Amorphous and polycrystalline microwires cast from ferromagnetic Fe-based or Co-based alloys in glass envelope demonstrate unique magneto-anisotropic and high frequency impedance properties that make them very attractive for sensor applications. Magnetic anisotropies of different types result from the inverse magnetostriction effect (positive or negative) at the interface between the glass shell and the metal core, in the presence of the residual stresses induced during the Taylor-Ulitovski casting method. Therefore, the glass shell is not just isolation, but also is one of most important factors that defines the physical properties of microwires. In particular, magnetic anisotropy allows high frequency impedance to be tuned by external stimuli such as magnetic field, tensile stress, or temperature. In the project, these effects are explored for the creation of low density microwire inclusions that might introduce tuneable microwave properties to polymer composite materials. The project aims to study high frequency impedance effects in ferromagnetic wires in the presence of tensile stress, temperature, and magnetic field. The integration of microwave equipment with mechanical and thermal measurement facilities is a very challenging task. In the project, we develop new experimental techniques allowing comprehensive study of composite materials with electromagnetic functionalities. The wire surface impedance recovered from such measurements can then be used to model the microwave response from wire-filled composites in free space. The obtained results significantly expand the horizon of potential applications of ferromagnetic wires for structural health monitoring.

In this thesis the magnetic properties of novel amorphous magnetic materials grown on a flexible substrate of polyethylene naphthalate and a silicon wafer have been analyzed and characterized. The analyzed films are two films of amorphous Cobalt-Iron-Zirconium(Co36Fe53Zr11 & Co37Fe55Zr8) grown on the flexible substrate and two films of amorphous (Fe89Zr11) doped with boron (B). The B is implanted in a lattice of rings with inner diameter of 10 μm and outer diameter of 20 μm and with the distance between the center of the rings of either 50 μm or 25 μm. The composition in the doped region is Fe80Zr10B10. Various magneto-optical Kerr effect(MOKE) magnetometers are used to measure hysteresis loops of the samples and a superconducting quantum interference device (SQUID) is used to find the volume magnetization of the flexible samples. To measure the anisotropy in the flexible films a series of sample holders has been developed to measure various amount of stress using the same sample in magneto-optical magnetometers. The stress induced uniaxial anisotropy is found by measuring hysteresis loops of the flexible samples while bending them with different curvatures. The induced anisotropy is related to the magnetostriction and the magnetostriction constants is estimated for the two flexible samples by assuming values for Young’s modulus and Poisson’s ratio. The estimated values for the magnetostriction constant are found to vary with the amount of Zr and to be in the correct order of magnitude for magnetic films. The implanted B rings with the short distance of 25 μm between the center showed to have some interaction between the rings. This conclusion is drawn after analyzing first order reversal curves of the samples and looking at the domains under a MOKE-microscope. At very low temperatures the (unimplanted) FeZr matrix is ferromagnetic and seem to have an anti-ferromagnetic coupling with the B rings. At room temperature the rings are still ferromagnetic and they couple to each other.

Materiais magnetostrictivos, como o TERFENOL-D (Tb0,27-0,30Dy0,73-0,70Fe2) e o GALFENOL (Fe72-82Ga18-28), são aplicados em diversos tipos de atuadores, sensores e coletores de energia. Contudo, existe a necessidade de novos materiais que sejam mais baratos, ambientalmente amigáveis e com melhores propriedades mecânicas. Por essa razão, as ligas de Fe-Al são uma alternativa, já que o alumínio é mais abundante na natureza e é sete vezes mais barato que o gálio. O objetivo desse trabalho foi estudar a influência de dois tratamentos termomecânicos nas propriedades magnéticas das ligas (Fe1-xAlx)98,4B1,6, onde x = 0,18; 0,13 e 0,21. No primeiro processamento, as ligas foram submetidas a um tratamento térmico sob compressão para introduzir uma anisotropia magnetocristalina extrínseca. Para compressões de até 180 MPa, as ligas tratadas sob tensão obtiveram valores de magnetostricção e dos coeficientes piezomagnéticos maiores que o das ligas sem tratamento. Ou seja, este processamento aumentou a sensibilidade das ligas como atuador (d33) e sensor (d33 *). No segundo processamento termomecânico, amostras com formato de chapa foram laminadas e tratadas termicamente para induzir um crescimento anormal de grãos e consequentemente uma textura. Embora não tenha ocorrido crescimento de grão anormal durante o tratamento térmico, os valores de magnetostricção foram maiores que o das amostras como fundidas. Ambos processamentos termomecânicos foram efetivos para melhorar as propriedades magnéticas e a liga (Fe0,87Al0,13)98,4B1,6 foi a que obteve os maiores valores de magnetostricção e dos coeficientes piezomagnéticos. Em outras palavras, dentre as ligas estudadas, esta composição foi mais promissora para ser aplicada em atuadores e sensores. / Magnetostrictive materials, like TERFENOL-D (Tb0.27-0.30Dy0.73-0.70Fe2) and GALFENOL (Fe72-82Ga18-28), are applied in several types of sensors, actuators and energy harvesting. Nevertheless, there is the necessity of new materials that are cheaper, environmentally friendly and with good mechanical properties. For that reason, the Fe-Al alloys are an alternative, since the aluminum is more abundant in nature and is seven times cheaper than gallium. The goal of this work is to study the influence of two thermomechanical proceeding at magnetic properties of the (Fe1- xAlx)98.4B1.6 alloys, which x = 0.18; 0.13 e 0.21. At the first proceeding, the alloys were submitted to a stress annealing to introduce an extrinsic magnetocrystalline anisotropy. Up to 180 MPa of compression stress, stress annealed alloys have magnetostriction and piezomagnetic coefficient values higher than the alloys without annealing. In other words, this proceeding increased the alloys sensibility to be applied like actuators (d33) and sensors (d33 *). At the second thermomechanical proceeding, samples with sheet format were rolled and annealed to induce an abnormal grain growth and, consequently, a texture. Although the annealing not produced an abnormal grain growth, the magnetostriction values are higher than for the as-cast samples. Both proceedings were efficient to improve the magnetic properties and the (Fe0.87Al0.13)98.4B1.6 alloy achieved the higher values of magnetostriction and piezomagnetic coefficient. In another words, between the studied alloys, this composition was the most promising to be applied like actuators and sensors.

