Seit 1983 ist das Konzept des Mukosa-assoziierten lymphatischen Gewebes (MALT) im Magen auf dem Boden einer chronischen Helicobacter(H.)-pylori-Infektion bekannt. Viele epidemiologische, biologische und molekulargenetische Studien haben die Rolle von H. pylori in der Lymphomgenese unterstützt. Bis heute wurden weltweit mehr als 650 Patienten mit gastralem MALT-Lymphom und H.-pylori-Infektion antibiotisch behandelt. Bei etwa 75% der Fälle kann mit Hilfe dieser Therapie eine komplette Lymphomremission induziert werden. Klinische prädiktive Faktoren helfen dabei, Patienten bezüglich ihres Risikos besser zu stratifizieren und damit die Probabilität des Ansprechens zu verbessern. Neue zytogenetische Erkenntnisse haben zudem dazu beigetragen, ein besseres Verständnis der Lymphomgenese zu erlangen. Mit der kürzlich beschrieben Translokation t(11;18) (q21;q21) könnte in Zukunft ein prädiktiver genetischer Faktor verfügbar sein. / The Role of Helicobacter pylori Infection for the Development and Treatment of Gastric MALT Lymphomas Since 1983, it is well known that mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT)-type lymphoma of the stomach is due to chronic Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection. Many epidemiological, biological, and moleculargenetic studies have implicated the role of H. pylori in lymphomagenesis. Nowadays, more than 650 patients with gastric MALT lymphoma worldwide have been treated with antibiotics for H. pylori infection, achieving a complete remission in about 75% of cases. Clinical predictive factors help to stratify patients into risk groups, and help to predict the probability of lymphoma remission. New insights into cytogenetics have also contributed to the understanding of lymphomagenesis, and with the newly identified translocation t(11;18)(q21;q21) we might have also a genetic factor at hand to predict treatment response. / Dieser Beitrag ist mit Zustimmung des Rechteinhabers aufgrund einer (DFG-geförderten) Allianz- bzw. Nationallizenz frei zugänglich.

Thesis (PhD)--Stellenbosch University, 2014. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Selection of raw materials for a consistent and high quality end product has been a challenge for brewers globally. Various different factors may influence quality and although a great number of methods for malt analysis exist today for the prediction of end product quality, some still do not accurately represent malt performance in beer. This research focussed on determining parameters in malts to predict two of the major beer quality determining factors namely, foam- and flavour stability. Specific biochemical markers in barley malt such as lipid transfer protein 1 (LTP1) lipoxygenase-1 (LOX-1), anti-radical/oxidant potential (AROP), free amino nitrogen and intact protein were determined and used in beer quality prediction from malt character. These biochemical quality predictions were then correlated with the end product beer quality as assessed in sensory analysis trials on micro-brewed beers. Being such a multi-faceted factor in beer, LTP1 have already become an attractive field of study. LTP1 is primarily associated with stable beer foam, as a foam protein in its own right, and acting as a lipid scavenger. This protein is also theorised to play a role in the stability of beer flavour by possibly acting as anti-oxidant. Lastly LTP1 is known to have anti-yeast activity, which could negatively impact fermentation. In this study LTP1 and its lipid bound isoform LTP1b were successfully purified in an economical and easy five step protocol. Both isoforms showed temperature stability at temperatures >90°C and prefer more neutral and basic pH environments. Although the reported antioxidant activity was not observed, both purified LTP1 and LTP1b inhibited lipoxygenase-1 (LOX-1) activity, which is responsible for the enzymatic breakdown of linoleic acid to form 2(E)-nonenal. This is a novel finding that links LTP1 also to flavour stability. LTP1 exhibited anti-yeast activity whereas LTP1b lost most if not all the activity. However, since most of the LTP1 is converted to LTP1b and glycosylated isoforms during the brewing process fermentation will not be greatly influenced, while foam and flavour stability could still be promoted by the presence of LTP1b. Flavour deterioration of the final packaged product is partially due to the enzymatic production of 2(E)-nonenal by LOX-1 and the presence of free oxygen radical species, limited anti-radical/oxidant potential (AROP) and LTP1. The development of two 96-well micro-assays based on the ferrous oxidation-xylenol orange (FOX) assay for the determination of LOX-1 and AROP was successfully accomplished and compared well with established assays. The LOXFOX and AROP-FOX assays were specifically developed for the on-site, high throughput comparative determination of LOX-1 and AROP in malt and other brewery samples. The AROP-FOX and LOX-FOX micro-assays and a number of established assays were used to categorise malts in different predicted quality groups, various biochemical markers were measured which included LOX activity, LTP1 content, FAN values, intact protein concentration and AROP. An excellent trend (R2=0.93) was found between FAN/LOX and LTP1/LOX which also correlated with the novel observation that LOX-1 activity is inhibited by LTP1 at various concentrations. These trends could assist brewers in optimal blending for not only high quality end products but also fermentation predictions. To determine