Thesis (M.Soc.Sc.)--University of Hong Kong, 1983. / Also available in print.

Thesis (M.Soc.Sc.)--University of Hong Kong, 1985. / Also available in print.

Thesis (M.Soc.Sc.)--University of Hong Kong, 1998. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 119-124) Also available in print.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Milk urea nitrogen (MUN) is derived from protein metabolism as well as ammonia formed with the rumen. MUN can be used to estimate Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN). The ammonia which is formed in the rumen and is not utilized in bacterial metabolism is absorbed by rumen wall and trnsformed into urea in the liver The objective of the present paper evaluate a possible protein excess in the diet of dairy herds through MUN levels. A total of 598 animals from 11 different herds were sampled. Also, feed consumed was sampled for analyses and individual cow production recorded. In milk samples, fat, protein, lactose, total solids, somatic cell count and MUN were measured. MUN was related positively related to total protein consumption and negatively related to total energy, which is demonstrated by the equation NUL=0.87 + 7.2PI 0.31ET and P<0,001. When the herds are blocked by production (Group 1 < 15 L; Group 2 between 15 and 25 L; and Group 3 > 25 L) there is a difference in protein and energy consumption, however, NUL was not different between groups 2 and 3. When production is considered, the correlation yields the equation NUL=3.39 + 5.68PI - 0.62 ET + 0.43 Prod and P<0,0001. Based on the results it is concluded that in RS state, NUL is elevated during winter months, principally in higher producing herds. / O nitrogênio uréico do leite é oriundo principalmente do nitrogênio amoniacal absorvido pela parede ruminal sendo que as concentrações de NUL podem ser utilizadas para estimar as concentrações de nitrogênio uréico no sangue (NUS) ou no plasma (NUP). Quando a concentração de amônia no rúmen excede a capacidade de captura e utilização pela microbiota ruminal, a mesma é absorvida pela parede do rúmen e transportada ao fígado, por meio do sistema porta e, então, transformada em uréia. Assim o objetivo deste trabalho, foi investigar se existe excesso de proteína na dieta de bovinos leiteiros, através análise da dieta e do NUL. Foram coletadas amostras de leite de 598 animais de 11 rebanhos, além da produção, dieta e os alimentos para análise bromatológica. Foi realizado, a determinação das concentrações de gordura, proteína, lactose, sólidos totais, CCS e o NUL. O NUL se relacionou com o aumento da concentração de proteína ingerida, e com a diminuição da energia total e isto é demonstrado pela equação NUL=0.87 + 7.2PI 0.31ET e P<0,0001. Ao analisar a distribuição dos rebanhos por produção (Prod.<15 litros, Grupo 1; Prod entre 15 e 25 litros Grupo 2; e prod > que 25 litros, grupo 3), pode-se observar que estes diferiram estatisticamente quanto a proteína ingerida e a energia ingerida, mas quanto ao NUL, não existiu diferença entre os animais que produzem mais de 15 litros/dia. Ao analisar a produção média do rebanho, com a PI e a ET, para avaliar o NUL, formou-se a equação, NUL= 3.39 + 5.68PI - 0.62 ET + 0.43 Prod e P<0,0001 Com isso, pode-se concluir que no RS em determinados meses o NUL esta aumentado, principalmente em rebanhos que apresentam maiores médias de produção.

The efficiency of utilization of dietary nitrogen can be monitored using milk urea nitrogen (MUN). Overfeeding or underfeeding of protein can be identified through the observation of deviations from target MUN concentrations. This will assist in lowering feed costs of dairy farms, and improving nutrition management of herds. Higher efficiency of utilization of dietary nitrogen might result in a reduction in environmental pollution. Non-genetic factors affecting variation in MUN were herd-test-day (HTD), lactation stage and year of calving. The contribution of HTD was the highest, ranging from 58.56% to 63.18% in parity 1 to 3. Lactation stage had the second largest contribution to the MUN variation. Differences in least squares means for MUN in various years of calving were observed. The heritability estimate for MUN was 0.09±0.01 in the first parity, and remained constant at 0.11±0.01 in the second and third parity. Heritability estimates for milk, fat and protein yield ranged from 0.40±0.01 to 0.43±0.01, 0.21±0.01 to 0.26±0.01, and 0.32±0.01 to 0.38±0.01, respectively. These estimates were within acceptable ranges for South African Holstein cattle. Genetic correlations between MUN and milk production traits were low and positive, ranging from 0.01±0.003 to 0.10±0.004 across parities. Phenotypic correlations ranged from 0.02±0.11 to 0.16±0.07, being generally higher than the genetic correlations. The positive associations between MUN and milk production traits are undesirable as the dairy cows would be less efficient in utilizing dietary protein and may result in increased environmental pollution. The genetic trend for MUN was 0.44, 0.007 and 0.049 mg/dl in the first, second and third parity, respectively. Results of the current study indicate that MUN has potential as a management tool in South African Holstein dairy herds. It might be a good indicator of the efficiency of dietary protein utilization of dairy herds, and has practical advantage as it is currently collected by the national dairy herd recording and improvement scheme. / Dissertation (MSc Agric)--University of Pretoria, 2013. / gm2014 / Animal and Wildlife Sciences / unrestricted

