Orientador: Marcia Cristina Bisinoti / Banca: Pedro Sergio Fadini / Banca: Mauricio Boscolo / Resumo: A atmosfera tem grande importância no transporte e distribuição de elementos oriundos de atividades naturais ou antrópicas, sobre a superfície terrestre, sendo a deposição atmosférica o principal processo de ciclagem dos compostos químicos entre os compartimentos ambientais. A cidade de São José do Rio Preto (SJRP) possui um pequeno parque industrial, conta com a presença de duas rodovias de grande tráfego, a rodovia Washington Luís (SP-310) e a rodovia Transbrasiliana (BR-153), e em termos agrícolas a região é responsável por 12% da produção de etanol do estado, e destacando-se também, em menor quantidade, o cultivo da laranja e de pastagens. Neste contexto o objetivo deste trabalho foi a caracterização de espécies químicas na deposição atmosférica total (DT) e deposição atmosférica apenas úmida (DU) da cidade de SJRP visando avaliar a contribuição da mesma como fonte destes compostos para o rio Preto. Um total de 103 amostras de DT e 96 de DU foram coletadas para o período de março de 2009 a setembro de 2010. A amostragem, preservação e quantificação de Al, Sb, As, Ba, Cd, Cu, Pb, Cr, Ni, Zn, K+, NH4 +, PO4 3-, NO3 -, SO4 2-, pH, C.E. e TOC (Carbono Orgânico Total) foram realizadas seguindo recomendações de métodos oficiais. Os resultados obtidos e expressos como média ponderada pelo volume (MPV) para as amostras de DT e de DU foram maiores no período de safra da cana-de-açúcar para Ni (0,53 e 0,44 µg L-1), Al (63 e 28 µg L-1), Pb (0,88 e 0,66 µg L-1), Ba (4,67 e 3,20 µg L-1), Zn (9,21 e 5,50 µg L-1), K+ (0,68 e 0,17 mg L-1), NH4 + (1,31 e 0,38 mg L-1), SO4 2- (5,99 e 4,70 mg L-1), PO4 3- (3,08 e 0,48 mg L-1) e NO3 - (0,94 e 0,40 mg L-1). Destaca-se para o Cr a maior MPV nas amostras de DT também no período de safra da cana-de-açúcar (0,33 µg L-1), já para as amostras de DU o valor de MPV para ambos os períodos... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: The atmosphere plays a very important role in transport and distribution of elements from natural and anthropogenic activities on the earth. The atmospheric deposition is the main process through which chemical compounds present in the atmosphere can be reintroduced to other environmental compartments. The city of São José do Rio Preto (SJRP) has a small industrial park, and two highways, Washington Luís (SP-310) and Transbrasiliana (Br-153), and in agricultural terms it is responsible for 12% of the ethanol production in the state of São Paulo, and in smaller proportion stand the orange crop and pasture. In this context the objective of this work was the characterization of the chemical species in the bulk (BD) and wet only (WD) deposition of SJRP city to evaluate the contribution of deposition as a diffuse source of compounds for the Preto river. A total of 103 bulk and 96 wet-only samples were collected for the period of March 2009 to September 2010. The sampling, preservation and quantification of Al, Sb, As, Ba, Cd, Cu, Pb, Cr, Ni, K e Zn, NH4 +, PO4 3-, NO3 -, SO4 2-, pH, E.C. and TOC were performed in accordance with official methods recommendations. The results obtained and expressed as volume-weighted mean concentration (VWM) was higher for the sugar cane harvest period for BD and WD for Ni (0.53 and 0.44 µg L-1), Al (63 and 28 µg L-1), Pb (0.88 and 0.66 µg L-1), Ba (4.67 and 3.20 µg L-1), Zn (9.21 and 5.50 µg L-1), K+ (0.68 and 0.17 mg L-1), NH4 + (1.31 and 0.38 mg L-1), SO4 2- (5.99 and 4.70 mg L-1), PO4 3- (3.08 and 0.48 mg L-1) and NO3 - (0.94 and 0.40 mg L-1). The highest Cr VWM (0.33 µg L-1) in the bulk samples was also observed for the sugar cane harvest period, but with regard to the WOD samples the VWM for both periods was the same (0.13 µg L-1). For Cu, TOC and NPOC the highest VWM was observed for the sugar cane harvest period, for the BD samples... