br />Досадашњи систем управљања водним ресурсима у Србији има слабости јер није у довољној мери заснован на корисничким захтевима, а свака промена захтева обично доводи до дуготрајне процедуре за измену статуса корисника, или измену квалитативних и квантитативних захтева у односу на водне ресурсе.<br />Развијени партиципативни модел, који подрзумева дефинисање конзистентног поступка за избор учесника у процесу управљања сливом, као и одређивање њихових међусобних односа и значаја, у садашњим условима и условима пуне изграђености Регионалног хидросистема демонстриран је на примеру слива реке Криваје.<br />Слив Криваје одабран је због вишеструке сложености водопривредне проблематике, јер је вишенаменски, вишекориснички, са поделама надлежности, како локалних самоуправа, тако и водопривредне делатности. Такође, Криваја је прекогранични водоток, што проблематику усложњава и у међудржавном, ресурсном, економском и политичком смислу. Методологија приказана у дисертацији примењива је и на друге сливове, &#39;оптерећене&#39; вишенаманским, вишекорисничким конфликтима, као и конфликтима надлежности.<br />Основна карактеристика модела је конзистентна структуираност, модул консензусног одлучивања у конфликтним и хазардним условима и употреба савремених математичко-компјутерских метода и модела и информационих технологија који, поред осталог, синергијски указују на доминантне учеснике у процесу одлучивања.</p> / <p>Složenost procesa donošenja odluka u vodoprivredi leži u činjenici da su problemi koji se rešavaju često slabo strukturirani, zbog čega je neophodno njihovo učvršćivanje heurističkim tehnikama do nivoa kada se problem može rešiti primenom matematičkih modela višekriterijumske optimizacije i analize.<br />Grupno donošenje odluka u vodoprivredi nije novost u svetu, ali konačnag određenja metodologije u ovoj oblasti još uvek nema. Postojanje konflikata između različitih strana, zainteresovanih za problematiku vodoprivrede, između vrsta korišćenja voda, kao i samih korisnika voda ukazuje na složenost problemtike. Složenost uvećava postojanje velikog broja alternativa, koje treba vrednovati prema velikom broju kriterijuma.<br />Metodologija izbora učesnika u donošenju odluka u vodoprivredi i određivanja njihovih međusobnih značaja, koji je predložena u disertaciji, zasnovana je na korišćenju tehnika strategijskog menadžmenta, prognostičkih metoda, glasačkih metoda, metoda višekriterijumske analize i optimizacije i GIS tehnologijama.<br />Dosadašnji sistem upravljanja vodnim resursima u Srbiji ima slabosti jer nije u dovoljnoj meri zasnovan na korisničkim zahtevima, a svaka promena zahteva obično dovodi do dugotrajne procedure za izmenu statusa korisnika, ili izmenu kvalitativnih i kvantitativnih zahteva u odnosu na vodne resurse.<br />Razvijeni participativni model, koji podrzumeva definisanje konzistentnog postupka za izbor učesnika u procesu upravljanja slivom, kao i određivanje njihovih međusobnih odnosa i značaja, u sadašnjim uslovima i uslovima pune izgrađenosti Regionalnog hidrosistema demonstriran je na primeru sliva reke Krivaje.<br />Sliv Krivaje odabran je zbog višestruke složenosti vodoprivredne problematike, jer je višenamenski, višekorisnički, sa podelama nadležnosti, kako lokalnih samouprava, tako i vodoprivredne delatnosti. Takođe, Krivaja je prekogranični vodotok, što problematiku usložnjava i u međudržavnom, resursnom, ekonomskom i političkom smislu. Metodologija prikazana u disertaciji primenjiva je i na druge slivove, &#39;opterećene&#39; višenamanskim, višekorisničkim konfliktima, kao i konfliktima nadležnosti.<br />Osnovna karakteristika modela je konzistentna struktuiranost, modul konsenzusnog odlučivanja u konfliktnim i hazardnim uslovima i upotreba savremenih matematičko-kompjuterskih metoda i modela i informacionih tehnologija koji, pored ostalog, sinergijski ukazuju na dominantne učesnike u procesu odlučivanja.</p> / <p>The complexity of the decision-making process in water management lies in the fact that problems, to be solved, are often poorly structured, making it necessary to strenghten them by heuristic techniques to the level where problem can be solved by using mathematical models of multi-criteria optimization and analysis.<br />Group decision-making in water management is not unknown, but the final determination of methodology in this area is still missing.<br />The existence of conflicts between the various parties interested in the issue of water management, between a type of water use and water users themselves, indicates the complexity of the problems. The complexity increases the presence of a large number of alternatives that must be evaluated against a number of criteria.<br />The methodology of selection of participants in decision-making in water management and determining their mutual importance; importance of each one among the others; importance of each of them among the group; importance of each of participants, which is presented in the dissertation, is based on the use of techniques of strategic management, forecasting methods, the voting methods, multi-criteria analysis and optimization, and GIS technologies.<br />The current system of water resources management in Serbia has a weakness because it is not sufficiently based on user requirements, and any requirement&rsquo;s change usually leads to time-consuming procedures for changing the status of users, or alteration of qualitative and quantitative requirements in relation to water resources.<br />Developed participatory model, which implies defining a consistent procedure for the selection of participants in the river basin management, as well as determining their relationships and importance in current terms and conditions of the full construction of the Regional hydro system, has been demonstrated on the example of the basin of the Krivaja river.