The main frame of the distributed fiber optic leak detection system adopted the hybrid Mach-Zehnder & Sagnac interferomtric. We use the sensing fiber of In-Line frame to detect leak physical field. We can measure the position of the leak physical field through our sensing system and signal process system. In the cause of improving detective ability of leak detection system, we modify three elements of the system, including (1) the choice of the acoustic response of sensing fiber, (2) modification of the PZT phase modulator, and (3) modification of the PGC demodulator. The frame of our experiment is composed of the distributed fiber optic leak detection system and leak system of the fluid pipes. In which leak system of fluid pipes is designed the leaky frame of high-pressure fluid pipes. The main of experiment introduce the leak detection system to measure the leak acoustics of the fluid pipes. Then we can discuss the experimental result. The measurable minimum range of our distributed fiber optic leak detection system is3.3x10^-4(rad/¡ÔHz), and the dynamic range is above 75 dB. The dynamic range of this system can improve the original system to above 15 dB.

No description available.

Gas sensing is essential for safety and maintenance operations in many industries, including power generation, petrochemical, capture and storage technologies, and the food-processing sector. The properties of fiber-optic sensors make them a superior choice for environmental monitoring applications, especially in extreme conditions, and particularly when compared against conventional electro-optical sensors. Their advantageous properties include immunity to electromagnetic radiation, high temperature durability, high sensitivity and the ability for high resolution detection, as well as multifunctional sensing capabilities such as temperature, humidity, pressure, strain, and corrosion. Among different types of interferometers, Mach-Zehnder Interferometers (MZI) have received significant attention because they are robust, compact, and have high levels of precision. In this dissertation, we present an in-line and compact MZI point sensor designed for sensing refractive index. In comparison with various types of interferometers, fiber MZI based RI sensing was selected based on its enhanced sensitivity and fabrication simplicity. The MZI sensor is developed using photonic crystal fiber and demonstrated for high sensitivity detection and measurement of pure gases. The transmission spectrum of MZI sensors is formed by interference between the cladding and core modes. To construct the device, the sensing element fiber was placed and aligned between two single-mode fibers with air gaps at each side. Two linear-translation micro stages were used to accurately differ and adjust gap lengths from 0 to 5mm. Great measurement repeatability was shown in the cyclic test for the detection of various gases such as methane and helium. A high RI measurement resolution of 2.1 E-7 and a sensitivity of 4629 nm/RIU was achieved, which is among the highest reported. Results show that the sensitivity of the fabricated MZI increases from 3000 nm/RIU to 4600 nm/RIU when the length of the sensing element fiber decreases from 5 mm to 3.3 mm. Furthermore, the device was packaged to demonstrate the laboratory-scale monitoring, as well as leakage detection of different concentrations of CO2 in both subsurface soil and aqueous environments. Two water resistant but gas permeable membranes were used to package the sensor, to achieve a good balance of CO2 permeability and water resistance. The experimental study of this work reveals the great potential of the fiber-optic approach for environmental monitoring of CO2. This study also explores other potential applications. Three types of sensors were fabricated using the proposed configuration employing 4 mm stub of (i) solid core Photonic Crystal Fiber (PCF), (ii) 10 µm Hollow core PCF (HC-PCF), and (iii) 20 µm HC-PCF as the sensing elements. We compared the performance of these sensors for detecting and measuring the quantity of gas present. As the transmission signals correspond to the frequency components in the sensor’s Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) spectrum, the effect of gap distance on the number and amplitude distribution of the modes was examined in an effort to optimize the design elements. The MZI sensors are highly sensitive to low percentages of CH4 and CO2, making them suitable for greenhouse gas measurement. / Graduate