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-17T18:39:44Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 4627.pdf: 3330448 bytes, checksum: 38dc62308a3aad60b85c68f9cb0be488 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-12-14 / Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais / At the Guamium River microbasin, a branch of the Piracicaba Basin, SP, superficial water, bottom and suspended sediments were selected as natural compartments to assess for the ecosystem degradation due to the intensive land usage. Sampling campaign were carried out during one year in a seasonal approach. Discharge and precipitation data were obtained monthly. At the field, pH, temperature, dissolved oxygen (DO), electrical conductivity (EC) and total dissolved solids (TDS) were measured and in water samples collected at ten sampling points, Ca+2, Mg+2, K+, NH4 +, Na+, SO4 -2, PO4 -3, NO3 -, Br-, NO2 -, Cl- and HCO3 - were determinate at the laboratory by ion chromatography and Gran titration. The dissolved discharge for Ca, Mg, K and Na were calculated. The suspended particulate matter, which were only measured at the low third part of the basin, were analysed for soil exchangeable cations (Ca, Mg, K, Na), N, P and total As. In addition, δC13 e δN15, were also determinated in order to evaluate the land use in the basin. The solid discharge and transport of Ca, Mg, K, Na and P on it were calculated. Bottom sediments, sampled at 10 sampling points, were evaluated for C, N, C/N rate, bioavailable and total As, being it δC13 e δN15 established. Bottom sediment toxicity were evaluated by both, algae bioassay, Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata and volatile acid sulphides (VAS). Although TDS and EC were high in some sampling points, most of ion concentrations were in the allowed ranges required for CONAMA 357/05. The transport of the dissolved soil exchangeable cations were around Kg h-1. The solid discharge, considering a precipitation of 447,40 mm, were 90,34 Kg h-1; 35,45 Kg h-1; 13,08 Kg h-1, 6,71 Kg h-1 and 25,47 Kg h-1 , for Ca, Mg, K, Na and P, respectively. The observed variation for %C13 varied from 6% to 82% in the bottom sediments and 9% to 48% in the suspended one, emphasizing the occurrence of C4 plants in the basin. High toxicity were observed at P5 in the dry season (August, 2010) and at P1 in the rainy one (March, 2011), which leads to a low growing curves and lower cells density when compared to the control. These data were not in accordance to the AVS/ΣSEM, which indicates the potential toxicity in the medium. Total As concentrations in the bottom and in the suspended sediments were high and can be due the use of herbicides in agriculture while no correspondence for bioavailable As were achieved for the same substrates. / Na microbacia do Ribeirão Guamium, afluente do rio Piracicaba, SP foram selecionados como compartimentos indicadores de sua exploração desordenada, a água superficial, os sedimentos de fundo e em suspensão, em uma abordagem sazonal, por um período de 01 ano. Neste mesmo intervalo de tempo, dados da precipitação e vazão foram aferidos mensalmente. As águas superficiais foram analisadas no campo quanto as variáveis físico-químicas pH, temperatura, oxigênio dissolvido (OD), condutividade elétrica (CE) e sólidos dissolvidos totais (SDT). Amostras coletadas deste substrato foram levadas ao laboratório, sendo analisadas por cromatografia iônica, quanto aos teores de Ca+2, Mg+2, K+, NH4 +, Na+, SO4 -2, PO4 -3, NO3 -, Br-, NO2 -, Cl- e HCO3 - pela titulação de Gran. Através dos dados de vazão, determinados no momento da coleta, estimativas da descarga dissolvida de Ca, Mg, K e Na foram estabelecidas. O material particulado em suspensão, amostrado somente no terço médio inferior da microbacia, foi analisado quanto às bases trocáveis do solo (Ca, Mg, K, Na), N, P e As total. Uma fração do material em suspensão foi empregada na determinação de δC13 e δN15, com objetivos de avaliar a influência de uso do solo na bacia. Estimou-se ainda a descarga sólida e transporte de Ca, Mg, K, Na e P no material particulado. O sedimento de fundo foi coletado no período de seca e de cheia ao longo do canal principal em 10 pontos amostrais, sendo as amostras analisadas quanto aos teores de C, N, determinando-se a relação C/N, As biodisponível e As total, razões isotópicas δC13 e δN15. A toxicidade deste substrato foi avaliada através de bioensaios com algas da espécie Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata e dos sulfetos ácidos voláteis (AVS). A concentração