<br />Confluence Krivaja has been chosen because of multiple complexities of water management issues, its multipurpose, multi-user, the division of responsibilities among local self-governments, as well as water management work. Also, Krivaja is cross-border watercourse, which complicates the issue in the interstate, resource, economic and political sense. The methodology presented in the dissertation is also applicable to other basins &#39;loaded&#39; by multipurpose and multi-user conflicts, as well as conflicts of jurisdiction.<br />The basic characteristic of the model is consistent structure, the module of consensual decision-making in conflict and hazardous conditions, and the use of modern mathematical-computerized methods and models, as well as information technologies which, among other things, the synergistic indicate the dominant participants in the decision-making process.</p>

Η αξιολόγηση και επιλογή προμηθευτών αποτελεί μια απαραίτητη επιχειρησιακή λειτουργία για την επίτευξη βέλτιστων δυνατών προμηθειών. Λόγω της φύσης του προβλήματος αυτού, οι μέθοδοι Πολυκριτηριακής Ανάλυσης μπορούν να παίξουν αποφασιστικό ρόλο στην επίλυσή του. Η εργασία αυτή μελετά και παρουσιάζει τα πιο συνηθισμένα κριτήρια καθώς και τις πιο διαδεδομένες μεθόδους της Πολυκριτηριακής Ανάλυσης για την αξιολόγηση και επιλογή προμηθευτών των επιχειρήσεων. Στο πρώτο μέρος της εργασίας αυτής, παρουσιάζεται το θεωρητικό υπόβαθρο, όπου γίνεται αναφορά στις έρευνες προηγούμενων μελετητών του προβλήματος της αξιολόγησης και επιλογής προμηθευτών, ομαδοποιώντας μια σειρά από τους σημαντικότερους παράγοντες για την επιλογή προμηθευτών. Στη συνέχεια παρουσιάζονται οι πλέον χρηστικές μέθοδοι Πολυκριτηριακής Ανάλυσης στην αξιολόγηση προμηθευτών με αντίστοιχα παραδείγματα. Στο δεύτερο μέρος γίνεται εφαρμογή της μεθόδου της Αναλυτικής Διαδικασίας Ιεράρχησης (ΑΗΡ) συνδυάζοντάς την με Γραμμικό Προγραμματισμό, επί των πραγματικών δεδομένων της μικρομεσαίας επιχείρησης επεξεργασίας νερού Health Affair, για αξιολόγηση και επιλογή των προμηθευτών της. / Vendor selection and evaluation is a very important process for all kinds of firms. Due to the nature of the vendor selection problem, Multicriteria methods can play a decisive role to its solution. This work examines and presents the most commonly used criteria and the most widespread Multicriteria methods for vendor selection and evaluation. In the first part of the project, the Theoretical Framework is presented, where the work of previous researchers is mentioned, by grouping some of the most vital criteria in vendor selection process. Moreover, the most useful Multicriteria methods in vendor selection are analyzed into their corresponding examples. In the second part of the project, the method of Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) in combination with Linear Programming is implemented on the real data of a Greek water treatment SME.

Η εξόρυξη γνώση από δεδομένα είναι μια νέα και δυναμική τεχνολογία που βοηθάει τις επιχειρήσεις να επικεντρωθούν στην σημαντική πληροφορία που βρίσκεται μέσα στις αποθήκες δεδομένων τους, αναζητώντας κρυμμένα πρότυπα και ανακαλύπτοντας πληροφορίες που οι ειδικοί μπορεί να χάσουν ή να παραβλέψουν. Τα τελευταία χρόνια έχει αναπτυχθεί πλήθος αλγορίθμων της εξόρυξης δεδομένων, οι οποίοι ακολουθούν διαφορετικές μεθοδολογικές προσεγγίσεις, ενώ ταυτόχρονα παρουσιάζουν σημαντική ποικιλία εφαρμογών. Η προσπάθεια ωστόσο για βελτιωμένους και αποδοτικότερους αλγορίθμους συνεχίζεται. Η παρούσα διδακτορική διατριβή έχει σαν βασικό της στόχο να συνεισφέρει στην προσπάθεια αυτή, βελτιώνοντας και ενισχύοντας την θεωρητική θεμελίωση υφιστάμενων αλγορίθμων της εξόρυξης δεδομένων. Ειδικότερα, μέσα από μια διαφορετική λογική, η οποία βασίζεται σε έννοιες και διαδικασίες της πολυκριτήριας ανάλυσης αποφάσεων, και ειδικότερα της μεθόδου ELECTRE I της θεωρίας των σχέσεων υπεροχής, η διδακτορική διατριβή αναπτύσσει ένα νέο μεθοδολογικό πλαίσιο για την εξόρυξη δεδομένων. Ενσωματώνοντας στην συνέχεια αυτό το μεθοδολογικό πλαίσιο σε υφιστάμενους αλγορίθμους, δημιουργούνται ουσιαστικά νέοι, αποτελεσματικότεροι και ακριβέστεροι αλγόριθμοι, για επιμέρους διαδικασίες και εφαρμογές της εξόρυξης δεδομένων. Πιο συγκεκριμένα, το προτεινόμενο μεθοδολογικό πλαίσιο, εφαρμόστηκε, με τις αναγκαίες τροποποιήσεις, στις διαδικασίες της ταξινόμησης και της ομαδοποίησης κατηγορικών αντικειμένων, μέσω των μεθόδων CLEDM και CLEKMODES, αντίστοιχα. Τα καλά αποτελέσματα από την εφαρμογή των παραπάνω μεθόδων σε μια σειρά ευρέως χρησιμοποιούμενων βάσεων δεδομένων, σε συνδυασμό με την δυνατότητα επέκτασης του μεθοδολογικού πλαισίου και σε άλλες διαδικασίες της εξόρυξης δεδομένων, διαμορφώνουν ένα νέο «υβριδικό» πεδίο έρευνας. Το πεδίο αυτό, αφενός έχει την δυναμική παραγωγής συνεχώς καλύτερων αλγορίθμων για την εξόρυξη δεδομένων, αφετέρου μπορεί να εξερευνήσει εις βάθος και να τυποποιήσει περαιτέρω την αλληλεπίδραση της εξόρυξης δεδομένων με την πολυκριτήρια ανάλυση αποφάσεων. / Data mining is a new and advancing technology that helps corporations to focus on the most important pieces of information stored in their data warehouses. In particular, data mining searches for hidden patterns and is able to discover information that otherwise could be missed or overlooked by experts. During the last years, a series of data mining algorithms has been developed. These algorithms are based on different methodological patterns and they can be implemented to solve a large variety of applications. However, the