Die aus magnetisierbaren Partikeln und einer elastischen Matrix bestehenden magnetorheologischen Elastomere sind ein Verbundwerkstoff mit magnetisch steuerbaren Eigenschaften. In der vorliegenden Arbeit wird ein kontinuumsmechanisches Modell zur Beschreibung der relevanten physikalischen Phänomene bereitgestellt. Die Lösung zugehöriger Randwertaufgaben basiert auf der erweiterten Finiten Elemente Methode. Zur Verifikation und Validierung des Modells werden analytische Referenzlösungen zweidimensionaler Problemstellungen herangezogen. Die Homogenisierung des magnetomechanischen Feldproblems erfolgt mit kleinen Deformationen. Aus einer Volumenmittelung der lokal inhomogenen Feldverteilungen ergeben sich makroskopische Variablen. Auf Basis dieser Größen lassen sich Aussagen über das effektive Verhalten ableiten. Somit ist neben den rein magnetischen und mechanischen Materialeigenschaften das gekoppelte magnetomechanische Verhalten analysierbar. Darunter sind aktuatorische Spannungen, magnetostriktive Dehnungen und der magnetorheologische Effekt zu verstehen. / Magnetorheological elastomers are composite materials consisting of magnetizable particles embedded in an elastic matrix. Their properties can be altered by an external magnetic field. In this work a continuum based formulation is applied to model relevant physical phenomena. Boundary value problems are solved by the extended Finite Element Method. For the purposes of verification and validation analytic solutions are provided. The homogenization of the magnetomechanical field problem is limited to small deformations. Macroscopic variables are obtained by volume averaging. In addition to macroscopic magnetic and mechanical properties the effective behavior is analyzed in terms of actuatoric stresses, magnetostrictive strains and the magnetorheological effect.

Le travail présenté dans ce mémoire s’intéresse à la prédiction des vibrations d'un noyau de transformateur multicouche, constitué d'un assemblage de tôles ferromagnétiques. Le problème couplé magnéto-mécanique est résolu par une approche séquentielle progressive : la résolution magnétique est suivie d'une résolution mécanique. Un modèle multi-échelle simplifié 3D décrivant les anisotropies magnétiques et magnétostrictives, et considérant les non-linéarités magnétiques et de magnétostriction, est utilisé comme loi de comportement du matériau. La structure du noyau du transformateur est modélisée en 2D. Une technique d'homogénéisation permet de tenir compte du comportement anisotrope de chaque couche afin de définir un comportement moyen pour chaque élément du maillage éléments finis.. Des mesures expérimentales sont ensuite effectuées, permettant d’une part la validation des lois de comportement matériau utilisées, et d’autres part des modèles de comportement structurel statique, du comportement structurel dynamique et de l'estimation du bruit. Différents matériaux et différentes géométries de prototypes de transformateurs sont considérés pour ce travail. Des optimisations structurelles sont finalement proposées grâce à des simulations numériques s’appuyant sur le modèle développé, afin de réduire les vibrations et les émissions de bruit du noyau du transformateur. / This thesis deals with the prediction of the vibration of a multi-layer transformer core made of an assembly of electrical sheets. This magneto-mechanical coupled problem is solved by a stepping finite element method sequential approach: magnetic resolution is followed by mechanical resolution. A 3D Simplified Multi-Scale Model (SMSM) describing both magnetic and magnetostrictive anisotropies is used as the constitutive law of the material. The transformer core structure is modeled in 2D and a homogenization technique is implemented to take the anisotropic behavior of each layer into consideration and define an average behavior at each element of the finite element mesh. Experimental measurements are then carried out, allowing the validation of the material constitutive law, static structural behavior, dynamic structural behavior, and the noise estimation. Different materials geometries are considered for this workStructural optimizations are finally achieved by numerical simulation for lower vibration and noise emission of the transformer cores.