da maioria dos íons analisados enquadrou-se dentro dos limites exigidos pela Resolução CONAMA 357/05, embora parâmetros físico-químicos tenham evidenciado alguns pontos, onde as concentrações de SDT e CE foram elevadas. A descarga dissolvida das bases trocáveis do solo esteve na ordem de Kg h-1. Na fase sólida, para o período de precipitação 447,40 mm, Ca, Mg, K, Na e P esses elementos foram transportados em 90,34 Kg h-1; 35,45 Kg h-1; 13,08 Kg h-1, 6,71 Kg h-1 e 25,47 Kg h-1, respectivamente. Nos sedimentos de fundo e em suspensão a %C13 variou de 6% 82% e 9% 48%, respectivamente, evidenciando a presença de plantas C4 cultivadas na área de entorno da bacia. Foram observadas significativa toxicidade nos pontos de coleta P5 no período de seca (agosto 2010) e em P1, Nascente, no período de chuvas (março 2011) as quais resultaram em baixas curvas de crescimento, assim como menores densidades celulares nos tratamentos perante os controles. Esses dados não foram corroborados pelas razões AVS/ΣSEM que potencializam a toxicidade ao meio. As concentrações de As nos sedimentos de fundo e em suspensão foram elevadas, podendo resultar do uso de herbicidas na agricultura, porém as concentrações referentes ao As biodisponível no sedimento de fundo não corresponderam às concentrações no material em suspensão.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:29:06Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2011-04-29Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:59:12Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 medeiros_fh_me_sjrp.pdf: 1798469 bytes, checksum: 494d9fc9ab81d5ac6ffcb3813a9a357c (MD5) / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / A atmosfera tem grande importância no transporte e distribuição de elementos oriundos de atividades naturais ou antrópicas, sobre a superfície terrestre, sendo a deposição atmosférica o principal processo de ciclagem dos compostos químicos entre os compartimentos ambientais. A cidade de São José do Rio Preto (SJRP) possui um pequeno parque industrial, conta com a presença de duas rodovias de grande tráfego, a rodovia Washington Luís (SP-310) e a rodovia Transbrasiliana (BR-153), e em termos agrícolas a região é responsável por 12% da produção de etanol do estado, e destacando-se também, em menor quantidade, o cultivo da laranja e de pastagens. Neste contexto o objetivo deste trabalho foi a caracterização de espécies químicas na deposição atmosférica total (DT) e deposição atmosférica apenas úmida (DU) da cidade de SJRP visando avaliar a contribuição da mesma como fonte destes compostos para o rio Preto. Um total de 103 amostras de DT e 96 de DU foram coletadas para o período de março de 2009 a setembro de 2010. A amostragem, preservação e quantificação de Al, Sb, As, Ba, Cd, Cu, Pb, Cr, Ni, Zn, K+, NH4 +, PO4 3-, NO3 -, SO4 2-, pH, C.E. e TOC (Carbono Orgânico Total) foram realizadas seguindo recomendações de métodos oficiais. Os resultados obtidos e expressos como média ponderada pelo volume (MPV) para as amostras de DT e de DU foram maiores no período de safra da cana-de-açúcar para Ni (0,53 e 0,44 µg L-1), Al (63 e 28 µg L-1), Pb (0,88 e 0,66 µg L-1), Ba (4,67 e 3,20 µg L-1), Zn (9,21 e 5,50 µg L-1), K+ (0,68 e 0,17 mg L-1), NH4 + (1,31 e 0,38 mg L-1), SO4 2- (5,99 e 4,70 mg L-1), PO4 3- (3,08 e 0,48 mg L-1) e NO3 - (0,94 e 0,40 mg L-1). Destaca-se para o Cr a maior MPV nas amostras de DT também no período de safra da cana-de-açúcar (0,33 µg L-1), já para as amostras de DU o valor de MPV para ambos os períodos... / The atmosphere plays a very important role in transport and distribution of elements from natural and anthropogenic activities on the earth. The atmospheric deposition is the main process through which chemical compounds present in the atmosphere can be reintroduced to other environmental compartments. The city of São José do Rio Preto (SJRP) has a small industrial park, and two highways, Washington Luís (SP-310) and Transbrasiliana (Br-153), and in agricultural terms it is responsible for 12% of the ethanol production in the state of São Paulo, and in smaller proportion stand the orange crop and pasture. In this context the objective of this work was the characterization of the