effort to build more advanced and efficient data mining algorithms has never stopped. The goal of this PhD thesis is to significantly contribute to the above effort by enhancing and improving the theoretical framework of existing data mining algorithms. More specifically, a different theoretical perspective is introduced, that is based on concepts and procedures of multicriteria analysis and in particular the ELECTRE I method of the outranking relations theory. Consequently, the PhD thesis develops a new methodological framework for data mining that can be incorporated to existing algorithms. This incorporation essentially develops new, more effective and accurate data mining algorithms, for a series of tasks and applications. In particular, the proposed methodological framework was applied, properly modified, to the tasks of classification and clustering, through the CLEDM and CLEKMODES methods, respectively. The good results of these methods in a series of widely used databases, and the perspective of expanding the new methodological framework to other data mining tasks as well, are able to introduce a new “hybrid” research field. This research field has the potential of producing better data mining algorithms and furthermore the potential to thoroughly explore and further formalize the interaction of data mining and multicriteria analysis.

Les conséquences de nos modes de production et de consommation sur l’environnement mondial sont reconnues et analysées depuis plusieurs décennies : changement climatique, effondrement de la biodiversité, tensions sur de nombreuses ressources stratégiques etc.Notre travail s’inscrit dans un courant de pensée visant à développer d’autres indicateurs de richesse. Dans une perspective de durabilité forte, nous nous concentrons sur une comptabilité biophysique (non monétaire), apte à pointer les externalités environnementales. Si une part importante des recherches dans ce domaine a été dédiée aux échelons nationaux, nous nous intéressons ici aux échelles locales, et en particulier aux régions françaises. Après avoir étudié les caractéristiques d’outils existants mobilisés dans les domaines de l’économie écologique et de l’écologie industrielle, comme l’Empreinte Ecologique, l’Analyse de Flux de Matières (AFM), l’Analyse de Cycle de Vie ou l’Analyse Entrée-Sortie, nous nous focalisons sur les filières de production que nous analysons à partir des quantités de matières qu’elles mobilisent au cours des étapes de production, transformation, transport et consommation. La méthode développée, AFM Filière, permet de produire des schémas de flux cohérents au niveau national, dans chaque région, et quand les données le permettent, à des niveaux infra-régionaux. Ceux-ci sont basés sur un processus systématique de réconciliation des données disponibles. Nous évaluons la précision de ces données d’entrée, ce qui permet de fournir des intervalles de confiance sur les résultats, pouvant à leur tour pointer vers des manques de connaissance. En particulier, nous fournissons une évaluation détaillée de la précision de l’enquête permanente sur le transport routier de marchandises (TRM), une pièce maîtresse de l’AFM Filière. Nous montrons au passage que réaliser le bilan matières sur une période de plusieurs années permet non seulement de s’affranchir du problème des stocks, mais aussi de réduire significativement l’incertitude sur les échanges entre régions. Nous adaptons par la suite la méthode des chaînes de Markov absorbantes pour tracer les flux jusqu’à leur destination finale et allouer les pressions sur l’environnement produites tout au long de la filière. Les flux de matières peuvent également être couplés à des modèles économiques afin de prévoir leur évolution en réponse à certaines politiques. En collaboration avec le Laboratoire d’Economie Forestière (LEF), nous fournissons ainsi la première tentative de représentation des flux sur la filière forêt-bois française, et analysons l’impact de différentes politiques de réduction des exports de bois brut sur l’économie et sur les flux physiques. Enfin, nous montrons comment il serait possible d’articuler ces analyses de filières avec les méthodes d’analyse qualitative déployées dans le domaine de l’écologie territoriale, et en particulier, l’analyse des jeux d’acteurs dans la filière. Nous situons notre travail dans le cadre normatif de la démocratie délibérative. A ce titre, nous réfléchissons aux apports de la comptabilité biophysique aux processus de décisions publiques incluant diverses parties prenantes. Nous dressons un panorama des modes de décision, des étapes clé d’un processus d’aide à la décision, des méthodes multicritères mais également des différentes formes que peut prendre la participation des citoyens. Nous proposons finalement une méthode d’aide à la délibération fondée sur l’élicitation de la satisfaction et du regret éprouvé par chaque partie prenante face à un futur donné. Celle-ci vise à organiser la discussion sur le mode du consensus apparent, qui facilite par nature le respect des minorités. Enfin, en partant des principales critiques adressées à la quantification, nous proposons en conclusion une réflexion sur les conditions qui permettraient de mettre la comptabilité écologique au service de l’émancipation démocratique. / The consequences of our modes of production and consumptions on the global environment have been recognized and analyzed for many decades: climate change, biodiversity collapse, tensions on numerous strategic resources etc. Our work follows a line of thought aiming at developing other indicators of wealth, alternative to the Growth Domestic Product. In