Studies of social information use have generally adopted an objectivist definition of 'information', treating it as an entity which resides in documents such as social enquiry reports and whose effect can then be measured as the corr7latio~ of inpu~ (information) with output (decision). Cons~derat1on of mag1strates' perceptions has been partial and problematic. The present study seeks to effect two major, interrelated, shifts in the study of social information use. Firstly, utilising the sociologies of knowledge and science, information is redefined as a product of the active creation of knowledge representations from data by decision makers. The creation of representations is seen to occur according to conventions of interpretation, generated as decision-makers seek to render their everyday activities coherent and meaningful, and acting as a cultural resource to assist in the accomplishment of future practices. However, information-creation is never neutral. In relating to practices it embraces the character of social relations and the assymetries of power inhering in these. A 'knowledge/power' analysis is adopted which enables 'information' to be viewed in relation to the micro-processes of organizational arenas and to social relations across time and space. Secondly,this forms the context for an empirical study of the generation and deployment of social information-as-representations in the juvenile court. Magistrates were interviewed and observation undertaken in six juvenile courts. The focus is on the decoding of social data by magistrates, both from social enquiry reports and other sources (solicitors, parents, defendants themselves). In decoding social data magistrates utilise conventions of interpretation which are dominated by a search for disciplinary control indicators. Reports are seen as malleable resources whose use is determined more by the decoding context into which they are sent than by their intrinsic properties. Control indicators are manufactured from social data to render the business of tariff sentencing possible and meaningful; the deployment of social information is a fulcrum of the classification of offenders along the 'slippery slope' of bifurcatory sentencing. Magistrates' accounts are thus situated in relation to the practices of the court and interorganizational boundaries, and ultimately are related to 'long distance' control. The 'social enquiry' is found to be, not a narrowly mundane matter of providing 'information for the court', nor solely a locally exerted power, but a far reaching technique of power which must be situated in relation to concepts of the 'tutelary complex' and the 'carceral continuum'.

No name seems to have been associated with more systematic criticism in regard to political and social thought during the magisterial Reformation than that of the Old Testament lawgiver, Moses. Beginning early in the Reformation era, rejections of the need for Mosaic judicial laws are varied, broad, and explicit. In some cases, such as Luther’s and Melanchthon’s attacks on Andreas Karlstadt, alleged proponents of Mosaic civil law are given by name. In other cases they are anonymous. But what is less clear is whether anyone actually held the views attributed. After a review of literature of Melanchthon, Jacob Strauss, Karlstadt, Zwingli, Thomas Müntzer, the peasants of the Peasant War (1524–5), Luther, the Anabaptists of Münster, Calvin, and others, it is confirmed that none of the implicated writers between key dates of 1520 and 1536 actually held the view of exclusive Mosaic Law attributed, particularly by Calvin. Other motivations must have been involved in the accusations. An analysis of literature from Luther and Calvin as well as the historical background of the period makes it clear that social, political, and economic pressures influenced the magisterial reformers in regard to crucial theological expressions in which they strongly rejected the need for Mosaic civil law in society. The reformers in question restrained or altered their expressions according to the pressures of external circumstances - most importantly war and rebellion spurred by so-called “radical” reformers. As alleged theological positions were weaved with reports and denunciations of violence, Mosaic Law emerged as an allegedly dangerous ideological force, the accusation of which could marginalize opponents. In this crucible of history, in which the long shadows of rebellion and war were cast over Mosaic Law during the mid-1520s and mid-1530s, we find both Luther and Calvin (among others) writing their most vehement denunciations of Mosaic Law. Particularly, we find young Calvin, exiled, sitting down to write his denunciation of “some” who rejected the validity of a commonwealth unless it relied exclusively upon Mosaic civil polity. Luther, Calvin, and others thus warned against applying Moses in the civil realm and linked his laws with sedition and rebellion (even though the association was not accurate in any given case) mainly for their own utilitarian causes. Both Calvin and Luther subsequently employ the doctrine of two kingdoms in distancing themselves and their movements from the need for Mosaic laws in the civil realm, as well as to impede opponents who would use civil power to enforce reforms contrary to them, and yet both act inconsistently when enforcement of the first table of the Decalogue would favor their own reforms. As well, both go on to advance and approve of non-biblical civil laws more invasive and extensive than Mosaic polity would have allowed - including the execution of Anabaptists - all the while denouncing alleged proponents of Moses as dangerous, seditious, barbaric, murderous, and bloodthirsty. / Thesis (PhD)--University of Pretoria, 2012. / Dogmatics and Christian Ethics / unrestricted

