Ce travail de recherche présente la modélisation du comportement mécanique des matériaux granulaires cohésifs par une approche multi-échelle en combinant la méthode des éléments finis (FEM) et la méthode des éléments discrets (DEM). A l'échelle microscopique, la DEM est utilisé pour modéliser un assemblage granulaire alors qu'à l'échelle macroscopique, la solution numérique est obtenue par la FEM. Afin de faire un pont entre l'échelle micro et macroscopique, un Volume Elementaire Représentative (VER) est considéré dans lequel la contrainte suite à une déformation imposée résulte d'un calcul numérique de type DEM. Par cette manière, la loi numérique constitutive est déterminé par la modélisation de la microstructure, et par conséquent prenant en compte les natures des matériaux granulaires. Après avoir achevé à construire la loi numérique, on propose d'étudier les propriétés de cette loi incrémentale en terme des enveloppes de réponse Gudehus, et des analyses en bande de cisaillement. Cet étude nous permet d'avoir une vision générale sur cette nouvelle loi. Dans cette contribution numérique multi-échelle, en implémentant la loi numérique DEM dans un code de calcul par éléments finis, un outil numérique est obtenu et utilisé à simuler des essais menés au laboratoire. Des résultats obtenus produisant la localisation de la déformation en bandes de cisaillement seront analysés et discutés. / This thesis presents a multi-scale modeling approach of cohesive granuar materials in combining the Finite Element Method (FEM) and the Discrete Element Method (DEM). At microscopic level, a DEM is used to model dense grains packing. At the macroscopic level, the numerical solution is obtained by a FEM. In order to bridge the micro and macro scales, the concept of Representative Elementary Volume (REV) is applied, in which the average REV stress and the consistent tangent operators are obtained in each macroscopic integration point as the results of DEM's simulation. In this way, the numerical constitutive law is determined through the detailed modeling of the microstructure, therefore taking into account the nature of granular materials. After completing the building of numerical law, we aim to investigate the properties of this incremental law in terms of the response envelopes Gudehus and the shear band analysis. This study allows us to better understand this new constitutive law. On the side of multi-scale numerical contribution, the numerical law DEM is implemented in a finite elements code. The numerical tool obtained is used to simulate a series of biaxial test in plane strain condition and the hollow cylinder test in laboratory. Macroscopic strain localization is observed and discussed.

Discussão sobre a recuperação da condição central da colina onde se iniciou a cidade de São Paulo, através de sua atualização e potencialização pela arquitetura e desenho urbano. A atualização do Centro velho paulistano passa pela consideração de várias escalas, entre as quais a que decorre da nova dimensão da aglomeração humana de São Paulo (a macro-metrópole paulista), a escala do vale do rio Tamanduateí e a escala local. A desobrigação de o Centro velho paulistano manter todas as funções centrais metropolitanas, expandindo-as a partir da consideração da macro-metrópole, permitiu retomar o Centro Tradicional em suas funções essenciais. Defende-se a recuperação dessas funções centrais mitigadas no decorrer do século XX no Centro velho, a saber, sede do poder político municipal, estadual e da universidade, além de habitação e espaços dedicados à religião. O Centro velho é visto como o Centro da Polis paulistana, comparável ao que era o Forum para a cidade romana. É apresentado um processo de projeto que investiga a forma que o Centro atualizado pode ter e o resultado é visto como intermediário. As diretrizes que se obtém do processo prospectivo e a busca em si são vistas como contribuições para um projeto que é necessariamente coletivo. / The present thesis is a discussion on the recovery of a central condition of the hill where the city of São Paulo was founded, by updating it and involving it through architecture and urban design. Updating the old paulistano Center requires the appreciation of several scales, one of them being the one that considers the new dimension of human agglomeration in São Paulo (the paulista macro-metropolis), the scale of the Tamanduateí river valley and the local scale. Once the maintenance of all metropolitan central functions in the old Center of São Paulo is not necessary anymore, as these functions are already spread to other areas of the macro-metropolis, this enables the Traditional Center to recover its essential functions. We advocate the recovery of these central functions - the seat of state and of the city political power, the university, in addition to housing and places dedicated to religion - which have mitigated throughout the XXth century in the old Center. The old Center is considered the Center of São Paulo Polis, similar to what the Forum had been for the Roman city. This work comprises a designing process that investigates the form that the refurbished Center could have and the result of this process is still intermediate. The route obtained with the designing process and the search itself are seen as contributions for a project that is, necessarily, a collective work.