La conversion de fréquence est une fonction clef présente dans divers contextes, particulièrement dans les systèmes mixtes photoniques-hyperfréquences. Aujourd’hui, la suprématie des réseaux optiques pour le transport de données à haut débit sur de grandes distances incite à l’intégration de telles fonctions dans le domaine optique afin de bénéficier des faibles pertes, larges bandes passantes, faibles poids et tailles propres aux technologies optiques. Dans ce travail, nous étudions un mélangeur tout-optique utilisant un composant SOA-MZI (Semiconductor Optical Amplifier Mach-Zehnder Interferometer) et une technique d’échantillonnage permettant la conversion vers les hautes et les basses fréquences. Le principe du mélange exploite les caractéristiques spectrales d’un signal échantillonné pour lequel des répliques du signal d’origine existent à différentes autres fréquences. Utiliser une telle technique pour la conversion de fréquences offre deux avantages : la conversion vers les hautes et les basses fréquences utilise la même configuration du mélangeur et la fréquence de l’oscillateur local peut être inférieure à la gamme des fréquences visées.L’implémentation d’une telle technique d’échantillonnage nécessite un interrupteur optique contrôlé optiquement.Comme cela est montré dans ce travail, un SOA-MZI peut jouer ce rôle. Selon la phase relative entre ses bras, un interféromètre Mach-Zehnder (MZI) peut transmettre ou non un signal optique d’entrée. En plaçant un SOA dans chaque bras de la structure MZI, la modulation croisée de la phase qui existe au sein d’un SOA est mise à profit pour contrôler l’état de l’interféromètre. Contrôlé par une source impulsionnelle optique, cet interrupteur optique permet d’échantillonner un signal optique porteur de données à modulation complexe. La conversion de fréquence de signaux mono et multi-porteuses dans le domaine 0,5-39,5 GHz a été obtenue avec succès. Par utilisation d’une configuration différentielle du SOA-MZI, des conversions vers les hautes et les basses fréquences jusqu’à un débit de 1 Gb/s ont pu être réalisées. / Frequency mixing is a key function existing in different systems, especially in mixed photonic-microwave ones. Today, the supremacy of optical networks to carry high bitrate data over large distances motivates the optical implementation of such functions to benefit from the low loss, high bandwidth, low size and weight of optical technologies. In this work, we study a photonic mixer based on a SOA-MZI (Semiconductor Optical Amplifier Mach-Zehnder Interferometer) device and a sampling technique allowing both conversion towards high and low frequencies.The involved mixing principle exploits the spectral characteristics of a sampled signal in which replicas of the original spectrum exist at different other frequencies. Basing the frequency conversion on a sampling technique gives two advantages: the photonic mixer configuration is the same for up and down conversions, and the frequency of the local oscillator can be less than the addressed frequency range.The implementation of such a sampling technique needs an optically-controlled high-frequency optical switch. As shown in this work, a SOA-MZI can play this role. Depending on the relative phase between its arms, an interferometric structure (MZI) can transmit or cancel an optical input signal. By locating one SOA in each arm of the MZI structure, the cross-phase modulation that exists inside an SOA is exploited to optically control the optical switch state of the MZI.Controlled by an optical pulse source, this optical switch is able to sample an optical input signal carrying complexmodulated data. Frequency conversions of mono and multi-carrier signals in the range 0.5-39.5 GHz have been successfully achieved. By using a differential configuration of the SOA-MZI, both up and down conversions at bitrates up to 1 Gb/s are reached.

We have harnessed the power of programmable photonics devices for an interferometric measurement technique. Laser interferometers are widely used for flow velocity measurements, since they offer high temporal and spatial resolutions. However, often optical wavefront distortions deteriorate the measurement properties. In principle, adaptive optics enables the correction of these disturbances. One challenge is to generate a suitable reference signal for the closed loop operation of the adaptive optics. An adaptive Mach Zehnder interferometer is presented to measure through a dynamic liquid-gas phase boundary, which can lead to a misalignment of the interfering laser beams. In order to generate the reference signal for the closed loop control, the Fresnel reflex of the phase boundary is used as Laser Guide Star (LGS) for the first time to the best of the authors’ knowledge. The concept is related to the generation of artificial stars in astronomy, where the light transmitted by the atmosphere is evaluated. However, the adaptive interferometric flow velocity measurements at real world experiments require a different concept, since only the reflected light can be evaluated. The used LGS allows to measure the wavefront distortions induced by the dynamic phase boundary. Two biaxial electromagnetically driven steering mirrors are employed to correct the wavefront distortions. This opens up the possibility for accurate flow measurements through a dynamic phase boundary using only one optical access. Our work represents a paradigm shift in interferometric velocity measurement techniques from using static to dynamic optical elements.

