Virtual reality (VR) involves an attempt to create an illusion that the user of the VR system is actually present in a synthetic (usually computer-generated) environment. Little is known about how various system parameters affect the illusion of presence in a virtual environment (VE). In particular, there seem to be very little quantitative data on which to base VR system design decisions. Also, while presence (or immersion) in VEs is a primary goal of VR, not much is known about how this variable affects task performance. The goal of this research was to provide a ratio-scale measure of perceived presence in a VE, to explore the effects of a number of environmental parameters on this measure and construct empirical models of these effects, and to relate perceived presence to user performance. This was done by manipulating eleven independent variables in a series of three experiments. The independent variables manipulated were scene update rate, visual display resolution, field of view, sound, textures, head-tracking, stereopsis, virtual personal risk, number of possible interactions, presence of a second user, and environmental detail. Participants performed a set of five tasks in the VE and rated perceived presence at the end of each set using the technique of free-modulus magnitude estimation. The amount of time spent in the VE was also recorded. The results indicate that the VR system parameters manipulated and analyzed in this research did affect participants' subjective feeling of presence in the VE. Field of view, sound, and head-tracking showed the largest effects. Other significant effects found were those of visual display resolution, texture-mapping, stereopsis, and the presence of a second user. Free-modulus magnitude estimation worked well as a measure of perceived presence. A positive relationship was found between perceived presence and task performance, but this relationship was relatively weak. Second-order empirical models were constructed that predicted perceived presence with moderate success and, with less success, task performance. / Ph. D.

Virtual environment (VE) systems have been touted as exciting new technologies with many varied applications. Today VEs are used in telerobotics, training, simulation, medicine, architecture, and entertainment. The future use of VEs seems limited only by the creativity of its designers. However, as with any developing technology, some difficulties need to be overcome. Certain users of VEs experience negative side effects from being immersed into the graphically rendered virtual worlds. Some side effects that have been observed include: disorientation, headaches, and difficulties with vision. These negative side effects threaten the safety and effectiveness of VE systems. Negative side effects have been found to develop in a variety of environments. The research focus on VE side effects thus far has been on the symptoms and not the causes. The main goals of this research is fourfold: 1) to compare a new measure for side effects with established ones; 2) begin analyzing the causes of side effects with an analysis of head-tracking; 3) to examine any adaptation that may occur within a session and between days of a session; and, 4) to examine possible predictors for users who may experience side effects. An experiment was conducted using two different VEs with either head-tracking on or head-tracking off over four days. A questionnaire, a balance test, a vision test, and magnitude estimations of side effects were used to assess the incidence and severity of sickness experienced in the VEs. Other assessments, including a mental rotation test, perceptual style, and a questionnaire on pre-existing susceptibility to motion sickness were administered. All factors were analyzed to determine what their relationships were with the incidence and severity of negative side effects that result from immersion into the VEs. Results showed that head-tracking induces more negative side effects than no head-tracking. The maze task environment induces more negative side effects than the office task environment. Adaptation did not occur from day to day throughout the four testing sessions. The incidence and severity of negative side effects increased at a constant rate throughout the 30 minute immersive VE sessions, but did not show any significant changes from day to day. No evidence was found for a predictor that would foretell who might be susceptible to motion sickness in VEs. / Master of Science