A dissertação, seguindo a linha da evolução construtiva, analisa o desenvolvimento arquitetônico, tanto do ponto de vista estético quanto histórico, do Complexo Hospitalar do Juquery desde a administração do Dr. Franco da Rocha até os dias de hoje. A finalidade é realizar uma leitura desse espaço em vista de possíveis modificações por influências e dinâmicas sócio-urbanas dentro do contexto da Macro-metrópole paulistana, preparando-o, por meio de novos usos como, por exemplo, projetos sociais - para sua reinvenção como pólo indutor da transformação das cidades no Vale do Rio Juqueri. / This dissertation analyses the architectonical development of Juquery Hospitalar Complex, since the administration of Dr. Franco da Rocha until nowadays. The aim of this analysis is provide a provide a structure through which can be thought the possible modifications the Complex can suffer because the socio-urban dynamics, making it able to receive new uses and keeping it as POLO INDUTOR of the cities in the Rio Juquery Valley.

Neste trabalho foram estudados dois mecanismos de regulação de esquistossomíase: a nível de hospedeiro intermediário (Modelo de May) e a nível de hospedeiro definitivo (Modelo de Imunidade Concomitante por período de incubação). Estudou-se como ambos os modelos comportam se quando da introdução de um modelo de regulação para a população do hospedeiro intermediário. Verificou-se que o modelo de regulação por imunidade concomitante é muito mais robusto, pois além de ajustar melhor a curva de prevalência fornece uma região de estabilidade para os parâmetros epidemiológicos muito maior. / In this work two mechanisms for the regulation of the schistosomiasis were studied. In one model the regulation takes place at the intermediate host (May Model) and in the other model the regulation takes place at the definitive host (concomitant Immunity) . In both models the regulation of the intermediate host population was also included. It was found that regulation in the definitive host is much more robust than the regulation on the intermediate host allowing for a much greater range of the epidemiological parameters. Also the model of regulation on the definitive host allows for a very good fit of the prevalence curve.