Neste trabalho foram produzidos Interferômetros Mach-Zehnder (IMZ) a partir de guias de onda do tipo pedestal com filmes finos de Bi₂O₃-WO₃-TeO₂ (BWT) como camada de núcleo para aplicações em sensores ópticos integrados. A influência dos parâmetros e dos materiais utilizados nas etapas de processo foi verificada. Os valores de índice de refração efetivo e coeficiente de absorção em função do comprimento de onda foram obtidos para os filmes finos BWT. Os guias de onda pedestais foram caracterizados por Microscopia Eletrônica de Varredura, medidas de perda por propagação e perfis de campo próximo em 633 nm e 1050 nm. Os valores mínimos obtidos nas perdas por propagação foram de ~1,5 dB/cm em 633 nm e 3,0 dB/cm em 1050 nm. As medidas de perfis de campo próximo mostraram que guias de onda com larguras superiores a 7 m apresentaram comportamento multimodo. Foram obtidos IMZs que apresentaram guiamento de luz por toda a estrutura, com comportamento multimodo. Sensores ópticos de pressão e temperatura foram produzidos. A fabricação de diafragmas através do processo de corrosão úmida do silício é apresentada no sensor de pressão. Sensores ópticos de temperatura foram produzidos com filamentos metálicos. As cavidades ópticas não foram obtidas nesse sensor. A potência de luz na saída dos sensores de temperatura foi medida em função da diferença de potencial aplicada no filamento metálico. Os resultados apresentados mostram que guias de onda do tipo pedestal produzidos com núcleo de BWT são promissores para aplicações em sensores ópticos integrados. / In this work Mach-Zehnder Interferometers (MZI) were produced from the pedestal-type waveguides with Bi₂O₃-WO₃-TeO₂ (BWT) thin films as the core layer for applications in integrated optical sensors. The influence of the parameters and materials used in the process steps was verified. The values of the effective refractive index and absorption coefficient as a function of wavelength were obtained for the BWT thin films. The pedestal waveguides were characterized by Scanning Electron Microscopy, by propagation loss measurements and near-field profiles at 633 nm and 1050 nm. The minimum values obtained by propagation losses were ~ 1.5 dB/cm at 633 nm and 3.0 dB/cm at 1050 nm. The measures of near-field profiles showed that waveguides with widths larger than 7 m presented multimode behavior. The MZIs obtained presented guiding light through the structure, with multimode behavior. Optical pressure sensors and temperature sensors were produced. The production of diaphragms using the wet etching process of silicon is presented on the pressure sensor. Optical temperature sensors were made with metallic filaments. Optical cavities were not obtained in this sensor. The light power in the output of the temperature sensors was measured as the voltage applied to the metal filament. The results show that the waveguides produced with pedestal-type and BWT thin films as core layer are promising for applications in integrated optical sensors.