Bakgrund: Intresset för att engagera sig inom investeringar och aktiemarknaden har sett en betydlig ökning genom den senaste årtionden, särskilt bland allt fler yngre individer. Inom dagens samhälle är det allt vanligare att människor inte enbart kommunicerar ansikte mot ansikte, utan också på den digitala arenan via internet och sociala medier. Detta är något som även kommit att förändra hur aktiemarknaden ser ut idag och hur informationsutbytet genomförs bland investerare på marknaden. Syfte: Analysera och beskriva betydelsen av informationsutbyte för unga aktieinvesterare. Teori: Studien tillämpar sig av teorier såsom beteendemässiga finansteorin, heuristik, inramningseffekten, flockbeteende, överdriven självförtroende, effektiva marknadshypotesen, mun-till-mun metoden och elektronisk mun-till-mun metoden. Metod: Studien använde sig av en kvalitativ metod i form av semistrukturerade intervjuer. Urvalet riktade sig mot unga investerare som var från 18 till 29 år gamla och sammanlagt deltog åtta respondenter.  Slutsats: Studiens resultatet kom fram till att informationsutbytet hade en betydelsefull roll för unga aktieinvesterares beslutsfattande och att de hade en större tilltro till information som härstammade från deras närmaste omkrets än från digitala medier. Dessutom framkom det att individer med högre finansiell kunskap och erfarenhet var mindre påverkade av snedvridningar och informationsutbytet. Det gick även att observera att respondenter som påverkades i mindre utsträckning av yttre påverkan, också hade en större nivå av medvetenheten om dessa snedvridningar och heuristik. / Background: Interest in investing and the stock market has seen a significant increase over the past decade, especially among an increasing number of younger individuals. In today's society, it is becoming increasingly more common for people to not only communicate face-to-face but also in the digital arena through the internet and social media. This is something that has also come to change how the stock market looks today and how information is exchanged among investors in the market. Purpose: Analyze and describe the importance of information exchange for young equity investors. Theory: The study applies theories such as the behavioral finance theory, heuristics, the framing effect, herd behavior, overconfidence, the efficient market hypothesis, word-of-mouth communication and electronic word-of-mouth communication. Method: The study used a qualitative method in the form of semi-structured interviews. The sample was aimed at young investors who were from 18 to 29 years old and a total of eight respondents participated. Conclusion: The results of the study concluded that the exchange of information played a significant role in the decision-making of young stock investors and that they had greater trust in information that originated from their immediate circle than from digital media. In addition, it emerged that individuals with higher financial knowledge and experience were less affected by biases and the exchange of information. It was also possible to observe that respondents who were influenced to a lesser extent by external influences also had a greater level of awareness of these biases and heuristics.

published_or_final_version / Social Work and Social Administration / Master / Master of Social Sciences

Den svenska byggsektorn har de senaste årtiondena genomgått en kraftig tillväxt, vilket har resulterat i en hög konkurrenssituation inom branschen. I denna konkurrensmiljö fokuserar denna studie på hur mikroföretag inom plåtslageribranschen implementerar marknadsföring under en lågkonjunktur, samt hur digital marknadsföring kan stödja dem under sådana perioder. Resultaten från studien förväntas vara värdefulla för både ägare av plåtslageriföretag och andra intressenter inom byggsektorn. Under studien användes semistrukturerade intervjuer som genomfördes med sju plåtslageriföretag. Den insamlade empirin visade att Word-of-Mouth-marknadsföring, tillsammans med relationsmarknadsföring, framstod som den mest betydelsefulla marknadsföringsstrategin. Dessutom erkände mikroföretagen värdet av digital marknadsföring och argumenterade för att strategin bör integreras för att öka överlevnadschanserna under lågkonjunktur. / The Swedish construction sector has experienced significant growth in recent decades, resulting in intense competition within the industry. In this competitive environment, this study focuses on how micro sheet metal companies implement marketing during an economic downturn and how digital marketing can support them during such periods. The results of this study are expected to be valuable for both owners of sheet metal companies and other stakeholders in the construction sector.   During the study, semi-structured interviews were conducted with seven sheet metal companies. The collected empirical data indicated that Word-of-Mouth marketing, combined with relationship marketing, emerged as the most significant marketing strategy. Additionally, microenterprises acknowledged the value of digital marketing and argued that this strategy should be integrated to enhance survival prospects during economic downturns.

Thesis (M. Env. St.)--University of Adelaide, Mawson Graduate Centre for Environmental Studies, 1992. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 61-65).

Thesis (M. Sc.)--University of Hong Kong, 1998. / Includes bibliographical reference (leaf 166-173).