This thesis deals with gradience in grammar, i.e., with the fact that some linguistic structures are not fully acceptable or unacceptable, but receive gradient linguistic judgments. The importance of gradient data for linguistic theory has been recognized at least since Chomsky's Logical Structure of Linguistic Theory. However, systematic empirical studies of gradience are largely absent, and none of the major theoretical frameworks is designed to account for gradient data. The present thesis addresses both questions. In the experimental part of the thesis (Chapters 3-5), we present a set of magnitude estimation experiments investigating gradience in grammar. The experiments deal with unaccusativity/unergativity, extraction, binding, word order, and gapping. They cover all major modules of syntactic theory, and draw on data from three languages (English, German, and Greek). In the theoretical part of thesis (Chapters 6 and 7), we use these experimental results to motivate a model of gradience in grammar. This model is a variant of Optimality Theory, and explains gradience in terms of the competition of ranked, violable linguistic constraints. The experimental studies in this thesis deliver two main results. First, they demonstrate that an experimental investigation of gradient phenomena can advance linguistic theory by uncovering acceptability distinctions that have gone unnoticed in the theoretical literature. An experimental approach can also settle data disputes that result from the informal data collection techniques typically employed in theoretical linguistics, which are not well-suited to investigate the behavior of gradient linguistic data. Second, we identify a set of general properties of gradient data that seem to be valid for a wide range of syntactic phenomena and across languages. (a) Linguistic constraints are ranked, in the sense that some constraint violations lead to a greater degree of unacceptability than others. (b) Constraint violations are cumulative, i.e., the degree of unacceptability of a structure increases with the number of constraints it violates. (c) Two constraint types can be distinguished experimentally: soft constraints lead to mild unacceptability when violated, while hard constraint violations trigger serious unacceptability. (d) The hard/soft distinction can be diagnosed by testing for effects from the linguistic context; context effects only occur for soft constraints; hard constraints are immune to contextual variation. (e) The soft/hard distinction is crosslinguistically stable. In the theoretical part of the thesis, we develop a model of gradient grammaticality that borrows central concepts from Optimality Theory, a competition-based grammatical framework. We propose an extension, Linear Optimality Theory, motivated by our experimental results on constraint ranking and the cumulativity of violations. The core assumption of our model is that the relative grammaticality of a structure is determined by the weighted sum of the violations it incurs. We show that the parameters of the model (the constraint weights), can be estimated using the least square method, a standard model fitting algorithm. Furthermore, we prove that standard Optimality Theory is a special case of Linear Optimality Theory. To test the validity of Linear Optimality Theory, we use it to model data from the experimental part of the thesis, including data on extraction, gapping, and word order. For all data sets, a high model fit is obtained and it is demonstrated that the model's predictions generalize to unseen data. On a theoretical level, our modeling results show that certain properties of gradient data (the hard/soft distinction, context effects, and crosslinguistic effects) do not have to be stipulated, but follow from core assumptions of Linear Optimality Theory.

Subjektlücken in Koordinationsstrukturen sind nicht leicht zu analysieren, insbesondere Subjektlücken in Asymmetrischen Koordinationen wie die SLF-Koordination (Subjektlücken in finit-frontalen Strukturen). Die Dissertation gibt eine umfassende Übersicht über verschiedene linguistische Analysen solcher Strukturen. Desweiteren präsentiert die Arbeit empirische Daten zur SLF-Koordination, zur Asymmetrischen sowie auch zur Symmetrischen Koordination. Es konnte eine breite empirische Datengrundlage geschaffen werden, indem Akzeptabilitätsurteile über Online-Fragebogen gesammelt wurden, wobei die psycholinguistische Methode Magnitude Estimation Anwendung fand. Die Dissertation ist relevant für die deskriptive Grammatik, für psycholinguistische Fragestellungen und linguistische Analysen zu Subjektlücken in Koordinationsstrukturen.