Este trabalho tem como objetivo o desenvolvimento de sensores químicos ópticos baseados no Interferômetro Mach-Zehnder (MZI) para aplicações em análises químicas e ambientais. Tais dispositivos foram implementados a partir da fabricação de guias de ondas sobre um substrato de silício monocristalino. Os guias de onda foram obtidos através da deposição de filmes finos de nitreto de silício (Si3N4) e óxido de silício (SiO2) obtidos por técnicas de deposição química a vapor (CVD) e pela oxidação térmica do substrato de silício. A definição destes guias de ondas para a implementação de sensores é feita por processos convencionais de litografia e corrosão. Os sensores químicos deste trabalho baseiam-se na interação do campo evanescente do modo que propaga-se no guia de onda exposto a algum composto químico na fase líquida ou gasosa. Tais sensores foram projetados, simulados e implementados para as seguintes aplicações: Medida da concentração de glicose em soluções; Medida de umidade por efeito de espalhamento; Detecção de vapores de compostos orgânicos voláteis (VOC\'s). As etapas de processo para a fabricação dos sensores químicos ópticos foram definidas a partir das simulações em óptica integrada e, após os processos de fabricação, os filmes obtidos foram caracterizados. Os filmes de Si3N4 SiO2 utilizados na fabricação do sensor óptico possuem uniformidade em espessura e homogeneidade quanto aos valores de índice de refração, baixa rugosidade superficial e baixos níveis de incorporação de água e ligações OH. No entanto, os valores de rugosidade e desuniformidade aumentaram significativamente após as etapas de corrosão úmida para a definição das estruturas dos sensores ópticos. Os guias de ondas implementados apresentaram um guiamento monomodo (TE0) e os valores de atenuação experimentais ficaram entre 2 e 20 dB/cm e dependem dos valores de rugosidade superficial e lateral dos guias de ondas e da desuniformidade dos filmes empregados. Com as medidas de concentração de glicose, verificou-se o funcionamento e a sensibilidade dos sensores químicos ópticos implementados, levantando-se curvas de variação da intensidade de saída do MZI em função do índice de refração de soluções de glicose padronizadas (dn/dc). Realizou-se medidas de umidade através da implementação de um sensor óptico simplificado que tem como princípio o efeito de espalhamento óptico. Como o espalhamento óptico depende da rugosidade e do contraste de índices de refração na interface exposta ao ambiente, foi possível detectar a quantidade de água presente no dispositivo. Posteriormente, analisou-se a aplicação de HMDS (Hexametildissilazana) como filme de adsorção de compostos orgânicos voláteis (VOC\'s). Os VOC\'s foram aplicados sobre os sensores químicos ópticos em forma de vapor e os resultados obtidos para n-Hexano e 2-Propanol mostraram uma boa reprodutibilidade e alta sensibilidade. / The aim of this work is the development of optical chemical sensors based on Mach-Zehnder Interferometer (MZI) for chemical and environmental analysis applications. Such devices were implemented with waveguides fabricated on a silicon substrate. The waveguides were obtained using silicon nitride (Si3N4) and silicon oxide (SiO2) films obtained by CVD (Chemical Vapor Deposition) and thermal oxidation of the silicon substrate. The waveguides and the optical sensors were fabricated using conventional lithograph and etching processes. The developed chemical sensors are based on the evanescent field interaction in a waveguide exposed to a liquid or gaseous phase of a chemical compound. Such optical sensor were designed, simulated and implemented for the following applications: Glucose concentration; Humidity measurement by scattering effect; Volatile organic compounds (VOC\'s) vapors detection. The process steps for the optical chemical sensor fabrication were defined during the integrated optical simulations and the films were characterized after the fabrication process steps. The Si3N4 and SiO2 films used in the optical sensor fabrication are uniform and homogenous (thickness and refractive index), with low surface roughness and low levels of water incorporation and OH bonds. However, the roughness values increased significantly after the etching process for the optical sensor structures definition. The implemented waveguides were singlemoded (TE0), with experimental attenuation values between 2 and 20 dB/cm, depending on the surface and sidewall roughness of the waveguide and of the films uniformity. The operation principle and the sensitivity of the optical chemical sensor were verified by glucose concentration measurements, by measuring the MZI output variation intensity as a function of the refractive index of the glucose standard solutions (dn/dc). As the light scattering depends of the roughness and the of refractive index difference between the exposed interface and the atmosphere, it\'s possible to measure the humidity or the amount of water in the interaction window. Afterwards, the detection of volatile organic compounds (VOC\'s) was done using a HMDS (Hexamethyldissilazane) layer to adsorb the VOC\'s. The VOC\'s vapor was applied on the optical chemical sensors and the results obtained for n-Hexane and 2-Propanol showed a good reproducibility and high sensitivity.