chemical species in the bulk (BD) and wet only (WD) deposition of SJRP city to evaluate the contribution of deposition as a diffuse source of compounds for the Preto river. A total of 103 bulk and 96 wet-only samples were collected for the period of March 2009 to September 2010. The sampling, preservation and quantification of Al, Sb, As, Ba, Cd, Cu, Pb, Cr, Ni, K e Zn, NH4 +, PO4 3-, NO3 -, SO4 2-, pH, E.C. and TOC were performed in accordance with official methods recommendations. The results obtained and expressed as volume-weighted mean concentration (VWM) was higher for the sugar cane harvest period for BD and WD for Ni (0.53 and 0.44 µg L-1), Al (63 and 28 µg L-1), Pb (0.88 and 0.66 µg L-1), Ba (4.67 and 3.20 µg L-1), Zn (9.21 and 5.50 µg L-1), K+ (0.68 and 0.17 mg L-1), NH4 + (1.31 and 0.38 mg L-1), SO4 2- (5.99 and 4.70 mg L-1), PO4 3- (3.08 and 0.48 mg L-1) and NO3 - (0.94 and 0.40 mg L-1). The highest Cr VWM (0.33 µg L-1) in the bulk samples was also observed for the sugar cane harvest period, but with regard to the WOD samples the VWM for both periods was the same (0.13 µg L-1). For Cu, TOC and NPOC the highest VWM was observed for the sugar cane harvest period, for the BD samples... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

Les aquifères fracturés sont un enjeu majeur de l’hydrogéologie actuelle. Ils constituent une ressource essentielle pour de nombreuses populations. Le massif de l’Ursuya (France, 64), en est une illustration. Constitué de formations métamorphiques fracturées, il est intensément exploité pour l’alimentation en eau potable. Une approche multidisciplinaire a permis la compréhension du fonctionnement de ce système. Les résultats obtenus constituent une avancée dans la connaissance des aquifères discontinus et offrent des pistes pour une gestion raisonnée de cette ressource.Le signal d’entrée est caractérisé dans sa composante quantitative et qualitative. Le suivi des paramètres climatiques permet d’estimer la lame d’eau participant à la recharge de l’aquifère. La caractérisation isotopique de l’eau précipitée met ensuite en évidence une origine majoritairement atlantique des masses d’air, responsables des précipitations sur le nord-ouest du Pays Basque. Des circulations atmosphériques sur la péninsule Ibérique, l’Europe du Nord et la région méditerranéenne sont cependant responsables de certains événements pluvieux. La composition chimique de l’eau de pluie, résultant de ces origines, est caractérisée par une faible acidité et par des concentrations en éléments anthropiques parfois élevées.L’hydrochimie des eaux souterraines est étudiée conjointement avec des données de temps de séjour acquises par l’interprétation des concentrations en 3H, CFC et SF6. Les caractéristiques physico-chimiques, les temps de séjours mesurés (moins de 10 ans à plus de 50 ans) et les phénomènes de mélanges associés permettent de proposer un modèle conceptuel des écoulements souterrains. Celui-ci met en exergue le rôle prépondérant du profil d’altération développé dans les milieux cristallins (de la surface vers la profondeur : altérites, roche fissurée et roche saine), du point de vue de la minéralisation de l’eau comme de celui des modalités d’écoulement.Une approche quantitative est finalement proposée. Du point de vue hydrodynamique, l’hétérogénéité spatiale est importante (10–4 m s–1 < K < 10–8 m s–1). Les altérites offrent une capacité de stockage et de régulation de la recharge. Un modèle numérique synthétise et valide ces résultats. Les simulations montrent de fortes interactions entre les réseaux d’écoulements superficiel et souterrain et de faibles impacts de l’exploitation actuelle sur les flux d’eau souterraine. Les évolutions climatiques ne modifieront pas significativement les écoulements durant les prochaines décennies. Une diminution des débits des sources et des cours d’eau est toutefois probable. Ce modèle numérique et l’ensemble des résultats obtenus serviront de base pour une gestion raisonnée de la ressource en eau de l’aquifère de l’Ursuya. / Hard-rock aquifers are one of the major challenges for the current hydrogeology. These fractured formations are intensively exploited for drinking water supply becoming an essential resource