O objetivo do estudo foi entender a influência da marca na percepção de sabor do chocolate pelos consumidores. Foram avaliados 16 sujeitos (31,8 anos, ± 4,2 anos, 8 mulheres) medindo suas avaliações sobre os sabores de chocolates de diferentes marcas, com e sem o conhecimento da marca, e também sobre as marcas sem degustação do produto, como expectativa de sabor, utilizando Escalonamento Psicofísico de Estimativa de Magnitude Direta (EMD). Este método obtém do sujeito a sua impressão subjetiva direta do estímulo físico. Um chocolate foi escolhido como referencia (módulo) e recebeu o valor numérico de 100. A tarefa dos sujeitos foi degustar os chocolates, comparando com a degustação do módulo, e atribuir notas de acordo com a diferença de percepção de sabor, se a percepção de sabor fosse duas vezes melhor do que o módulo, ele deveria designar uma nota duas vezes o valor de referência. O procedimento foi o mesmo para as duas outras condições experimentais, marca e sabor conhecendo a marca. O expoente da curva de potência foi utilizado como a quantificação da magnitude da percepção dos sujeitos. O expoente obtido na avaliação somente do chocolate foi de 0,389 (Coeficiente de Correlação de Pearson r2=0,94) enquanto que somente da marca foi de 0,581 (r2=0,96). Teoricamente pode-se determinar o expoente da percepção de sabor com conhecimento da marca que seria 0,389/0,581 = 0,669, sendo que o expoente obtido empiricamente foi de 0,675 (r2=0,92). Assim concluí-se que a utilização da metodologia de Estimativa de Magnitude Direta para quantificar a preferência subjetiva dos sujeitos por chocolates considerando 2 variáveis, sabor e marca, foi bem sucedida. Os resultados sugerem que a associação de marca e sabor contribui para um efeito mais poderoso sobre a decisão sobre quanto o chocolate é mais saboroso. E como o expoente da percepção do sabor sabendo a marca é maior que os outros dois expoentes isolados pode-se sugerir que a marca possui uma grande influência na decisão / The aim of study was understand brand influence on consumer perception of chocolate flavor. 16 subjects (31.8 years, ± 4.2 years, 8 women) were evaluated by measuring their reviews of the flavors of different brands of chocolates, with and without the knowledge of the brand, and also about the brands without tasting the product, as expectation of flavor, using Psychophysical Scaling of Direct Ratio Magnitude Estimation (RME). This method gets the subject direct subjective impression of the physical stimulus. A chocolate was chosen as reference (modulus) and received the numerical value of 100. The task of subjects was tasting the chocolates, compare to the tasting of the module and assign grades according to the difference in taste perception, if perception of flavor was twice better than module, he should assign a score twice the reference value. The procedure was the same for the other two experimental conditions brand and flavor knowing the brand. The exponent of power law was used to quantify the magnitude of the perception of the subjects. The obtained exponent when examining only chocolate was 0.389 (Pearson correlation coefficient r2=0.94) while only the brand was 0.581 (r2=0.96). Theoretically, we can determine the exponent of the perception of flavor with brand awareness that would be 0.389/0.581=0.669, where the exponent obtained empirically was 0.675 (r2=0.92). Thus we conclude that the use of the methodology of Direct Ratio Magnitude Estimation to quantify the subject subjective preference for chocolate, considering two variables, flavor and brand, was successful. The results suggest that the association of brand and flavor makes for a more powerful effect on the decision about how much chocolate is tastier. And as the exponent of flavor perception knowing the brand is bigger than the other two isolates exponents can suggest that the brand has a great influence on the decision

O sistema visual é considerado o mais complexo de todos os sistemas sensoriais do ser humano. O objetivo da visão é construir uma representação dos objetos extraindo informações do ambiente, transformando-as em um código neural que origina a percepção. A compreensão dos fatores sensoriais que alteram a percepção é necessária para uma teoria adequada da percepção visual. Evidências sobre os efeitos do contexto ambiental ainda são limitadas, mas sabe-se que alterações no plano de fundo, criação de lacunas e mudanças de textura alteram a percepção de profundidade. Esse estudo teve como objetivo principal investigar quais fatores sensoriais básicos alteram a estimativa de magnitude (EM) de tamanho de círculos nos sujeitos saudáveis, verificando se existiu correlação entre a variação de parâmetros do estímulo físico com os respectivos julgamentos para diferentes condições visuais, além da possibilidade de desenvolver um instrumento para avaliação de algumas psicopatologias. O método da EM se refere a um procedimento no qual o observador faz um julgamento numérico direto de uma magnitude psicológica de uma série de percepções. Para isso, desenvolvemos um programa de computador como uma ferramenta psicofísica para medidas de EM que nos permitiu gerar 15 diferentes condições experimentais separadas em quatro protocolos (P1, P2, P3 e P4). O projeto consistiu em dois blocos: (1) de experimentos básicos, cujo objetivo foi abordar como elementos sensoriais visuais básicos interferiram no julgamento para estímulos simples, usando o P2, cujas variáveis