particular, in a perspective of strong sustainability, we focus on biophysical (non-monetary) accounting, with the objective of pinpointing environmental externalities. A large part of existing research in this domain being targeted towards national levels, we rather focus on subnational scales, with on strong emphasis on French regions. With decentralization policies, these territories are indeed given increasing jurisdiction and also benefit from greater margins of action than national or international levels to implement a transition to sustainability. After studying the characteristic of existing tools used in the fields of ecological economics and industrial ecology, such as the Ecological Footprint, Material Flow Analysis (MFA), Life Cycle Assessment or Input-Output Analysis, we focus on supply chains that we analyze through the quantities of materials they mobilize during the production, transformation, transport and consumption steps. The method developed, the Supply-Chain MFA, provides coherent flow diagrams at the national scale, but also in every region and, when data allow it, at infra-regional levels. These diagrams are based on a systematic reconciliation process of available data. We assess the precision of input data, which allows to provide confidence interval on results, and in turn, to put the light on lacks of knowledge. In particular, we provide a detailed uncertainty assessment of the French domestic road freight survey (TRM), a crucial piece of the Supply-Chain MFA. By doing so, we show that undertaking the study on a period of several years not only solves the issue of stocks but also significantly reduces uncertainties on trade flows between regions. We then adapt the Absorbing Markov Chains framework to trace flows to their final destination and to allocate environmental pressures occurring all along the supply chain. For instance, in the case of cereals, we study energy consumption, greenhouse gas emissions, the blue water footprint, land use and the use of pesticides. Material flows can also be coupled with economic modeling in order to forecast how they will likely respond to certain policies. In collaboration with the laboratory of forest economics (LEF), we thusly provide the first attempt of representing the whole French forest-wood supply-chain, and we analyze the impact of a set of policies on both the economy and physical flows. Finally, we show the opportunities of linking these supply-chain results with qualitative methods unfold in the domain of territorial ecology, stakeholder analysis in particular. We situate our work in the normative framework of deliberative democracy and are therefore interested in the contributions of biophysical accounting to public decision processes that include diverse stakeholders. We propose an overview of decision modes, key steps of decision-aiding, multicriteria methods, but also of the various forms taken by citizen participation. We eventually design a deliberation-aiding method, based on elicitation of each stakeholder’s satisfaction and regret regarding a given future. It aims at organizing the discussion on an apparent consensus mode, which by nature facilitates the respect of minorities. Finally, based on the main criticisms addressed to quantification, we propose in conclusion thoughts on the conditions that could put biophysical accounting at the service of democratic emancipation.

En av de största globala utmaningarna idag är de negativa miljöeffekterna från den linjära ekonomin som världen bygger på, där produkter oupphörligt skapas från jungfruliga råvaror och efter användningstiden slutar som avfall utan nytta. Initiativ på flera nivåer; lokalt, regionalt, nationellt och globalt, krävs för att uppnå en cirkulär ekonomi där uppkomsten av avfall, samt utvinningen av jungfruliga råvaror, minskar. Europeiska unionens handlingsplan för cirkulär ekonomi säger att 75 % av alla förpackningar ska materialåtervinnas till år 2030. I Sverige materialåtervinns mellan 42,2 % (plastförpackningar) och 95 % (glas) och fastighetsnära insamlingssystem för förpackningar och tidningar är förhållandevis väl utbyggda, åtminstone för flerfamiljshus. Gällande småhus har utvecklingen gått något långsammare även om flera kommuner idag infört fastighetsnära insamling för hushållsavfall, inklusive förpacknings- och tidningsavfall. Att välja ett nytt, utökat avfallssystem till en kommun är ett stort och komplext beslut med många aspekter att ta hänsyn till. Flera tidigare utredningar inför denna typ av beslut har saknat en tydlig målbild, metodik och systematik i granskningen, varför syftet med denna studie varit att utveckla en metod för att genomföra en systematisk multikriterieanalys av ett antal avfallssystem för insamling och sortering av hushållsavfall från småhus i en kommun.  Innan multikriterieanalysen påbörjades gjordes en omfattande kartläggning av de aspekter som är kopplade till beslutet om ett nytt avfallssystem. Kartläggningen och det urval av aspekter som gjordes till multikriterieanalysen är värdefull kunskap för kommuner som står inför denna typ av beslut. Multikriterieanalysen har tagits fram med inspiration från den generiska formen av en multikriterieanalys där Linköpings kommun och Tekniska verken använts som fall. På grund av detta har även de system som utvärderats valts ut med hänsyn till intressanta avfallssystem för Linköpings kommun. Den framtagna multikriterieanalysen har paketerats i ett användarvänligt verktyg som kan användas av beslutsfattare i kommuner som önskar att utvärdera och jämföra avfallssystem för småhus.  