El presente trabajo de investigación tiene como objeto de estudio a la Derrama Magisterial, como una organización de seguridad social, previsional de tipo mutual y complementaria a los regímenes de pensiones existentes, que reúne a todos los maestros que laboran para el Estado. Los objetivos planteados fueron: i) Determinar si los controles de gobierno corporativo en la Derrama Magisterial son eficientes o se requieren cambios para minimizar los problemas de agencia, ii) Evaluar la intervención de los sindicatos en la elección y desempeño de integrantes del directorio de la Derrama Magisterial y determinar si es un eficiente mecanismo de control y iii) Desarrollar mecanismos de control para reducir los problemas de agencia. Se ha utilizado a la Teoría de Agencia, para la descripción de las características institucionales desde la creación de la Derrama Magisterial en el año 1966 con la promulgación del Decreto Supremo Nro. 078- ED hasta la actualidad. Se ha dividido el estudio de la institución en dos etapas, determinadas por la vigencia de la Resolución Suprema Nro. 860-ED que rigió a la Derrama Magisterial durante el periodo comprendido entre el año 1970 a 1988 y el Decreto Supremo Nro. 021-88-ED, cuya vigencia se inicia en el año 1988 a la fecha. Esto ha permitido identificar los problemas de agencia durante el desarrollo institucional. Identificados los problemas de agencia existentes en la Derrama Magisterial, se procedió a evaluar la aplicación de las normas de Gobierno Corporativo como una solución a los problemas encontrados. Con la finalidad de mejorar el rendimiento de la institución, se plantean algunas recomendaciones para el fortalecimiento del directorio, control de las gerencias e incrementar la información proporcionada a los docentes. Para el fortalecimiento del directorio se propone la incorporación del director independiente, delimitación de funciones del presidente y secretario, entre otras recomendaciones. / This investigation topic has as objective the study of the Derrama Magisterial as an organization of social security, provisional of mutual type and complementary to the existent retirement regimens, that contents all the school teachers that work for the Peruvian State. The proposed objectives were; i) To determine if the Government corporative controls in the Derrama Magisterial are efficient or need to implement changes to minimize some agency problems, ii)To evaluate the Unions intervention in the elections and performance of the Derrama Magisterial members of the Board of Directors and determine if it is an efficient mechanism of control, and iii) To develop mechanisms of control to reduce the agency problem. The Agency Theory had been used for the description of the organizational characteristics since the creation of the Derrama Magisterial in 1966 with the approval of the Supreme Decreed number. 078- ED until now. The study of the institution was divided into two phases determined by the force of the 860-ED Supreme Resolution that ruled the Derrama Magisterial during the 1970 to 1988 period and the Supreme Decreed 021-88-ED, which force starts in 1988 up to date. This has allowed to identify the agency problems during the organizational development. Once identified the Agency Problems of the Derrama Magisterial, the application of the Corporate Government norms were evaluated as a solution to the problems found. With the purpose of improving the performance of the organization, some recommendations were made for the strengthening of the board of directors, for the control of management and the increase of the information given to teachers. To strengthen the board of directors it was proposed to introduce the participation of an independent director, to define the main responsibilities of the president and secretary, between other recommendations. / Tesis

Thesis title: Magisterial powers in Ancient Rome in the period of Principate The aim of this thesis is to provide a systematic overview of the image of the Imperial administration and palace offices during the times of the Principate during the first three centuries of Common Era. Their enumeration, powers and administrative agenda are described chronologically according to their presumed and documented origin in the reigns of the respective Emperors and dynasties, together with the most significant administrative policy and reforms of individual sovereigns. The description of the Imperial cabinet is set to a basic historical context, which sheds more light on the eventual motivation and reasoning behind the creation or abolition of individual offices or the enactment of the appropriate reform since the ascension of Octavianus to the throne until the overview of fundamental changes of state administration during the reign of Diocletianus. The Imperial administration played a significant role during the principate era. Although it was not officially institutionalized until the reign of Claudius and its image and organisation was not perfected until Hadrianus during the second century CE, since the very beginning of the Principate, the imperial magistracies helped with the development of the Empire...