A magnetostrictive material elongates when it is subjected to a magnetic field. This effect can then be used to design powerful actuators. The department of electromagnetic engineering has been working with magnetostricitve material and their applications since the 1980s and is presently engaged in a project focusing on magnetostrictive transducer utilisation for the aeronautic field. The focus of the presented work has been to develop and improve methods and tools supporting the development of magnetostrictive actuators. The axial-radial model was previously developed at the department and is well suited for circular cross sections of magnetostrictive rods. It is, however, common to laminate the magnetostrictive rods resulting in rectangular cross sections. The use of Cauer circuits allows modelling of the shielding effect. This shielding effect results in non-homogenous magnetisation and stress in both rectangular and circular cross sections of the rod. A model based on Cauer circuits, including a hysteresis model based on experimental data, was developed during the project. Furthermore, it is demonstrated how figures of merit and the use of finite element methods can be used to find optimised designs in a systematic and computational efficient way. The modified generalised Fabry factor and the magnetisation inhomogeneity coefficient are two proposed new figures of merit. A Magnetostricitve material is characterised through an experimental procedure. Usually, magnetostrictive material exhibit large hysteresis. An important part of the material characterisation is the post-processing of the measurement data, including a de-hysterisation procedure. In the thesis, a de-hysterisation method which ensures energy consistent data is presented. Energy consistent material data is essential to achieve energy consistent simulations of magnetostrictive systems. It is also demonstrated how the knowledge at the department can be utilised in international projects. In an ongoing project, the department is engaged in two sub tasks. In one of these sub tasks a high torque actuator is to be developed for the helicopter industry. The developed magnetostrictive models are used to perform system simulations of such actuator systems. In the other sub task a device for power harvesting from vibrations is analysed. It has now been shown how to adapt the load impedance in order to extract maximal electric power from the device. / QC 20101115

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Giant magnetostrictive RFe2 type (R represents rare earths) intermetallics form an important class of magnetic materials keeping in view of their potential applications as sensors and/ or actuators. In this thesis, one such mixed rare earth compound (Tb,Dy)Fe2 has been chosen for investigations. Being a technologically important material system, several investigations concerning physical and magnetic properties of the material and effect of processing parameters on magnetic properties have been reported in the available literature. However, existing literature does not provide a clear insight into some important aspects such as phase equilibria, evolution of texture and microstructure of directionally solidified Tb-Dy-Fe alloys. Therefore, the present work was undertaken to bring out tangible process-structure-property correlations with an emphasis to clarify the grey areas in the available literature. The investigation on the nature of ternary phase equilibria of Tb-Dy-Fe was taken up with an aim to understand the effect of Tb/Dy ratio on phase equilibria and magnetic properties of TbxDy1-xFe1.95 (x=0-1) alloys. Microstructural and micro-chemical analysis along with study of lattice parameter has been used to predict the nature of phase equilibria and the deviation from the assumed pseudo-binary behaviour. Further, from the microstructural investigations and study of lattice parameter and Curie temperature, a schematic sketch of a section of the ternary diagram, where (Tb,Dy) / Fe =1.95, was formulated and presented. Directional solidification technique is the most widely adopted method for processing the (Tb,Dy)Fe2, to impart grain orientation for practical applications. Therefore, it was aimed in the present study to understand the evolution of texture and microstructure in directionally solidified Tb0.3Dy0.7Fe1.95 alloy by modified Bridgman and zone melting techniques. The alloy was directionally solidified by modified Bridgman technique with a series of growth rates 5 - 100 cm/h, at a constant temperature gradient of 150oC/ cm. Microstructural investigation revealed formation of island banding at lower growth rate and peritectic coupled growth at higher growth rates. The texture study indicated a transition of growth texture from <113> to <110> and finally to <112> with increase of growth rate. A mechanism based on atomic attachment kinetics is proposed to explain the orientation selection with growth rate. The texture and microstructure have been correlated with magnetostriction and static strain co-efficient (dλ/dH) of the Bridgman solidified alloys. The solidification morphology observed in Bridgman solidified samples was found to be mostly plane front. Therefore, in order to understand the microstructure and texture evolution in cellular/ dendritic regime, directional solidification of Tb0.3Dy0.7Fe1.95 was attempted by zone melting technique with a lesser temperature gradient of 100oC/cm. A detailed texture study indicated a transition in preferred growth direction from <110> to <112> with increase of growth rate. In this case of cellular/ dendritic growth regime, a mechanism based on atomic attachment kinetics has been proposed and the preferred morphologies of the solid-liquid interface for <110> and <112> growth have been modelled. The modelled interfaces have been correlated to the shape of cell/ dendrite cross-section observed for the growth rates adopted in this study. Apart from the investigation carried out on the (Tb,Dy)Fe2 alloys, attempts have been made to understand the role of microstructure, especially the ordered phases on the magnetostriction of an emerging magnetostrictive material Fe-Ga. A series of alloy compositions of Fe-x at % Ga (x=17, 20, 23 and 25) were prepared and subjected to different thermal treatments and characterized for microstructural features and magnetostriction. Microstructure investigation of slow cooled, quenched and quenched + aged alloys reveals formation of ordered DO3 phase from disordered A2 phase by first order transformation in 17 and 20 at% Ga alloys, whereas for 23 and 25 at% alloys, the transformation takes place by continuous ordering. It could be observed that large magnetostriction arises owing to the presence of disordered A2 phase or ordered DO3 phase alone. The magnetostriction however decreases substantially when these two phases are co-existing.