En tant qu'étape importante vers une société intelligente, hormis la communication d'humain à humain (H2H), les réseaux sans fil de l'avenir devraient prendre en charge la communication machine-à-machine (également connue sous le nom de MTC). Ce dernier est un nouveau paradigme de communication dans lequel les terminaux peuvent parler les uns avec les autres sans ou avec peu d'intervention humaine. Avec la prolifération rapide des applications M2M, un grand nombre de terminaux seront déployés dans de nombreux types d'applications telles que le comptage intelligent, l'automatisation de l'industrie, la télésanté, etc.Cependant, les réseaux sans fil actuels ne sont toujours pas prêts pour écouler correctement le trafic des MTC. La raison en est double. Tout d'abord, l'évolution du réseau sans fil vise à augmenter le débit et à réduire le délai. Deuxièmement, les caractéristiques spéciales des MTC, telles qu'un nombre très élevé de terminaux déployés, une petite charge utile mais une transmission fréquente, un emplacement souvent d'installation défavorable, etc., font que les exigences de H2H ne sont pas partagés par la plupart des cas d'utilisation M2M.À partir de l'état de l'art, nous distinguons deux orientations de recherche possibles pour gérer efficacement le trafic M2M: Low Power Wide Area Network (LPWAN) et adaptation des réseaux cellulaires existants. Pour les deux pistes, les mécanismes d'accès radio, utilisés dans le réseau d'accès radio (RAN) sont d'une importance vitale pour assurer le succès de MTC. De ce point de vue, le mécanisme d'accès radio est le principal objectif de nos études. Dans cette thèse, nous présentons les contributions couvrant les aspects susmentionnés.Les contributions de cette thèse sont résumées dans les points suivants:Nous faisons état de l'art sur les études liées à l'efficacité énergétique des MTC de la littérature. La contribution principale de cette enquête est de passer en revue, classifier les travaux de recherche existants dans différentes catégories, et de comparer les avantages et les inconvénients entre les catégories. Nous parlons également des progrès de l'approche basée sur les LPWAN.Nous étudions l'impact de la diversité du niveau de puissance d'émission et du contrôle de puissance imparfait sur les systèmes LPWAN en slotted-ALOHA. Quelques directives de conception perspicaces sont obtenues en manipulant le modèle analytique établi.Nous étudions les performances du système LPWAN avec la diversité de la réception macro. En utilisant la géométrie stochastique, nous établissons des formules simples de forme fermée pour le taux de perte de paquets et le débit spatial. Ces formules sont très utiles pour analyser les réseaux LPWAN (en particulier dans les zones urbaines) et pour quantifier le gain de capacité du système. En rassemblant plusieurs résultats disponibles sur l'analyse de l'ALOHA pure, nous obtenons finalement un cadre de synthèse pour étudier le RAN de LPWAN.En termes d'adaptations au RAN des réseaux LTE, nous analysons d'abord le mécanisme d'accès aléatoire conventionnel dans LTE et identifions les inefficacités existantes. Nous proposons ensuite un service d'interrogation multipériodique pour les cas d'utilisation M2M périodiques. Le service proposé est comparé au mécanisme d'accès aléatoire conventionnel en LTE dans un modèle fluide. Les résultats numériques montrent que le service proposé réduit considérablement la consommation des ressources système telles que l'identificateur temporaire de réseau radio (RNTI), le bloc de ressources (RB) et a une efficacité énergétique supérieure en raison de l'évitement de la procédure d'accès aléatoire et des messages de signalisation associés. / As a key step toward a smart society, apart from the Human-to-Human (H2H) communication, the future wireless networks, are expected to accommodate Machine-to-Machine Communication (also known as Machine Type Communication (MTC)). The latter is a new communication paradigm in which the devices can talk with each other without or with little human intervention. With the rapid proliferation of M2M applications, a huge number of devices will be deployed in many types of use cases such as smart metering, industry automation, e-health, etc. However, the current wireless networks are still not ready to hold traffic from MTC. The reason is twofold. First, the evolution of the wireless network seeks for higher throughput and lower latency. Second, the special features that MTC exhibits, such as huge number of deployed devices, small payload but frequent transmission, adverse installation location, etc., lead to that the requirements by H2H are no longer required by most of M2M use cases.From the state-of-the-art work, we find that two possible research orientations to efficiently handle M2M traffic: Low Power Wide Area Network (LPWAN) and adaption of the existing cellular networks. For both of them, the radio access mechanisms, used in Radio Access Network (RAN), is vitally important to make MTC a promising technology. From this view, radio access mechanism is the main focus of our studies. In this thesis, we present the contributions covering the aforementioned aspects: performance evaluation of ALOHA-based LPWAN networks, and a polling service that is an extension to RAN of LTE networks for periodic M2M traffic.The contributions of this thesis are summarized on the following axis: We make a survey about the energy efficiency related studies in the literatures. The main contribution in this survey is to review, classify the existing research works into different categories, and compare the pros and cons between categories. We also review the advances of the LPWAN related study. We study the impact of transmit power level diversity and imperfect power control to the slotted ALOHA based LPWAN systems. Some insightful design guidelines are obtained by manipulating the established analytical model. We study the performance of LPWAN system with macro reception diversity. By stochastic geometry, we get simple closed-form formulas for the packet loss rate and spatial throughput, which were unknown before. These formulas are very useful to analyze LPWAN networks (especially in urban areas) and to quantify the system capacity gain. By gathering several available results about the analysis of non slotted ALOHA, we finally get a synthesis framework to study the RAN of LPWAN. In terms of adaptations to RAN of LTE networks, we first analyze the conventional random access mechanism in LTE and identify the existing inefficiencies. We then propose a multiple period polling service for periodic M2M use cases. The proposed service is compared with conventional random access mechanism in LTE in a fluid model. The numerical results show that the proposed service dramatically reduces the consumption of system resources such as Radio Network Temporary Identifier (RNTI), Resource Block (RB) and has a higher energy efficiency due to the avoidance of random access procedure and related signaling messages.