Multimode devices play an increasingly important role in both communication and sensing systems. Mode division multiplexing (MDM) in multimode fiber (MMF) is becoming a promising method to further increase the capacity of optical transmission link with a controllable mode coupler. Similarly, optic sensors based on core-cladding-mode interference can be widely used in measurement of refractive index (RI), temperature and strain. Fiber Bragg gratings (FBGs) in single mode operation have been extensively studied as in-line optical components for both communication and sensing applications. In recent years, research has been extended to FBGs in few-mode operation as mode couplers in MDM applications. Experimentally, mode conversion from fundamental linear polarization (LP) mode LP01 to higher order LP11 mode in two-mode FBG (TMFBG) has been observed. Index asymmetry and electric field distortion induced by ultraviolet (UV) side illumination in fabrication of FBG make the two modes no longer orthogonal. However, its spectrum analysis mainly depends on experimental data and software simulation using the complex finite element method (FEM). Here a simpler theoretical model based on coupled mode theory (CMT) and Runge-Kutta method (RKM) is proposed. An analytical expression of the mode coupling coefficient is derived and the modeling results match very well with experimental data. Abrupt fiber tapers allow power transfer between core and cladding modes and show promise as RI sensing components when two abrupt tapers are cascaded into an in-line Mach-Zehnder interferometer (MZI). The main advantage of the MZI taper sensor is its low manufacturing cost. However, the optical spectrum analyzer (OSA) used as the receiver and demodulation device in the conventional setup is still expensive. Three simplified schemes of fiber taper MZI RI sensor systems are designed and demonstrated experimentally. The transmitter and the demodulation devices for the three schemes are a single wavelength laser and a photodetector (PD), two modulated lasers and a PD together with data acquisition and processing module, and a broadband source (BBS) and a PD together with matched MZI, respectively. In all those implementations OSA is not required, which significantly lowers the cost and leads to easy integration. Although extra modulation/demodulation devices are required, the second implementation has the best performance. Automatic operation is realized by LabVIEW programming. High sensitivity (2371 mV/RI unit (RIU)) and high stability are achieved experimentally. Those new schemes have great potential to be applied to other interferometric optic sensor systems. / Thesis (Master, Electrical & Computer Engineering) -- Queen's University, 2014-05-09 11:44:44.837

The main objective of this research is to fabricate and characterize an optically integrated interferometric sensor on standard silicon and silicon CMOS circuitry. An optical sensor system of this nature would provide the high sensitivity and immunity to electromagnetic interference found in interferometric based sensors in a lightweight, compact package capable of being deployed in a multitude of situations inappropriate for standard sensor configurations. There are several challenges involved in implementing this system. These include the development of a suitable optical emitter for the sensor system, the interface between the various optically embedded components, and the compatibility of the Si CMOS with heterogeneous integration techniques. The research reported outlines a process for integrating an integrated sensor on Si CMOS circuitry using CMOS compatible materials, integration techniques, and emitter components.

Neste trabalho apresentamos uma investigação sobre o ensino de física quântica na formação inicial de professores. Essa pesquisa foi desenvolvida junto a uma disciplina da sétima etapa do curso de Licenciatura em Física da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, durante o segundo semestre de 2007, através de uma atividade de ensino centrada na exploração de um software que simula o interferômetro de Mach-Zehnder. Inspirados nos trabalhos de Müller e Wiesner (2002) e Pessoa Jr. (2005), utilizamos o conceito de dualidade onda-partícula como o eixo central das discussões em sala de aula. O objetivo desse estudo consiste em analisar as tensões nos enunciados de estudantes, à luz do referencial sociocultural, e avaliar em que medida os enunciados dos estudantes se articulam à internalização de conceitos de física quântica no uso de instrumentos semióticos. Os resultados mostraram que as ações mediadas pelo uso do interferômetro virtual de Mach-Zehnder, como ferramenta cultural, auxiliaram os processos de compreensão, por parte dos alunos, viabilizando a negociação de significados em sala de aula que são aceitos e compartilhados pela comunidade científica. / In this paper, we present a research of quantum physics teaching in the context of a teachers preparation course. This investigation has been developed in a seventh level discipline of a Bachelor Degree Course in Physics Education, in the Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, during the second semester of 2006, through a didatical activity based on the use of a computer program that simulate the Mach-Zehnder interferometer. Ispired by Müller and Wiesner (2002) and Pessoa Jr. (2005), we used the concept of wave-particle duality as the central espect of discussions in the classroom. The aim of the present study was to analyze the student’s utterences, in the light of sociocultural theories, and to investigate how the speech of the studants articulates it self to the internalization of quantum physics concepts, in the use of semiotics instruments. The results showed that the actions mediated by the use of virtual Mach-Zehnder interferometer, as a cultural tool, supported the comprehendig process in studants, feasing the negotiation of meanings that are accepted and shared in scientific community.