Les propriétés magnétiques des matériaux sont fortement connectées à leur structure cristallographique. Nous proposons un modèle atomique de la dynamique d'aimantation capable de rendre compte de cette magnétoélasticité. Bien que ce travail s'inscrive dans une thématique générale de l'étude des matériaux magnétiques en température, nous la particularisons à un seul élément, le Cobalt. Dans ce modèle effectif, les atomes sont décrits par 3 vecteurs classiques qui sont position, impulsion et spin. Ils interagissent entre eux via un potentiel magnéto-mécanique ad hoc. On s'intéresse tout d'abord à la dynamique de spin atomique. Cette méthode permet d'aborder simplement l'écriture des équations d'évolution d'un système atomique de spins dans lequel la position et l'impulsion des atomes sont gelées. Il est toutefois possible de définir une température de spin permettant de développer naturellement une connexion avec un bain thermique. Montrant les limites d'une approche stochastique, nous développons une nouvelle formulation déterministe du contrôle de la température d'un système à spins.Dans un second temps, nous développons et analysons les intégrateurs géométriques nécessaires au couplage temporel de la dynamique moléculaire avec cette dynamique de spin atomique. La liaison des spins avec le réseau est assurée par un potentiel magnétique dépendant des positions des atomes. La nouveauté de ce potentiel réside dans la manière de paramétrer l'anisotropie magnétique qui est la manifestation d'un couplage spin-orbite. L'écriture d'un modèle de paires étendu de l'anisotropie permet de restituer les constantes de magnétostriction expérimentales du hcp-Co. En considérant un système canonique, où pression et température sont contrôlées, nous avons mis en évidence la transition de retournement de spin si particulière au Co vers 695K.Nous finissons par l'étude des retournements d'aimantation super-paramagnétiques de nanoplots de Co permettant de comparer ce couplage spin-réseau aux mesures récentes. / The magnetic properties of materials are strongly connected to their crystallographic structure. An atomistic model of the magnetization dynamics is developed which takes into account magneto-elasticity. Although this study is valid for all magnetic materials under temperatures, this study focuses only on Cobalt. In our effective model, atoms are described by three classical vectors as position, momentum and spin, which interact via an ad hoc magneto-mechanical potential.The atomistic spin dynamics is first considered. This method allows us to write the evolution equations of an atomic system of spins in which positions and impulsions are first frozen. However, a spin temperature is introduced to develop a natural connection with a thermal bath. Showing the limits of the stochastic approach, a genuine deterministic approach is followed to control the canonical temperature in this spin system.In a second step, several geometrical integrators are developed and analyzed to couple together both the molecular dynamics and atomic spin dynamics schemes. The connection between the spins and the lattice is provided by the atomic positions dependence of the magnetic potential. The novelty of this potential lies in the parameterization of the magnetic anisotropy which originates in the spin-orbit coupling. Using a dedicated pair model of anisotropy, the magnetostrictive constants of hcp-Co are restored. In a canonical system where pressure and temperature are controlled simultaneously, the transition of rotational magnetization of Co is found.Finally the magnetization reversals of super-paramagnetic Co nanodots is studied to quantify the impact of spin-lattice coupling respectively to recent measurements.