The problem of this thesis is to study the types, causes, and effects of maladjustments found in analyzing certain pupils of the sixth grade. Also the problem seeks to determine why the present curriculum is not meeting the needs of these maladjusted children of the Decatur Elementary School.

Structural changes in society have often been related to social problems such as crime, alcoholism and social elimination. In this analysis of the development of social elimination in Sweden during the period 1860-1975, which is mainly based on official data, it is demonstrated that there is not always a causal relationship between structural change and such social problems. If structural changes lead to social problems or not depend on whether the structural changes occur according to a "Budding" or an "Ex­pansion" model. The historical period in which a rapid structural change followed the "Budding" model closely was the time right before and after the turn of the century in which the final leap into the industrial society occured. This was a period characterized by an increasing number of industries, communities and organizations. During this period the structural changes increased the legal economic opportunities, strengthened the social and cultural integration as well as the informal social control within the working class. This period was also a period with decreasing human malad­justment symptoms and social elimination. After World War II a new period of rapid structural changes occured. But now the development followed closely to the "Expansion" model. This was a period when different subsystems in society became larger, more centra­lized specialized and difficult to survey. The consequences were not only more individual freedom and higher standards of living but also many individuals experienced a great deal of social stress together with a decreasing social and cultural integration. Increasing opportunities for crime and drugs to­gether with a decreasing social control increased the risks for social mal­adjustment for many people. This latter period can also be described as a period of rapidly increasing human maladjustment symptoms and increasing social elimination of the socially maladjusted. / digitalisering@umu

Depuis la publication des Œuvres de Fernand Deligny en 2007, nous assistons à une redécouverte de cet auteur et de son œuvre. Pendant plus de cinquante ans, Deligny a travaillé avec à des enfants et des jeunes en marge, considérés par les milieux médicaux, sociaux et juridiques comme « inadaptés ». L'objectif de cette thèse est de reconstituer les différentes expériences pratiques développées par Deligny et de systématiser sa pensée. Cette tâche est devenue possible grâce à une vision globale de son œuvre et au travail d’organisation de ses archives que nous avons entrepris au cours de cette recherche. Nous proposons ainsi d’exposer comment la pensée de Deligny s’est précisée au fil des décennies et notamment à partir de sa rencontre avec des enfants autistes mutiques. À partir de 1967, Deligny et d’autres personnes s’installent dans les Cévennes afin de créer un réseau de lieux de prise en charge d’enfants autistes. Sans qu'ils aient à proprement parler une visée thérapeutique et rééducative, ils développent toutefois une série de dispositifs d’ordre à la fois clinique, esthétique et anthropologique. Nous proposons d’analyser en détail ces différents dispositifs – l’écriture, la cartographie et le tournage de films – afin de comprendre la pratique quotidienne développée pour vivre avec les enfants autistes. Nous proposons ensuite de voir comment ces pratiques n'ont cessé d'être habitées par une recherche, à partir de laquelle Deligny a pu construire une réflexion philosophique très particulière. Cette réflexion, fondée sur le concept d’« humain » et sur une critique radicale de toute forme d’humanisme, est à la fois tout à fait singulière et profondément inscrite dans les débats de son temps – notamment dans les champs de l’anthropologie, de la psychanalyse et de la philosophie française contemporaine. / Since Fernand Deligny’s Works were published in 2007, a rediscovery of this author and his work is taking place. During more than fifty years Deligny worked with children and young people living in the fringes of the society, individuals considered socially maladjusted by the medical, social and juridical institutions. This dissertation aims to reconstitute Deligny’s multiple practical experiences and to systematize his thinking. This task is possible on the basis of a global vision of his work and of the extensive archival work done during this research. We propose to expose how Deligny’s thinking became more precise in the course of these decades and especially after his encounter with mute autistic children. After 1967, Deligny and others settled in Cevennes where they created a network of living places for these children. Without aiming to establish a therapeutic or rehabilitative milieu, they developed an apparatus having a clinical, aesthetic and anthropologic dimension. We propose a detailed analysis of this apparatus, which includes the writing, the cartography and the shooting of films, in order to grasp the approach chosen by Deligny to live with these children. Furthermore, we propose to see how research was continually undertaken within these practices. Thus Deligny was capable of building a very particular philosophical thinking. This thinking, based on the concept of the “human” and a radical critique of every form of humanism, is at the same time very singular and very connected to a large contemporary debate in the anthropologic, psychoanalytic and French philosophic fields.