luminância e o P4 no qual a disposição espacial para diferenças na lateralização do processamento visual foram alteradas; e (2) de exploração metodológica, que buscou manipular o valor de referência (P1) e a indução de sensações de profundidade (P3). Foram avaliados 78 indivíduos típicos (m = 27,55, dp = 4,69) com nível superior completo ou incompleto, todos com visão normal ou devidamente corrigida, distribuídos aleatoriamente em os quatro grupos 8 experimentais. Os protocolos 1 e 2 apresentaram os resultados mais satisfatórios que nos permitirão a utilização do programa em indivíduos com psicopatologias para investigação de diferenças da população normal. Ainda que os protocolos 3 e 4 tenham gerado dados controversos, levou-se em consideração que se tratou de um estudo de investigação metodológica, cuja continuidade nos permitirá uma melhor contribuição teórica alcançada com a retomada de estudos no campo da Psicofísica Clássica, principalmente devido a escassez de publicações nas últimas décadas acerca do tema aqui proposto / The visual system is considered the most complex human sensory system. The purpose of the vision is to create a representation of the objects by gathering information of the environment and converting it into a neural code that generates perception. The comprehension of sensory factors that influence the perception is necessary to an adequate theory of visual perception. Evidences about the effects of the context remain still limited, but it is known that some facts such as variations on backgrounds, creation of gaps and texture changes modify the perception of depth. This study aimed to investigate which are the basic sensory factors that change the Magnitude Estimation (ME) of the size of circles in healthy subjects, in order to verify if there was a correlation between parameter variations of physical stimulus and its respective judgments about different visual condition, in addition to the possibility of development of a screening test to assess some psychopathologies. The ME method is the procedure in which the observer makes a direct numeric judgment of a psychological magnitude of a series of perceptions. For this purpose, we developed a computer software which was used as a psychophysical tool in order to measure ME that allowed us to generate 15 different experimental conditions allocated into four protocols (P1, P2, P3 and P4). The project was composed of two blocs: (1) basic experiments, in whichthe objective was to investigate how basic sensory visual elements interfere on the judgment of simple stimulus, using P2 in which the variable luminance was changed and P4 in which spatial position to evaluate differences on lateralization of visual process was altered; and (2) methodological exploration, that aimed to manipulate the reference value (P1) and the induction of depth sensory perception (P3). Seventy-eight healthy subjects were tested (m = 27.55, sd = 4.69), that had a complete or incomplete graduation course, they all had normal or corrected-to-normal visual acuity, and they were randomly distributed into the four experimental groups. The protocols 1 and 2 10 had shown the most satisfactory results that will allow us to use the software in people with psychopathologies in attention to screen differences of the general population. Despite the protocols 3 and 4 had generated controversial data, it is important to consider this as a study about methodological investigation, and its follow up will lead us to an improvement of the theoretical contribution reached by the recovery of Classic Psychophysics experiments, mainly due to the last decades lack of publishing about this purposed topic

This thesis investigates the gradient behaviour of monadic intransitive verb classes in Turkish, under an aspectual classification of the unaccusative/unergative verb types, namely The Split Intransitivity Hierarchy. This Hierarchy claims that intransitive verb types are subject to gradient acceptability in certain syntactic constructions. The methods used in judgment elicitation studies in psychophysics, such as the magnitude estimation technique have recently been adapted to be used in capturing gradient linguistic data. Also, the practical benefits of the Internet directed researchers to design and conduct web-based experiments for linguistic data elicitation. Research on Human Computer Interaction offers suggestions for the design of more usable user interfaces. Considering these developments, in this thesis, a web based experiment interface has been designed as an extension to the magnitude estimation technique to elicit acceptability judgments on two syntactic constructions, i.e. the -mIS participle (the unaccusative diagnostic) and impersonal passivization (the unergative diagnostic) for different verb types on the Split Intransitivity Hierarchy. The experiment was conducted on the Internet. The results show that in the two diagnostics, the verb types receive categorical or indeterminate acceptability judgments, which allows us to specify the core or peripheral status of the verbs. Within the classes we have examined, change of state verbs constitute the core unaccusative verbs, and controlled (motional and non-motional) process verbs constitute the core unergative verbs. Stative verbs and uncontrolled process verbs are peripheral unaccusatives and unergatives, respectively. Change of location verbs (with an animate subject) are close to the unergative end.