El presente trabajo de investigación tiene como objeto de estudio a la Derrama Magisterial, como una organización de seguridad social, previsional de tipo mutual y complementaria a los regímenes de pensiones existentes, que reúne a todos los maestros que laboran para el Estado. Los objetivos planteados fueron: i) Determinar si los controles de gobierno corporativo en la Derrama Magisterial son eficientes o se requieren cambios para minimizar los problemas de agencia, ii) Evaluar la intervención de los sindicatos en la elección y desempeño de integrantes del directorio de la Derrama Magisterial y determinar si es un eficiente mecanismo de control y iii) Desarrollar mecanismos de control para reducir los problemas de agencia. Se ha utilizado a la Teoría de Agencia, para la descripción de las características institucionales desde la creación de la Derrama Magisterial en el año 1966 con la promulgación del Decreto Supremo Nro. 078- ED hasta la actualidad. Se ha dividido el estudio de la institución en dos etapas, determinadas por la vigencia de la Resolución Suprema Nro. 860-ED que rigió a la Derrama Magisterial durante el periodo comprendido entre el año 1970 a 1988 y el Decreto Supremo Nro. 021-88-ED, cuya vigencia se inicia en el año 1988 a la fecha. Esto ha permitido identificar los problemas de agencia durante el desarrollo institucional. Identificados los problemas de agencia existentes en la Derrama Magisterial, se procedió a evaluar la aplicación de las normas de Gobierno Corporativo como una solución a los problemas encontrados. Con la finalidad de mejorar el rendimiento de la institución, se plantean algunas recomendaciones para el fortalecimiento del directorio, control de las gerencias e incrementar la información proporcionada a los docentes. Para el fortalecimiento del directorio se propone la incorporación del director independiente, delimitación de funciones del presidente y secretario, entre otras recomendaciones. / This investigation topic has as objective the study of the Derrama Magisterial as an organization of social security, provisional of mutual type and complementary to the existent retirement regimens, that contents all the school teachers that work for the Peruvian State. The proposed objectives were; i) To determine if the Government corporative controls in the Derrama Magisterial are efficient or need to implement changes to minimize some agency problems, ii)To evaluate the Unions intervention in the elections and performance of the Derrama Magisterial members of the Board of Directors and determine if it is an efficient mechanism of control, and iii) To develop mechanisms of control to reduce the agency problem. The Agency Theory had been used for the description of the organizational characteristics since the creation of the Derrama Magisterial in 1966 with the approval of the Supreme Decreed number. 078- ED until now. The study of the institution was divided into two phases determined by the force of the 860-ED Supreme Resolution that ruled the Derrama Magisterial during the 1970 to 1988 period and the Supreme Decreed 021-88-ED, which force starts in 1988 up to date. This has allowed to identify the agency problems during the organizational development. Once identified the Agency Problems of the Derrama Magisterial, the application of the Corporate Government norms were evaluated as a solution to the problems found. With the purpose of improving the performance of the organization, some recommendations were made for the strengthening of the board of directors, for the control of management and the increase of the information given to teachers. To strengthen the board of directors it was proposed to introduce the participation of an independent director, to define the main responsibilities of the president and secretary, between other recommendations.

Un regard sur l’actualité de cette Église laisse apparaître que la collaboration entre autorités magistérielles et théologiensparticipant à la tâche d’enseignement doctrinal et catéchétique de l’Église catholique romaine connaît quelques difficultés, a fortiori dans des sociétés davantage pluralistes et sécularisées. Parfois les recherches théologiques contribuent à mettre en péril la communion ecclésiale ou sa cohésion quant à la foi et à la théologie morale. L’instruction de la Curie romaine Donum veritatis du 24 mai 1990 intervient en doctrine et en procédure de régulation de l’exercice de la liberté et de la responsabilité du théologien catholique et les critères d’ecclésialités à respecter pour garantir la pleine communion. Ce sont les critères d’orthodoxie, d’orthopraxie, d’adhésion et de communion ecclésiale.La question du statut canonique du théologien est débattue et l’autorité catholique a dû préciser la doctrine et le statut du théologiencatholique. Le code de droit canonique latin de 1983 prévoit-il des dispositions pour la régulation de la mission du théologien enfonction de l’exigence de pleine communion ecclésiale ? Une thèse en droit canonique était nécessaire pour proposer un premierbilan sur la vocation du théologien catholique, sur l’institution de la théologie catholique, et sur l’état de vie canonique de théologiencatholique. Comment la canonicité accompagne-t-elle un fidèle qui, par l’acquisition de compétences reconnues, veut devenir unthéologien catholique ? Comment analyser l’idonéité du postulant ? Comment lui octroyer, puis si nécessaire lui retirer un mandatcanonique concernant cette mission d’Église ? Comment garantir la conscience et la liberté du théologien catholique ? En cas dedissentiment-désaccord, comment qualifier cette situation ? Donc, le théologien jouit des libertés reconnues par son Eglise mais dansles limites du devoir de communion dont traite le canon 209 §. 1 du Code latin de 1983 et le canon 12§. 2 du Code des Canons desÉglises Orientales. / A glance of the current events of this Church brings to light that the collaboration between magisterial authorities and theologians involved with the task of doctrinal and catechetical education of the Roman Catholic Church experiences some difficulties, especially in more diverse and secularized societies. Sometimes theological research contributes to put the endangerment of the ecclesial communion or its cohesiveness with regard to the faith and moral theology. The instruction of the Roman Curie Donum veritatis of May 24th, 1990 enters in doctrine and in the procedure of regulation of the exercise of the freedom and the responsibility of the catholic theologian and the ecclesiastic to be met to ensure full communion. They are the criteria of orthodoxy, orthopraxy, ecclesial membership and communion.The question of the canonical status of theologians is debated and the catholic authority is obliged to specify the doctrine and the status of the catholic theologian. Does the code of Latin canon law of 1983 foresee rules for the regulation of the mission of the theologian according to the requirement of full ecclesial communion? A thesis in canon law was necessary to provide an initial assessment of the vocation of the catholic theologian, the institution of catholic theology, and the status of catholic theologians under Canon law. How does canonicity assist a faithful who, by the acquisition of recognized skills, wants to become a catholic theologian? How does one evaluate the suitability of the applicant? How to grant a candidate the status of theologian under Canon law and, if necessary, withdraw such status for the good of the Church? How does one guarantee the consciousness and the freedom of the catholic theologian? In case of differences of opinion or disagreement, how does one qualify this situation? Thus, the theologian enjoys liberties recognized by his Church but within the limits of the duty of communion described in canon # 209 § 1 of the Latin Code of 1983 and canon # 12 § 2 of the Code of the Oriental Churches’ Canons.