The English original form of a standardized social interview was presented by Clare and Cairns (1978). The German version is described with regard to concept, structure, and methodology. The interview is designed to assess social maladjustment by measuring three conceptual categories (“Objective Material Conditions,” “Social Management,” and “Satisfaction”) in eight role areas. The instrument is especially suited for outcome assessment in various clinical and non-clinical populations and takes an average of about 30–45 min to complete. The 39 items are rated on 4-point scales either by the interviewer with the help of an extensive rating manual, or by the subject himself (all “Satisfaction” items). The results of a reliability study are presented using both the test-retest and the interrater method. In general, the results show that the instrument is satisfactorily reliable, but some possible weaknesses are discussed. Finally, the structure of the instrument is examined by an analysis of interrelationships between the items in a normal population sample. The results are discussed with regard to questions of score construction.

Researchers have postulated that those with difficult temperament are at risk for difficulties with regulating emotions, are less tolerant of distressing stimuli, have characteristic difficulty coping with distress, and are (at some periods of development) more apt to experience clinically significant psychological symptoms. This study used exploratory factor analyses and structural equation modeling to compose and test a model that explained how emotion regulation, distress tolerance, and coping skills interact to explain how certain temperament features translate into psychological symptoms. Because those with difficult temperament were thought to be at a unique risk for psychological maladjustment, mean-based criterion were used to identify those with relatively difficult, typical, or easy temperament and then test whether the degree of between-group differences on study variables was statistically significant. Results of correlational and EFA analyses suggested that there were statistically significant differences between constructs that were correlated highly (i.e., distress tolerance, emotion regulation, and emotion dysregulation). Results of SEM analyses indicated that the relationship between difficult temperament and psychological maladjustment was explained partially by the way in which emotion regulation, emotion dysregulation, distress tolerance, and coping skills interact, with the strength of each mediating variable differing considerably. There were also differences in the power of the relationship between variables when correlational power was considered alone rather than in the context of the larger measurement and structural models. Future directions and implications are discussed.

Who are the adolescents who purposely cut or burn their wrists, arms, or some other parts of their body? The fundamental question I raise in this dissertation is whether or not the portrait of self-harming adolescents as being exposed to others’ hostility in their everyday life environments and experiencing internal adjustment problems, particularly depressive symptoms, correctly represents their symptomology. I want to answer three questions: 1) What can be done to interrupt the maladaptive link that leads adolescents who experience internalizing symptoms to perform self-harming behaviors? 2) Are adolescent self-harmers typically exposed to others’ hostility or are they also involved in hostile interactions with other people? and, 3) What are the critical interpersonal and adjustment features of adolescent selfharmers? The results show that: 1) Adolescent girls with high depressive symptoms who feel at ease communicating with their parents do not use selfharm as a coping strategy when facing negative emotional experiences to the same extent as girls with high depressive symptoms who do not experience communication with parents as easy; 2) Adolescents who are involved in mutually hostile relationships with people who they meet in their daily life express more self-harming behaviors than adolescents who are exposed to others’ hostility; and, 3) Living in mutually hostile interactions with other people and experiencing both internalizing and externalizing problems seem to be key features of adolescents who harm themselves. Taken together, the results of this dissertation go beyond the traditional representation of selfharmers, and offer a holistic way of identifying a problem scenario under which adolescents self-harm. Implications for theory and practice are discussed.