Studien har resulterat i att det i huvudsak är följande sju kriterier som bör beaktas i en utredning gällande ett nytt insamlings- och sorteringssystem för småhus i en kommun, där resurseffektivitet är av hög prioritet i beslutet:  <li data-leveltext="" data-font="Symbol" data-listid="29" data-aria-posinset="1" data-aria-level="1">Etablerbarhet &amp; flexibilitet  <li data-leveltext="" data-font="Symbol" data-listid="29" data-aria-posinset="2" data-aria-level="1">Miljöpåverkan från materielbehov  <li data-leveltext="" data-font="Symbol" data-listid="29" data-aria-posinset="3" data-aria-level="1">Kundperspektiv  <li data-leveltext="" data-font="Symbol" data-listid="29" data-aria-posinset="4" data-aria-level="1">Arbetsmiljö  <li data-leveltext="" data-font="Symbol" data-listid="29" data-aria-posinset="5" data-aria-level="1">Miljöpåverkan från energianvändning vid drift  <li data-leveltext="" data-font="Symbol" data-listid="29" data-aria-posinset="1" data-aria-level="1">Insamlingsresultat  <li data-leveltext="" data-font="Symbol" data-listid="29" data-aria-posinset="2" data-aria-level="1">Ekonomi  Dessa kriterier har brutits ned i mindre beståndsdelar, kallade indikatorer. När avfallssystem ska utvärderas och jämföras är det essentiellt att de bedöms inom dessa kriterier och indikatorer för att skapa bra underlag inför valet av system.   Studien har kunnat belysa att det i nuläget finns en hel del osäkerheter inom områdena Etablerbarhet &amp; flexibilitet samt Miljöpåverkan från energianvändning i drift som försvårar bedömning av system inom kriterierna. Även vissa avfallssystem saknas tillräcklig kunskap om som krävs för att kunna göra en rättvis bedömning av systemen, mycket till följd av att de är oetablerade i Sverige. / One of the greatest challenges the world is facing today is the negative environmental effects as a result from the linear economy used in societies, where products are constantly being produced from raw materials and end up as waste after the period of usage. Initiatives on many levels; local, regional, national and global are needed to create a circular economy which minimizes both the generation of waste and the extraction of raw materials. The European Union’s action plan for circular economy expresses that 75 % of all packaging waste should be recycled by 2030. In Sweden packaging waste is being recycled between 42,2 % (plastic waste) to 95 % (glass waste) and the curbside collection systems for packaging waste are quite well-developed, especially regarding waste systems for multi-family houses. For single-family houses the development has been slower, although several municipalities have introduced curbside collection systems for household waste including packaging and newspaper waste during the last years. It is a comprehensive and complex decision to invest in a new extended curbside collection and sorting system in a municipality and there are many aspects to consider. Since several previous inquiries regarding this type of decision lacks a systematic approach and clear objectives, the purpose of this study is to develop a method for conducting a systematic multi-criteria analysis of collection and sorting systems for single-family household waste in a municipality.  Prior to the multi-criteria analysis a substantial evaluation of aspects related to the decision of a new waste system was made. The mapping and selection of aspects that were made provide great knowledge for municipalities facing this kind of decision. The developed multi-criteria analysis is based on the generic form of a multi-criteria analysis, using the municipality of Linköping and Tekniska verken as case. As a result, the range of waste systems evaluated have been selected according to the preferences of Linköping municipality. The developed multi-criteria analysis has been transferred to a user-friendly tool for decision makers at municipalities who wish to assess and compare extended collection and sorting systems for single-family household waste.  The study has resulted in the following criteria which should be considered in an inquiry of waste systems for single-family houses in a municipality, where resource efficiency is highly prioritized:  <li data-leveltext="" data-font="Symbol" data-listid="29" data-aria-posinset="1" data-aria-level="1">Establishment &amp; flexibility  <li data-leveltext="" data-font="Symbol" data-listid="29" data-aria-posinset="2" data-aria-level="1">Environmental impact from usage of materiel  <li data-leveltext="" data-font="Symbol" data-listid="29" data-aria-posinset="3" data-aria-level="1">Customer perspective  <li data-leveltext="" data-font="Symbol" data-listid="29" data-aria-posinset="1" data-aria-level="1">Working standards  <li data-leveltext="" data-font="Symbol" data-listid="29" data-aria-posinset="2" data-aria-level="1">Environmental impact from energy usage during operation  <li data-leveltext="" data-font="Symbol" data-listid="29" data-aria-posinset="3" data-aria-level="1">Collection results  <li data-leveltext="" data-font="Symbol" data-listid="29" data-aria-posinset="4" data-aria-level="1">Economy  These criteria have been divided into smaller components, called indicators. When assessing and comparing waste systems, it is essential to evaluate systems within these criteria and indicators to ensure a thorough basis for this type of decision.  The study has been able to highlight some lack of knowledge within the criteria Establishment &amp; flexibility and Environmental impact from energy usage during operation, which complicates the assessment of waste systems within these areas. Sufficient knowledge regarding some waste systems are also missing, most likely due to the systems not being used in Sweden.