The thesis presents three mystical writings of the Middle Ages,whose common least denominator is experience of inner mystical union accompanied by a religious experience and the experience of spiritual purgation. The thesis attempts to adopt a holistic approach,it presents relevant views of C.G.Jung s concepts of archetypes and relationships between consciousness and unconsciousness,views of other authors,quotes some documents of magisterial role of the church,it takes into account a long-term empiric observations,and presents one case study.In the conclusion some approaches towards handling so called psychospiritual crisis are suggested.

The current university organizations have assumed responsibility for the connection between the university and society and promote the process of public-private agreements, as developed between the Pontifical Catholic University of Peru (PUCP) and the National Scholarship and Educational Credit Program (PRONABEC) of the Government of Peru, in order to promote, and develop, their experience in the training of teachers of the Public School Magisterial in order to improve the teaching performance and the quality of learning in students.This article presents some guidelines developed during the execution of the President of the Republic Scholarship (2014-2015) and which in various ways explain the vocation of service and commitment to educational development, which PUCP has been carrying out since its founding as a university institution.In this regard, the University devoted resources and resources beyond what was agreed in the signed agreements, assuming the mission as a proper process of University Social Responsibility (USR) in a positive experience that far exceeded the expectations projected for the benefit of educational quality of teachers and students of the country. / Las organizaciones universitarias, como la Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú (PUCP), han asumido con responsabilidad la labor de conexión entre la universidad y la sociedad y promueven el proceso de convenios público privados, como el desarrollado con el Programa Nacional de Becas y Crédito Educativo del Perú (Pronabec), para favorecer y desarrollar su experiencia en capacitación de docentes de la Carrera Pública Magisterial con el fin de mejorar los rendimientos docentes y así contribuir a la calidad educativa de los aprendizajes.La Beca Docente Presidente de la República contribuyó en la formación personal y académica de docentes de la carrera pública magisterial peruana, quienes, a través de un concurso de mérito, accedieron a conformar una elite de profesionales que se benefició de la valiosa contribución que aportaron las universidades participantes del proyecto, en especial, la Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, que puso a disposición de los alumnos becarios de Maestría, las competencias y capacidades que exige la educación y sociedad actuales. En ese propósito, se destinaron esfuerzos y recursos más allá de lo estipulado en los Convenios marco firmados, asumiendo la misión encomendada como un proceso propio de responsabilidad social universitaria (RSU) en una positiva experiencia que superó, largamente, las expectativas proyectadas, en beneficio de la calidad educativa de amplios sectores del país. / Organizações universitários atuais, assumiram a responsabilidade pelo trabalho de ligação entre a universidade ea sociedade e promover o processo de parcerias público-privadas como desenvolvido entre a Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Peru (PUCP) com o Programa Nacional de Bolsas de Estudo e Crédito Educativo do Peru (PRONABEC) do Governo do Peru, para promover e desenvolver a sua experiência na formação de professores de Educador Pública, a fim de melhorar o desempenho educacional e qualidade do ensino da aprendizagem dos alunos.Este artigo apresenta algumas orientações desenvolvidas durante a execução do Bolsa de estudos Presidente da República (2014-2015) e de várias maneiras explicar a vocação de serviço e compromisso com o desenvolvimento educacional, a PUCP tem vindo a fazer desde a sua fundação como universidade. Nesse propósito da universidade, esforços e recursos para além do que foi acordado nos acordos assinados dedicado, assumindo a missão de si um processo de Responsabilidade Social Universitária (RSU) em uma experiência positiva que excedeu longa expectativas projetadas para o benefício da qualidade da educação de professores e alunos em todo o país.