L’engagement et la réussite scolaire des élèves sont maintenant bien documentés pour leurs retombées positives à long terme. Or, plusieurs facteurs peuvent nuire à cet l’investissement et au succès des élèves en classe et à leur succès. Les études passées ont effectivement permis d’établir que l’inadaptation psychosociale est l’un des important facteurs associés au désengagement. Ce risque est cependant moins connu lorsque les difficultés extériorisées, intériorisées et sociales tendent à cooccurrer et s’accumuler chez certains élèves. De plus, il n’y a actuellement aucun modèle théorique qui permet formellement d’expliquer l’interinfluence entre ces facteurs de l’inadaptation et les processus motivationnels essentiels à la réussite scolaire. Certains modèles suggèrent cependant que les perceptions de soi font partie d’importants mécanismes menant au désengagement. Or, ces perceptions de soi sont, au même titre que l’engagement scolaire, associées à l’inadaptation psychosociale. Le but de cette thèse est donc d’approfondir la compréhension des facteurs psychosociaux menant au désengagement des élèves à l’approche de l’adolescence, qui est une période où le risque de désengagement s’accroit. Ainsi, un premier articlhe (Chapitre II) a d’abord permis d’établir les profils d’inadaptation psychosociale chez les garçons et les filles de 5e et 6e année du primaire. Ces profils ont ensuite été associés de façon longitudinale avec l’engagement comportemental et le rendement scolaire des élèves. Les résultats ont permis d’identifier des profils inadaptés distincts pour les garçons et les filles. Ils soulignent également que les élèves faisant partie de ces profils inadaptés sont effectivement plus à risque d’avoir un plus faible engagement et rendement ultérieur, mais de façon distincte selon les profils et selon les sexes. Ensuite, le second article (Chapitre III) se base sur le Self-System Model of Motivational Development (Connell et Wellborn, 1991) afin d’intégrer les perceptions de compétence, d’autonomie et d’appartenance comme mécanismes liant les profils psychosociaux à l’engagement comportemental, affectif et cognitif. Les résultats soulignent le rôle marqué du sentiment d’appartenance à l’école pour son association avecexpliquer le risque d’avoir un plus faible engagement affectif des chez élèves des profils inadaptés. De plus, le risque d’avoir de moins bonnes perceptions de soi et, en retour, un plus faible engagement scolaire s’est avéré particulièrement marqué pour les filles. En somme, les résultats de la thèse suggèrent que l’inadaptation psychosociale est effectivement bien représentée sous forme de profils distincts entre les sexes pour les élèves à l’approche de l’adolescence. D’une part, la thèse réaffirme l’importance de considérer les différences sexuelles pour comprendre le risque de désengagement des élèves inadaptés. D’autre part, considérant l’influence la contribution entre l’appartenance à l’unde faire partie d’un de ces profils sur les perceptions de soi et, en retour sur l’engagement des élèves en classe, les résultats soutiennent la pertinence d’intégrer l’inadaptation psychosociale aux modèles théoriques expliquant la de motivation, de l’engagement et de la réussite scolaire. / Student engagement and academic achievement are now well documented for their positives long-term outcomes. Yet, several factors can alter students’ investment and success in school. Past studies have indeed shown that psychosocial maladjustment is an important risk factor for later disengagement. However, less is known about the risk of disengagement when externalizing, internalizing, and social difficulties tend to co-occur and accumulate in some students. Also, there is actually no theoretical framework explaining the association between maladjustment characteristics and motivational process crucial to ensure school success. A few models suggest that self-perceptions are important mechanisms leading to student engagement. These self-perceptions, as student engagement, are indeed associated with maladjustment characteristics. The goal of this thesis is thus to deepen our understanding of psychosocial maladjustment factors leading to student disengagement when approaching adolescence, which is a developmental period where the risk for disengagement increases. Therefore, a first article (Chapter II) allowed identifying psychosocial maladjustment profiles among 5th and 6th grade boys and girls. These profiles were then linked with students’ later behavioral engagement and academic achievement. Results first showed that the identified maladjustment profiles were distinct between boys and girls. Findings also highlight that students belonging to maladjusted profile tend to have lower behavioral engagement and academic achievement, but distinctly between profiles and between sexes. Next, a second article (Chapter III) relied on Self-System Model of Motivational Development (Connell & Wellborn, 1991) in order to position self-perceptions of competence, autonomy, and relatedness as mediating mechanisms linking psychosocial profiles to behavioral, emotional, and cognitive engagement. Results show the crucial role of sense of relatedness associated with the lower emotional engagement of students in maladjusted profiles. Furthermore, the risk of having a lower engagement was especially salient for girls as a result of negative self-perceptions. In sum, findings from this thesis suggest that students’ psychosocial maladjustment is well captured by establishing profiles distinctly between sexes for students approaching adolescence. On the one hand, this thesis reemphasizes that studying sexual differences is especially relevant to understand maladjusted student’s disengagement. On the other hand, as belonging to a maladjusted profile impacted students’ self-perception and, in turn, classroom engagement, results support the inclusion of psychosocial maladjustment in theoretical frameworks explaining motivation, engagement, and academic success.