SPATIAL &amp; TRANSPORTATION MISMATCH IN SWEDEN, 2015: EFFECTS OF MISMATCH &amp; EASEMENT OF TRANSPORTATION IN ÖRNSKÖLDSVIK &amp; SUNDSVALL (Master thesis by Oscar Uneklint, 2018). The paper firstly aims to investigate how spatial and transportation workplace-access influences employment outcomes in the cities and municipalities of Sundsvall &amp; Örnsköldsvik, located at the coastal north of Sweden. Secondly, the paper aims to evaluate the performance of the local public transportation networks in easing the effects of mismatch. Sweden’s sparse population, lesser degree of segregation and egalitarian economic model questions the influence of spatial mismatch in Sweden, recent increase in immigration and inequalities gives urgency to such questions. Accuracy of investigation is improved by the availability of microlevel-data but may be improved further by additional instruments. Results confirm minor influence of spatial access and major influence of transportation access on employment outcomes in the study area, 2015. The minor effect of job-access is stronger at the neighborhood-level, than commuting-level. The local public transportation networks reveal core-periphery structures and visualizes the strengths, weaknesses and complementarity of each system. While Örnsköldsvik’s network is more equitable and interconnected, Sundsvall’s network is better serviced with fewer but more relevant stations resulting in different challenges for public transportation in easing employment mismatch and improving life chances. / SPATIAL &amp; TRANSPORTATION MISMATCH IN SWEDEN, 2015: EFFECTS OF MISMATCH &amp; EASEMENT OF TRANSPORTATION IN ÖRNSKÖLDSVIK &amp; SUNDSVALL (Masteruppsats av Oscar Uneklint, 2018). Studien syftar för det första till att undersöka hur transportoberoende och transportberoende tillgänglighet till arbetsplatser påverkar anställningsutfall i Sundsvalls och Örnsköldsviks tätorter och kommuner, lokaliserade vid norra Sveriges kuststråk. Sveriges fåtaliga befolkning, mindre segregation och utjämnande ekonomiska modell ifrågasätter tillämpningen av rumslig missmatchning i Sverige. Samtidigt leder ökad immigration och tilltagande socioekonomiska skillnader till att förståelsen av dessa frågor brådskar. Resultatet bekräftar ett mindre inflytande av transportoberoende tillgänglighet och ett större inflytande av transportberoende tillgänglighet till arbetsplatser inom undersökningsområdet, 2015. Samtidigt är effekten av arbetstillgång större inom kvarteret än på pendelavstånd. Precisionen av både de skattade effekterna och hur de lindras förbättras av tillgången till individbaserade data, men effektskattningen försvagas av få instrument-variabler. För det andra syftar studien att utvärdera det kollektiva transportsystemet i de båda städerna för att lindra och utjämna de skattade tillgänglighetseffekterna. Resultatet bekräftar tydliga centrum-periferi strukturer i båda nätverken och visualiserar tillgänglighet, frekvens, styrka, funktion och komplementaritet i respektive buslinjenät.

O presente trabalho tem como objetivo analisar a classificação resultante do emprego da Avaliação de Multicritérios, utilizando a técnica AHP (Analytic Hierarchy Process), em ambiente SIG, para o mapeamento de áreas suscetíveis à escorregamento no município de Angra dos Reis. O estudo exigiu duas imagens Landsat 7 TM, obtidas respectivamente em 14/08/2006 e 17/06/2005. O produto gerado será comparado com os dados já existentes disponibilizados pela Defesa Civil do município, servindo de auxílio às ações no processo de gestão territorial, dando suporte ao planejamento e execução de projetos ambientais e de engenharia e apoio a tomadas de decisões governamentais, evitando novos desastres como os ocorridos em 31/12/2009 e 01/01/2010. / The present work has like goal analyze the result classification of the use of the Advanced Evaluation, using the AHP tecniche (Analytic Hierarchy Process), at SIG ambience to map the susceptible slipping areas of Angra dos Reis City. The study demanded two Landsat 7 TM images, respectively took in 08/14/2006 and 06/17/2005. The produced result will be compared with the available information already given by the Defesa Civil oh the city, serving like aid to the process of land management actions, giving support on the planning and execution of environmental projects and help on taken governmental decisions, avoiding new disasters like the ones in 12/31/2009 and 01/01/2010.

Les technologies de l'information et le succès des services associés (forums, sites spécialisés, etc) ont ouvert la voie à un mode d'expression massive d'opinions sur les sujets les plus variés (e-commerce, critiques artistiques, etc). Cette profusion d'opinions constitue un véritable eldorado pour l'internaute, mais peut rapidement le conduire à une situation d'indécision car les avis déposés peuvent être fortement disparates voire contradictoires. Pour une gestion fiable et pertinente de l'information contenue dans ces avis, il est nécessaire de mettre en place des systèmes capables de traiter directement les opinions exprimées en langage naturel afin d'en contrôler la subjectivité et de gommer les effets de lissage des traitements statistiques. La plupart des systèmes dits de recommandation ne prennent pas en compte toute la richesse sémantique des critiques et leur associent souvent des systèmes d'évaluation qui nécessitent une implication conséquente et des compétences particulières chez l'internaute. Notre objectif est de minimiser l'intervention humaine dans le fonctionnement collaboratif des systèmes de recommandation en automatisant l'exploitation des données brutes que constituent les avis en langage naturel. Notre approche non supervisée de segmentation thématique extrait les sujets d'intérêt des critiques, puis notre technique d'analyse de sentiments calcule l'opinion exprimée sur ces critères. Ces méthodes d'extraction de connaissances combinées à des outils d'analyse multicritère adaptés à la fusion d'avis d'experts ouvrent la voie à des systèmes de recommandation pertinents, fiables et personnalisés. / Information Technology and the success of its related services (blogs, forums, etc.) have paved the way for a massive mode of opinion expression on the most varied subjects (e-commerce websites, art reviews, etc). This abundance of opinions could appear as a real gold mine for internet users, but it can also be a source of indecision because available opinions may be ill-assorted if not contradictory. A reliable and relevant information management of opinions bases requires systems able to directly analyze the content of opinions expressed in natural language. It allows controlling subjectivity in evaluation process and avoiding smoothing effects of statistical treatments. Most of the so-called recommender systems are unable to manage all the semantic richness of a review and prefer to associate to the review an assessment system that supposes a substantial implication and specific competences of the internet user. Our aim is minimizing user intervention in the collaborative functioning of recommender systems thanks to an automated processing of available reviews in natural language by the recommender system itself. Our topic segmentation method extracts the subjects of interest from the reviews, and then our sentiment analysis approach computes the opinion related to these criteria. These knowledge extraction methods are combined with multicriteria analysis techniques adapted to expert assessments fusion. This proposal should finally contribute to the coming of a new generation of more relevant, reliable and personalized recommender systems.