O sistema visual é considerado o mais complexo de todos os sistemas sensoriais do ser humano. O objetivo da visão é construir uma representação dos objetos extraindo informações do ambiente, transformando-as em um código neural que origina a percepção. A compreensão dos fatores sensoriais que alteram a percepção é necessária para uma teoria adequada da percepção visual. Evidências sobre os efeitos do contexto ambiental ainda são limitadas, mas sabe-se que alterações no plano de fundo, criação de lacunas e mudanças de textura alteram a percepção de profundidade. Esse estudo teve como objetivo principal investigar quais fatores sensoriais básicos alteram a estimativa de magnitude (EM) de tamanho de círculos nos sujeitos saudáveis, verificando se existiu correlação entre a variação de parâmetros do estímulo físico com os respectivos julgamentos para diferentes condições visuais, além da possibilidade de desenvolver um instrumento para avaliação de algumas psicopatologias. O método da EM se refere a um procedimento no qual o observador faz um julgamento numérico direto de uma magnitude psicológica de uma série de percepções. Para isso, desenvolvemos um programa de computador como uma ferramenta psicofísica para medidas de EM que nos permitiu gerar 15 diferentes condições experimentais separadas em quatro protocolos (P1, P2, P3 e P4). O projeto consistiu em dois blocos: (1) de experimentos básicos, cujo objetivo foi abordar como elementos sensoriais visuais básicos interferiram no julgamento para estímulos simples, usando o P2, cujas variáveis luminância e o P4 no qual a disposição espacial para diferenças na lateralização do processamento visual foram alteradas; e (2) de exploração metodológica, que buscou manipular o valor de referência (P1) e a indução de sensações de profundidade (P3). Foram avaliados 78 indivíduos típicos (m = 27,55, dp = 4,69) com nível superior completo ou incompleto, todos com visão normal ou devidamente corrigida, distribuídos aleatoriamente em os quatro grupos 8 experimentais. Os protocolos 1 e 2 apresentaram os resultados mais satisfatórios que nos permitirão a utilização do programa em indivíduos com psicopatologias para investigação de diferenças da população normal. Ainda que os protocolos 3 e 4 tenham gerado dados controversos, levou-se em consideração que se tratou de um estudo de investigação metodológica, cuja continuidade nos permitirá uma melhor contribuição teórica alcançada com a retomada de estudos no campo da Psicofísica Clássica, principalmente devido a escassez de publicações nas últimas décadas acerca do tema aqui proposto / The visual system is considered the most complex human sensory system. The purpose of the vision is to create a representation of the objects by gathering information of the environment and converting it into a neural code that generates perception. The comprehension of sensory factors that influence the perception is necessary to an adequate theory of visual perception. Evidences about the effects of the context remain still limited, but it is known that some facts such as variations on backgrounds, creation of gaps and texture changes modify the perception of depth. This study aimed to investigate which are the basic sensory factors that change the Magnitude Estimation (ME) of the size of circles in healthy subjects, in order to verify if there was a correlation between parameter variations of physical stimulus and its respective judgments about different visual condition, in addition to the possibility of development of a screening test to assess some psychopathologies. The ME method is the procedure in which the observer makes a direct numeric judgment of a psychological magnitude of a series of perceptions. For this purpose, we developed a computer software which was used as a psychophysical tool in order to measure ME that allowed us to generate 15 different experimental conditions allocated into four protocols (P1, P2, P3 and P4). The project was composed of two blocs: (1) basic experiments, in whichthe objective was to investigate how basic sensory visual elements interfere on the judgment of simple stimulus, using P2 in which the variable luminance was changed and P4 in which spatial position to evaluate differences on lateralization of visual process was altered; and (2) methodological exploration, that aimed to manipulate the reference value (P1) and the induction of depth sensory perception (P3). Seventy-eight healthy subjects were tested (m = 27.55, sd = 4.69), that had a complete or incomplete graduation course, they all had normal or corrected-to-normal visual acuity, and they were randomly distributed into the four experimental groups. The protocols 1 and 2 10 had shown the most satisfactory results that will allow us to use the software in people with psychopathologies in attention to screen differences of the general population. Despite the protocols 3 and 4 had generated controversial data, it is important to consider this as a study about methodological investigation, and its follow up will lead us to an improvement of the theoretical contribution reached by the recovery of Classic Psychophysics experiments, mainly due to the last decades lack of publishing about this purposed topic