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Des études récentes suggèrent que le perfectionnisme est un phénomène multidimensionnel avec des composantes néfastes, mais aussi des éléments positifs, au bien-être psychosocial. Une étude a été élaborée afin de comparer la prévalence de ces éléments chez les garçons et les filles surdoués. Quarante-neuf enfants âgés de 7 à 11 ans ont rapporté leurs attitudes perfectionnistes, appartenant à deux dimensions du phénomène : le perfectionnisme orienté ver soi et le perfectionnisme socialement prescrit. Contrairement à nos attentes, les résultats révèlent que la prévalence des deux dimensions de perfectionnisme ne diffère pas de manière significative entre les filles et les garçons surdoués. Une analyse des résultats et de leurs implications pour de futures recherches est offerte. / Recent research suggests that some components of perfectionism can be detrimental to psychosocial well-being, but others can be positive to adjustment. The present investigation was designed to compare the prevalence of negative and positive components among gifted boys and girls. Two dimensions of perfectionism, Self-oriented and Socially-prescribed Perfectionism, were examined in a sample of 49 children between 7 and 11 years old. Contrary to our predictions, there was no significant difference in the prevalence of both dimensions between boys and girls. Implications for future studies are discussed.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-28T20:58:04Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Andrea Soares Wuo.pdf: 2261350 bytes, checksum: d6b452eae6fbaffb2aa82206aa03e7e7 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-10-16 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / The objective of this research was to analyze the studies on the problems of adjustment/maladjustment in children in texts published in Revista de Psicologia Normal e Patológica (Journal of Normal and Pathological Psychology) - RPNP from the Institute of Psychology of PUC-SP - IPPUCSP (1955-1973). Based on the perspective of cultural history, 25 articles were analyzed regarding adjustment/maladjustment in children found in RPNP (1955-1973). Identified were (1) four types of maladjustment (physical, scholastic, emotional problems and delinquency) related to their determining factors (family, school, child intrinsic and environmental factors); (2) formulations of diagnosis and proposed solutions; (3) different ways of seeing the child, the family and the school, as well as the conceptions that arose in regard to maladjustment . Thereafter, three explanatory models of maladjustment were identified: the medical-affectionate-social, the psychosocial model and the dialectical model. The first one emphasizes the role of the family, based on the notion of affection for the production of maladjustments ; the second inserts social elements in explanations of maladjustment , such as prejudice and socioeconomic problems; the third model gives emphasis to the relational character in the quest to understand children in their multi-determinations. It was noticed the raise of conceptions about adjustment/maladjustment and child that consider the interaction between individual-social, taking into account the role of the other (family, school and the wider social environment) in children's development and production of adjustment/ maladjustment . Such analysis models showed that during the period studied (1955-1973), there were already notions which covered the relational dimension of the maladjustment , whereas the socio-cultural factors work in a dynamic relationship between the child and the environment / Esta pesquisa teve por objetivo analisar os estudos acerca dos problemas de ajustamento/desajustamento em crianças, em textos publicados na Revista de Psicologia Normal e Patológica - RPNP do Instituto de Psicologia da PUC-SP - IPPUCSP (1955- 1973). Com base na perspectiva da história cultural, foram analisados 25 artigos sobre ajustamento/desajustamento em crianças. Foram identificados: (1) quatro tipos de desajustamento (relacionados a problemas físicos, escolares, causados por carência afetiva e delinquência) a partir de seus fatores determinantes (família, escola, fatores intrínsecos à criança e fatores ambientais); (2) formulações sobre diagnóstico e propostas para sua solução; (3) diferentes modos de ver a criança, a família e a escola, bem como as concepções daí decorrentes para a explicação do dito desajustamento. A partir daí, foram identificados três modelos explicativos de desajustamento : os modelos médico-afetivosocial, psicossocial e dialético. O primeiro enfatiza o papel da família, com base na noção de afeto, na produção dos desajustamentos ; o segundo incorpora fatores de ordem social nas explicações sobre o desajustamento , como o preconceito e problemas socioeconômicos; o terceiro modelo dá ênfase ao caráter relacional do desajustamento como condição para a compreensão da criança em suas multideterminações. Percebeu-se a emergência de concepções de criança e de ajustamento/desajustamento que consideram a interação entre individual-social, levando-se em conta o papel do outro (família, escola e meio social mais amplo) no desenvolvimento da criança, em seu ajustamento ou na produção do desajustamento . A análise desses modelos mostra que, durante o período estudado (1955-1973), já estavam presentes noções que contemplavam a dimensão relacional do então denominado desajustamento, considerando os fatores socioculturais na relação que se estabelece entre a criança e o meio