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T19:30:01Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 6059.pdf: 6446339 bytes, checksum: 4a6dbb9ae318e7071aaddbedea005cfa (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-02-14 / Considering the importance of maintenance and continuity of Conservation Units (UCs) and the adoption of strategies for biodiversity conservation in the regional landscape, this study proposes the physical environment characterization associated with the environmental fragility identification of the Passo Fundo National Forest (FLONA-PF), Mato Castelhano municipality, RS, from the perspective of identifying changes in the functions of Management Plan environmental zoning (2012). The physical environment characterization was based on the thematic maps of slope, hypsometry, geomorphology, soils, drainage network and land uses types in 2011, using a GeoEye-1 image with a spatial resolution of 0.5 m and MapInfo 8.5 and Idrisi 32 softwares for data analysis and georeferencing. It was performed a comparative analysis between land use types through 2011 and 2008, to identify the conflicts resulting from land uses changing related to the functions of the National Forest Management Plan enviromental zoning areas, subsidizing decision-making and strategies for their management. The land use classification for 2011, at a hierarchical primary level allowed to quantify and spatialize three typologies: Natural Uses, representing 42.11 % of the National Forest total area, represented by areas occupied by Araucaria Forest (FOM ) in multiple associations that are in various stages of succession and development; Anthropogenic Uses, representing 57.70% of the National Forest total area, whose original features have been modified by human activities, mainly related to araucaria (35.59 %) and Pinus (22.41 %) cultives; and, Aquatic Environments, with 0.19 % of National Forest total area. The analyzes and correlations between inventories in 2011 and 2008, for each area defined in the management plan, revealed diverse typologies in 2011 as a result of image classification methodology used in inventories than by socio- economic influences. About 283.99 ha (22.17%) of National Forest total area presents a scenario of land use conflicts, distributed among the different zones defined in the Management Plan. The use changes for each zone do not compromise the objectives and tasks set out in the Management Plan. Areas with medium environmental fragility predominated (63.22 %), followed by high fragile class (20.42 %). Areas with low fragility occupy only 15.01% of the National Forest. The classes of very low and very high fragility represent less than 1.5 % of the study area. The environmental fragility map with the inclusion of the variable Management Plan zones and the quantification of fragility classes in the areas defined in the Management Plan (2012) indicate that the proposed zoning is consistent with the needs for conservation and recovery in areas of greatest environmental fragility. Comparisons between land use types in 2008 and 2011, along with the environmental fragility to the zones defined in the Management Plan have highlighted new spatial arrangements for FLONA-PF, setting up a study of fundamental importance to reorient meet the goals of the management plan, in addition to supporting environmental planning actions of the regional landscape. / Considerando a importância da manutenção e continuidade das Unidades de Conservação (UCs) e a adoção de estratégias para a conservação da biodiversidade no contexto da paisagem regional, este estudo propõe a caracterização do ambiente físico associada à determinação da fragilidade ambiental da Floresta Nacional de Passo Fundo (FLONAPF), Mato Castelhano, RS, na perspectiva de identificar mudanças que comprometam a continuidade das funções do zoneamento ambiental estabelecido pelo Plano de Manejo vigente (2012). A caracterização do ambiente físico foi realizada com base nas cartas de declividade, hipsometria, geomorfologia, solos, rede de drenagem e tipologias de usos da terra em 2011, utilizando uma imagem GeoEye-1, com resolução espacial de 0,5m, e os programas MapInfo 8.5 e Idrisi 32 para análise de dados e georreferenciamento. Foi realizada uma análise comparativa entre as tipologias de usos e ocupação da terra de 2011 e 2008, para a identificação dos conflitos resultantes das mudanças de usos da terra relacionadas às funções das zonas estabelecidas no Plano de Manejo da FLONA-PF, subsidiando a tomada de decisões e estratégias para o seu manejo. A classificação dos usos da terra em 2011, em um nível hierárquico primário, permitiu quantificar e espacializar três tipologias: Uso Natural, equivalente a 42,11% da área total da FLONA-PF, representado por áreas ocupadas pela Floresta Ombrófila Mista (FOM) em múltiplas associações, que se encontram em vários estágios de sucessão e desenvolvimento; Usos Antropizados, representando 57,70% da área da FLONA-PF, contemplando áreas cujas características originais foram alteradas por atividades humanas, principalmente, relacionadas aos plantios de araucária (35,59%) e pinus (22,41%); e Ambientes Aquáticos, com 0,19% da área total da FLONA-PF. As análises e correlações entre os inventários realizados em 2011 e 2008, para cada zona definida no Plano de Manejo, identificaram tipologias mais diversificadas em 2011, resultantes muito mais das metodologias de classificação das imagens utilizadas nos inventários do que por influências socioeconômicas. Cerca de 283,99 ha (22,17%) da área total da FLONA-PF apresentam um cenário de conflito de usos, distribuídos entre as diversas zonas definidas no Plano de Manejo, embora não evidenciem o comprometimento dos objetivos e das funções estabelecidas para elas no Plano de Manejo. As áreas de média fragilidade ambiental predominaram (63,22%), seguidas da classe com alta fragilidade ambiental (20,42%). Áreas com baixa fragilidade ambiental ocupam somente 15,01% da FLONA-PF. As classes de muito baixa e muito alta fragilidade ambiental representam menos de 1,5% da área de estudo. A carta temática de fragilidade ambiental, sobreposta às zonas do Plano de Manejo, e a quantificação das classes de fragilidade ambiental nas zonas do Plano de Manejo (2012) indicam que o zoneamento proposto está coerente com as necessidades de conservação e recuperação em relação às áreas de maior fragilidade ambiental. As comparações entre tipologias de usos em 2008 e 2011, juntamente com a condição da fragilidade ambiental para as zonas definidas no Plano de Manejo, permitiram evidenciar novos arranjos espaciais para a FLONA-PF, configurando um estudo de importância fundamental para reorientar o atendimento dos objetivos do plano de manejo vigente, além de subsidiar ações de planejamento ambiental da paisagem regional.