for many people. The metamorphic massif of Ursuya (France, 64) is one of this strategic aquifer. A multidisciplinary approach has led to understand the functioning of this system. The results help to progress in the knowledge of discontinuous media and they provide supports for a rational management of this resource.The input signal is characterized by both quantitative and qualitative methods. Monitoring of climate parameters is used to estimate the amount of aquifer recharge. Isotopic characterization of rainwater highlights the principal Atlantic origin of air masses which are responsible of precipitation on the north-western Basque Country. Some rainfall events are also due to atmospheric circulation over the Iberian Peninsula, the Northern Europe and the Mediterranean region. The chemical composition of rainwater, resulting from these origins, is characterized by a low acidity and sometimes by high concentrations of anthropogenic elements.The hydrochemistry of groundwater is studied in conjunction with residence time data. These are acquired by the interpretation of 3H, CFCs and SF6 concentrations. The chemical characteristics, the measured residence times (less than 10 years to over than 50 years) and the associated mixing processes allow the achievement of a conceptual model of groundwater flow. It points out the role of the weathering profile (from the surface to the depth : weathered layer, fractured rock and fresh bedrock) from the point of view of the mineralization as well as the flowpaths.A quantitative approach is finally proposed. Boreholes studies show highly heterogeneous hydrodynamic properties (10-4 m s-1 < K <10-8 m s-1). Weathered materials provide a storage capacity and a smoothing of the recharge variations, these results are synthesized and validated by a numerical model. The simulations show strong interactions between the surface flow network and the water table. It also highlights the low impact of the current groundwater exploitation on the aquifer and that climate change will not significantly modify the groundwater flows in the coming decades. Nevertheless, a decrease of the springs and streams flow is probable. This numerical model and all these results constitute the basis for a rational management of water resources from the Ursuya aquifer.

Approximately 2000 daily aerosol samples were collected at Antalya (30&deg / 34&amp / #900 / 30.54 E, 36&deg / 47&amp / #8217 / 30.54N) on the Mediterranean coast of Turkey between 1993 and 2001. High volume PM10 sampler was used for the collection of samples on Whatman&amp / #8211 / 41 filters. Collected samples were analyzed by a combination of analytical techniques. Energy Dispersive X-Ray Fluorescence (EDXRF) and Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICPMS) was used to measure trace element content of the collected samples from Li to U. Major ions, namely, SO42- and NO3-, were determined by employing Ion Chromatography (IC). Samples were analyzed in terms of their NH4+ contents by means of Colorimetry. Evaluation of short term trends of measured parameters have been shown that elements with marine and crustal origin are more episodic as compared to anthropogenic ones. Most of the parameters showed well defined seasonal cycles, for example, concentrations of crustal elements increased in summer season while winter concentrations of marine elements were considerably higher than associated values for summer. Seasonal Kendall statistic depicted that there was a decreasing trend for crustal elements such as Be, Co, Al, Na, Mg, K, Dy, Ho, Tm, Cs and Eu. Lead, As, Se and Ge were the anhtropogenic elements that decreasing trend was detected in the course of study period. Cluster and Residence time analysis were performed to find the origin of air masses arrving to Eastern Mediterranena Basin. It has been found that air masses reaching to our station resided more on Balkans and Eastern Europe. Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF) resolved eight factors influencing the chemical composition of Eastern Mediterranean aerosols as local dust, Saharan dust, oil combustion, coal combustion, crustal-anthropogenic mixed, sea salt, motor vehicle emission, and local Sb factor.