[pt] Este trabalho apresenta uma ferramenta de suporte à programação literária. Para seu desenvolvimento foi criado um framework de prestação dos serviços básicos requeridos por este tipo de ferramenta. Desenvolvido segundo uma arquitetura que o tornou flexível, via uma linguagem de extensão para definição de macros; eficiente, via um núcleo em C++ otimizado para realizar as operações a nível de caracter; e portável, graças a uma implementação em C/C++ padrão, o framework se mostrou adequado aos objetivos propostos. O desenvolvimento sobre este framework validou as soluções adotadas, resultando em uma ferramenta de ótimo desempenho. / [en] This thesis presents a support tool for literate programming.Its development was preceded by a research of the basic facilites usually required for programs of this class. After that, a framework has been developed to offer those facilites. The framework was developed in standard C++, in such away that would guarantee its portability. Its effciency is due to an optimzed kernel which performs all character-level operations, and a well defined application program interface(API)assures its fexibility.On top of this framework an access layer has been created using a confi- guration language. This layer allows that, through small programs written in the configuration language, a user can adapt the tool for diferent literate programming styles like modular or WWW-enabled documentation.

[pt] Sistemas de celulares de múltiplas camadas (hierarquizados) são úteis para acomodar densidade alta de tráfego mantendo a qualidade de serviço. Estes sistemas procuram agregar as vantagens dos sistemas micro e macrocelulares que são respectivamente: o aumento da capacidade do sistema e a carga de sinalização da rede. Neste trabalho são analisados aspectos de projeto e desempenho de estruturas hierarquizadas como: compartilhamento do espectro entre as camadas de micro- células e macro-células bem como o desempenho de diferentes estratégias de handoff entre essas camadas. Um outro objetivo do trabalho foi o desenvolvimento de uma ferramenta simples de simulação capaz de testar as diversas estratégias de handoff e o desempenho do sistema para diferentes soluções para a distribuição dos recursos de rádio entre camadas. / [en] Multilayer cell systems are useful to accommodate high traffic densities while still satisfying the QoS requirements. These systems combine the advantages of microcellular and macrocellular systems which are: the increase of system capacity and the reduction of the number of handoffs, hence decreasing the signaling load. This work address design aspects such as spectrum sharing between the macrocell and microcell layers and the performance of different handoff strategies considering both layers. Another goal of this work was the development of a simple, but realistic, simulation tool which will allow obtaining the radio resources management results here presented.