This study is about the sensitiveness of adopted factors in environmental multicriteria evaluation during the analysis of favorable aspects or restrictions when selecting the places to implant hydric infra-structural public works in the hydrographic basins context. The general focus of this study is the geoprocessing technology connected with the characteristics of multicriteria analysis. In the bibliographic review themes like: hydric resources management; digital geoprocessing: multicriteria analysis as a helper to the hydric resources management and a brief philosophy about choices were considered. Having as a case study the report Analysis of the Environmental Fragilities in the Hydrographic Basin of the rivers Apuaê- Inhandava, located in the Hydrographic Region of Uruguay River (Portuguese - Análise de Fragilidades Ambientais da Bacia Hidrográfica dos Rios Apuaê-Inhandava, situada na Região Hidrográfica do Rio Uruguai ) (UFSM/FEPAM, 2005), classified as Basin U010 in Rio Grande do Sul State. It was carried out a regular variation of the criteria values to set the new scenarios. After this value variation in the maps, it was used the statistical matrix coefficient V of Cramer, similarity indicator among the images. The values V of Cramer were tabulated as square matrix, calculating the matrix distances to do the Mantel Test which gives the correlation among the matrixes. From these coefficients became possible to carry out the sensibility analysis according to the comparison among the ponderate matrixes analysing similarity and correlation terms. The sensibility was done in two levels: basic (or in each block of thematic factors) and upper (or general among the big blocks). The more or less significant values were recognized in the scenographic composition of the multicriteria evaluation. Organizing the relative values as intervals the following phase consisted of optimizing them mathematically. The results were compared with the Saaty method and with the values from the original report. Having the set of values updated, the new and optimized scenario was processed with the purpose of discussing it or making it acceptable. The inclusion of the sensibility test in the multicriteria equation was important to compare the relevance among the maps of geoprocessing factors giving basis to take decisions. / Este estudo trata sobre a sensibilidade em fatores adotados para avaliação multicritério ambiental na análise de favorabilidades ou restrições na seleção de locais para implantação de obras de infra-estrutura hídrica no contexto de bacias hidrográficas. A tecnologia do geoprocessamento aliada às propriedades da análise multicritério são o enfoque geral deste estudo. Na revisão bibliográfica foram considerados temas fundamentais: gestão de recursos hídricos; geoprocessamento digital: análise multicritério como auxílio à gestão de recursos hídricos e uma breve filosofia sobre escolhas. Tomando como estudo de caso o relatório Análise de Fragilidades Ambientais da Bacia Hidrográfica dos Rios Apuaê-Inhandava, situada na Região Hidrográfica do Rio Uruguai (UFSM/FEPAM, 2005), classificada no Estado do Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil, como Bacia U010, foi feita uma variação regular nos pesos dos critérios para compor novos cenários. Após esta variação dos pesos nos mapas, utilizou-se o coeficiente estatístico matricial V de Cramer, indicador da similaridade entre as imagens. Os valores de V de Cramer foram tabulados como matrizes quadradas calculando-se as distâncias matriciais para realizar o Teste de Mantel, que dá a correlação entre as matrizes. A partir desses coeficientes foi possível realizar a análise da sensibilidade consistindo na comparação entre as matrizes pesadas em termos de similaridade e correlação. A sensibilidade foi efetuada em dois níveis: básico (ou em cada bloco de fatores temáticos) e superior (ou geral, entre os grandes blocos). Foi possível discriminar quais os pesos mais e menos significantes na composição cenográfica da avaliação multicritério. Relativizados os pesos em forma de intervalos, a fase seguinte consistiu em otimizá-los matematicamente. Os resultados foram comparados com o método de Saaty e com os pesos do relatório de origem. Com o conjunto de pesos atualizado, processa-se novo cenário, agora otimizado, a fim de ser rediscutido e/ou aceito. A inclusão do teste de sensibilidade no equacionamento multicritério mostrou-se potencialmente valioso para comparação da relevância entre mapas de fatores geoprocessados, proporcionando maior embasamento para os tomadores de decisão.