O objetivo do estudo foi entender a influência da marca na percepção de sabor do chocolate pelos consumidores. Foram avaliados 16 sujeitos (31,8 anos, ± 4,2 anos, 8 mulheres) medindo suas avaliações sobre os sabores de chocolates de diferentes marcas, com e sem o conhecimento da marca, e também sobre as marcas sem degustação do produto, como expectativa de sabor, utilizando Escalonamento Psicofísico de Estimativa de Magnitude Direta (EMD). Este método obtém do sujeito a sua impressão subjetiva direta do estímulo físico. Um chocolate foi escolhido como referencia (módulo) e recebeu o valor numérico de 100. A tarefa dos sujeitos foi degustar os chocolates, comparando com a degustação do módulo, e atribuir notas de acordo com a diferença de percepção de sabor, se a percepção de sabor fosse duas vezes melhor do que o módulo, ele deveria designar uma nota duas vezes o valor de referência. O procedimento foi o mesmo para as duas outras condições experimentais, marca e sabor conhecendo a marca. O expoente da curva de potência foi utilizado como a quantificação da magnitude da percepção dos sujeitos. O expoente obtido na avaliação somente do chocolate foi de 0,389 (Coeficiente de Correlação de Pearson r2=0,94) enquanto que somente da marca foi de 0,581 (r2=0,96). Teoricamente pode-se determinar o expoente da percepção de sabor com conhecimento da marca que seria 0,389/0,581 = 0,669, sendo que o expoente obtido empiricamente foi de 0,675 (r2=0,92). Assim concluí-se que a utilização da metodologia de Estimativa de Magnitude Direta para quantificar a preferência subjetiva dos sujeitos por chocolates considerando 2 variáveis, sabor e marca, foi bem sucedida. Os resultados sugerem que a associação de marca e sabor contribui para um efeito mais poderoso sobre a decisão sobre quanto o chocolate é mais saboroso. E como o expoente da percepção do sabor sabendo a marca é maior que os outros dois expoentes isolados pode-se sugerir que a marca possui uma grande influência na decisão / The aim of study was understand brand influence on consumer perception of chocolate flavor. 16 subjects (31.8 years, ± 4.2 years, 8 women) were evaluated by measuring their reviews of the flavors of different brands of chocolates, with and without the knowledge of the brand, and also about the brands without tasting the product, as expectation of flavor, using Psychophysical Scaling of Direct Ratio Magnitude Estimation (RME). This method gets the subject direct subjective impression of the physical stimulus. A chocolate was chosen as reference (modulus) and received the numerical value of 100. The task of subjects was tasting the chocolates, compare to the tasting of the module and assign grades according to the difference in taste perception, if perception of flavor was twice better than module, he should assign a score twice the reference value. The procedure was the same for the other two experimental conditions brand and flavor knowing the brand. The exponent of power law was used to quantify the magnitude of the perception of the subjects. The obtained exponent when examining only chocolate was 0.389 (Pearson correlation coefficient r2=0.94) while only the brand was 0.581 (r2=0.96). Theoretically, we can determine the exponent of the perception of flavor with brand awareness that would be 0.389/0.581=0.669, where the exponent obtained empirically was 0.675 (r2=0.92). Thus we conclude that the use of the methodology of Direct Ratio Magnitude Estimation to quantify the subject subjective preference for chocolate, considering two variables, flavor and brand, was successful. The results suggest that the association of brand and flavor makes for a more powerful effect on the decision about how much chocolate is tastier. And as the exponent of flavor perception knowing the brand is bigger than the other two isolates exponents can suggest that the brand has a great influence on the decision

A percepção dolorosa envolve um processo ativo de interpretação de informações cujo principal objetivo é a subsequente seleção de comportamentos protetivos para um contexto ou conjunto de estímulos que foram associados por nosso cérebro a uma lesão ou a um risco potencial de lesão, sem que necessariamente existam alterações estruturais físicas que expliquem estes sintomas. Enquanto atualmente a dor relacionada a execução de movimentos e a manutenção de posturas é o principal motivo pelo qual pacientes com queixas musculoesqueléticas crônicas buscam auxílio médico, a maior parte dos instrumentos de mensuração específicos para esta população de pacientes não avaliam a dor no contexto em que ela é percebida e, os que o fazem, possuem acesso a níveis