Alphavirus et virus de l'hépatite E, appartiennent à l'alpha-like supergroupe de virus à ARN simple brin positif. Dans cette thèse, la caractérisation fonctionnelle de l'ARNm plafonnement enzyme et le domaine macro sont abordées, afin d'élucider leur rôle dans la réplication virale et de les évaluer en tant que cibles antivirales possibles.Les alphavirus possèdent un mécanisme unique de coiffe de l'ARNm viral impliquant la protéine non structurale nsP1. Nous présentons ici la caractérisation biochimique de nsP1d'alphavirus et son potentiel comme cible antivirale. Pour cela, différents tests enzymatiques ont été développés afin de mieux comprendre et de découpler les différentes étapes de la réaction catalysée par nsP1. Nous avons pu montrer pour la première fois chez les alphaviurs le guanylyltransfert de m7GMP sur l'extrémité 5'-diphosphate d'un ARN. Les techniques développées mises au point ont été mises à profit pour élucider le mode d'action d'une nouvelle classe d'antiviraux d'alphavirus.Le Macro domaine est un domaine protéique ancien et conservé et largement distribué dans tout le règne vivant. Nous déclarons que le domaine Macro de virus de l'hépatite E sert une protéine hydrolase ADP-ribose pour inverser la protéine ADP-ribosylation. L'abolition de l'activité diminue considérablement la réplication d'un réplicon sub-génomique du VHE. L'activité est également présente dans les macro domaines du SRAS-CoV et VEEV. Nos résultats montrent que les macro domaines viraux servent ADP-ribose protéine hydrolase et jouent un rôle important dans la réplication virale, peut-être grâce à la modulation de la réponse antivirale de l'hôte. / Alphavirus and Hepatitis E virus, belong to alpha-like supergroup of positive single stranded RNA viruses. In this thesis, the functional characterization of mRNA capping enzyme and Macro domain are addressed, in order to elucidate their role in the viral replication and to evaluate them as possible antiviral targets. Part I: Alphaviruses are known to possess a unique viral mRNA capping mechanism involving the viral non-structural protein nsP1. Here we report the biochemical characterization and antiviral investigation of alphavirus nsP1. Different enzymatic assays were developed to further understand and uncouple the different reaction steps catalyzed by nsP1. The final guanylyltransfer of m7GMP onto a 5'-diphosphate RNA oligonucleotide was observed for the first time in vitro with an alphavirus nsP1. Taking advantage of the developed techniques, the mode of action of a novel class of alphavirus antivirals, [1,2,3]triazolo[4,5-d]pyrimidin-7(6H)-ones, was deciphered. Part II: Macro domain is an ancient and highly evolutionarily conserved protein domain widely distributed throughout all kingdoms of life. Here, we report that the Macro domain from hepatitis E virus serves as an ADP-ribose protein hydrolase to reverse protein ADP-ribosylation. Abbrogation of this activity dramatically decreases replication of a HEV sub-genomic replicon. This activity is also present in Macro domains from SARS-CoV and VEEV virus. Collectively, our results show that viral Macro domains serve as ADP-ribose protein hydrolase and play important roles in viral replication, possibly through modulating the antiviral host response.

El proyecto consiste en el estudio de prefactibilidad para la implementación de una planta industrial que produce monofilamento sintético estructural para concreto, producto usado para ser mezclado con el concreto y darle mayor resistencia a la flexión a la estructura y demás ventajas. El proyecto tendrá un periodo de análisis de 5 años. / The project consists of a pre-feasibility study for the implementation of an industrial plant that produces structural synthetic monofilament. The product is mixed with concrete to improve its flexural / Trabajo de investigación

Esta dissertação de mestrado tem como objeto de pesquisa a população indígena Rikbaktsa, ou Canoeiros, como são conhecidos na região. Localizados no sudoeste amazônico, a noroeste do estado de Mato Grosso (Bacia do Juruena), têm um contingente populacional de aproximadamente 1200 habitantes. São filiados ao tronco lingüístico Macro-Jê e dividem-se em metades exogâmicas agnáticas organizadas em clãs patrilineares. O estudo em questão constitui-se de uma ampla pesquisa bibliográfica, revisão e sistematização dos dados Rikbaktsa, procurando colocar em diálogo os textos e materiais já produzidos sobre esta população, bem como estabelecer comparações com pesquisas realizadas sobre outras etnias Jê-Bororo. Uma ferramenta computacional (MaqPar) também contribuiu para produzir novas descrições sobre o sistema empírico de aliança Rikbaktsa. Deste modo, procurou-se debater a fundo temas relacionados à organização e morfologia social, pertencimento Rikbaktsa ao tronco lingüístico Macro-Jê e sistema de parentesco e terminologia. / This masters thesis has the Rikbaktsa indigenous society, or Canoeiros - as they are locally known - as the research object. Located on the southwest of the Amazonian range, on the north-west of the state of Mato Grosso, the Rikbaktsa people comprise a population of approximately 1200 individuals. They are filiated to the linguist trunk of Macro-Jê and are equally divided into exogamic moieties organized into fatherhood clans. This research consist of an ample bibliographic account as well as a review and systematization of available data on the Rikbaktsa people, aiming not only to expose research and materials that has been produced regarding this society but also to establish a comparative interpretation with research carried out with other Jê-Bororo ethnic groups. In addition, a computational tool (MaqPar) has contributed to the production of new descriptions about the empirical system of alliance Rikbaktsa. Thus, this research has envisaged a thorough discussion of the social organization and morphology, the Macro-Jê linguist trunk within the Rikbaktsa society and its system of kinship along with the terminology associated.