de mensuração pouco informativos e apresentam diversos erros de construção. Objetivo: Desenvolver e validar uma escala psicofísica de razão que seja capaz de avaliar o gradiente de generalização da dor relacionada a execução de movimentos em indivíduos com dor no ombro. Métodos: Um total de 180 indivíduos com dor no ombro, destros, sintomáticos, sedentários e com início da queixa há pelo menos 3 meses foram recrutados entre os pacientes em atendimento no Grupo do Ombro do IOTFMUSP para a realização de 3 experimentos. Nos primeiros 2 experimentos, foi realizada a validação interna da escala psicofísica de razão por meio do procedimento de emparelhamento inter-modalidades e foram selecionados os movimentos que comporiam a escala oficial, respectivamente. Durante o experimento 3, o desenvolvimento da Escala Psicofísica de Avaliação da Dor Relacionada ao Movimento para pacientes com dor no ombro (EPADRMO) foi finalizado e seu processo de validação psicométrica teve início. Resultados: A validação interna da escala com base na teoria psicofísica, realizada no experimento 1, comprovou que a dor relacionada ao movimento pode ser mensurada dentro de um nível escalar de razão. Por meio da análise dos valores obtidos através das estimativas de magnitude da dor percebida durante a execução de 10 movimentos, selecionadas durante o experimento 2, e do expoente da função de potência obtido a partir destes valores, fomos capazes de compreender como a dor de cada indivíduo se manifestou no contexto em que ela é vivenciada e de mensurar seu gradiente de generalização ao longo dos movimentos que compõe a escala. As análises psicométricas realizadas durante o experimento 3 demonstraram validade de conteúdo, consistência interna e validade de constructo positivas com ausência de efeitos teto e piso, apresentando uma confiabilidade inter-examinadores adequada. Conclusão: A EPADRMO demonstrou ser capaz de mensurar quantitativamente o gradiente de generalização e a magnitude de variação da dor funcional de um indivíduo com dor no ombro com uma capacidade informativa superior as outras escalas disponíveis que se prezam a avaliar a dor funcional nesta população de paciente / The pain perception involves an active process of information interpretation whose main goal is the subsequent selection of protective behaviors to contexts or a set of stimuli that were associated by our brain to an injury or a potential risk of injury, without a necessarily structural change that could explain these symptoms. While the pain related to the execution of movements and the maintenance of postures is currently the main reason why patients with chronic musculoskeletal complaints seek medical help, most of the measurement instruments specific to this patient population do not assess pain in the context in which it is perceived and those who do so, have access to inferior levels of measurement and exhibit various construction errors. Objective: To develop and validate a psychophysical ratio scale that is capable of evaluationg the movement related pain generalization gradient in individuals with shoulder pain. Methods: A total of 180 patients with shoulder pain, right-handed, symptomatic, sedentary and with complaint for at least 3 months were recruited from patients in care in the Shoulder Group of IOTFMUSP to perform three experiments. In the first two experiments, the internal validation of the psychophysical ratio scale were made by the cross-modality matching procedure and 10 movements have been selected to compose the official scale, respectively. During the experiment 3, the development of The Psychophysical Scale for Movement Related Shoulder Pain (PSMRSP) was completed and the psychometric validation process of the instrument was initiated. Results: The internal validation of the scale based on the psychophysical theory, held in experiment 1, demonstrated that the movement related pain can be measured in a ratio level of measurement. Through the analysis of the values obtained by the magnitude estimations of the perceived pain during the execution of 10 movements, selected during the experiment 2, and the power function exponent obtained from these values, we were able to understand how the pain of each individual manifests in the context in which it is felt and to measure the gradient of pain generalization along the movements selected for the scale. The psychometric analyzes performed during the experiment 3 demonstrated positive content validity, internal consistency and construct validity with no ceiling and floor effects, presenting an adequate inter-rater reliability. Conclusion: The findings of the present study demonstrated that the PSMRSP provide a quantitative measure of the generalization gradient and of the range of variation of the movement related pain in subjects with shoulder pain with a higher informativeness than the other scales available to evaluate the functional pain in this patient population