whether these biochemical markers selected for screening in barley malt are predictive of shelf life potential of the end product, sensory trials were performed. Three barley malt cultivars were selected for LOX, AROP, LTP1, protein and FAN content and used in micro-brewery trials at 0 and 3 months and evaluated using sensory analysis. Good correlation was found between the biochemical predictors and sensory trial for the best quality malt and beer. These parameters were therefore highly relevant for predicting shelf life potential, although additional research is required to elucidate the effect of LTP1 and LOX-1 on each other during the brewing process, since it seems that high LOX-1 concentrations could be leading to LTP1 decreases. With this study it is proposed that if more detailed protein or FAN characterisation is used together with the screening of LOX-1, LTP1 and AROP, an more accurate shelf life prediction, based on malt analysis, is possible and with the help of these parameters brewers can simply blend malts accordingly. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die keuse van roumateriaal om 'n konstante eindproduk van goeie kwaliteit te lewer, was nog altyd 'n uitdaging vir brouers wêreldwyd aangesien verskeie faktore 'n invloed het op die kwaliteit van die produk. Alhoewel daar tans verskeie metodes vir moutanalise bestaan wat die eindproduk–kwaliteit voorspel, is daar min wat werklik die eindproduk kwaliteit soos voorspel deur moutanalise verteenwoordig. Hierdie navorsing fokus op die bepaling van mout-eienskappe om twee van die belangrikste bierkwaliteitvereistes, naamlik skuim- en geurstabiliteit te voorspel. Spesifieke biochemiese eienskappe in garsmout soos lipiedtransportproteien-1 (LTP1), lipoksigenase-1 (LOX-1), antioksidant-antiradikaal potensiaal (AROP), vry aminostikstof (FAN) is geïdentifiseer en gebruik in voorspelling van bierkwaliteit vanaf moutkarakter. Hierdie biochemiese kwaliteit voorspellings is dan gekorreleer met die eindproduk soos ge-evalueer d.m.v sensoriese analise op mikro-gebroude bier. Omdat LTP1 soveel fasette in bier beïnvloed, het dit reeds 'n aanloklike studiefokus geword. LTP1 word hoofsaaklik geassosieer met stabiele skuimkwaliteit in bier en tree op as 'n lipiedmop (“lipid scavenger”). Die proteien speel teoreties ook 'n rol in die stabiliteit van bier geur deur moontlik as 'n anti-oksidant op te tree. Laastens is LTP1 bekend vir sy antigis aktiwiteit wat moontlik 'n negatiewe uitwerking op fermentasies het. Gedurende hierdie navorsing is LTP1 en sy lipiedbinding isoform LTP1b suksesvol gesuiwer met 'n ekonomies en eenvoudige 5-stap protokol. Beide isoforme het stabiliteit by temperature >90°C en meer neutrale en basiese pH omgewings getoon. Alhoewel die voorheen gerapporteerde anti-oksidant aktiwiteit vir LTP1 nie bevestig kon word nie, is daar wel gevind dat beide LTP1 en LTP1b, LOX-1, wat verantwoordelik is vir die ensimatiese afbraak van linoleensuur na 2(E)-nonenal, se aktiwiteit inhibeer. Dit is 'n unieke bevinding wat LTP1 ook koppel aan geurstabiliteit. LTP1 het antigis aktiwiteit getoon, maar LTP1b het die meeste, indien nie alle antigis-aktiwiteit verloor. Omdat die meeste van die LTP1's omgeskakel word na LTP1b's en geglikosileerde isoforme tydens die brouproses, sal fermentasie nie beduidend beinvloed word nie, maar die skuim- en geurstabiliteit sal steeds bevorder word deur die blote teenwoordigheid van die LTP1b. Geurverval van die finale verpakte produk is gedeeltelik a.g.v die ensimatiese produksie van 2(E)-nonenal deur LOX-1 en die teenwoordigheid van vry suurstofradikaal spesies, beperkte AROP en LTP1. Die ontwikkeling van twee 96-putjie mikroessaïs, gebasseer op die yster oksidasie-xilenol oranje (FOX) essai vir die bepaling van LOX-1 en AROP, was suksesvol en het goed vergelyk met reeds gevestigde essaïs. Die LOX-FOX en AROP-FOX mikroessaïs is spesifiek ontwikkel vir die residente, hoë deurvloei vergelykende bepaling van LOX-1 en AROP in mout en ander brouery-monsters. Die AROP-FOX en LOX-FOX mikroessaïs en 'n paar gevestigde essaïs is gebruik om moute te kategoriseer in die verskillende voorspelde kwaliteitsgroepe. Die biochemiese merkers wat gemeet is het die volgende ingesluit: LOX aktiwiteit, LTP1 inhoud, FAN waardes, proteïen konsentrasie en AROP. 'n Merkwaardige korrelasie (R2=0.93) is gevind tussen FAN/LOX en LTP1/LOX wat ook ooreenstem met die waarneming dat LOX-1 aktiwiteit onderdruk word deur LTP1 by verskeie konsentrasies. Hierdie korrelasies kan brouers help met optimale versnitting van moute vir, nie net die hoogste kwaliteit eindproduk nie, maar ook vir fermentasie voorspellings. Om te bepaal of hierdie geselekteerde biochemiese merkers in mout die potensieële raklewe van die eindproduk verteenwoordig, is sensoriese evaluerings uitgevoer. Drie gars-mout kultivars is geselekteer o.g.v LOX-, AROP-, LTP1-, proteïen- en FAN-inhoud en gebruik in mikro-brouery proewe en op 0 en 3 maande en is ge-evalueer deur sensoriese analise. Goeie korrelasie is gevind tussen die biochemiese voorspellers en sensoriese evaluering vir die beste kwaliteit mout en bier. Hierdie maatstawwe is daarom uiters relevant vir voorspelling van die potensiele rakleeftyd, alhoewel addisionele navorsing nodig is om die effek van LTP1 en LOX-1 op mekaar gedurende die brouproses te bepaal. Dit blyk dat 'n hoë LOX-1 konsentrasies kan lei tot 'n afname in LTP1. Met hierdie studie word dit voorstel dat, as meer gedetaileerde proteien of FAN karakterisering saam met LOX-1, LTP1, en AROP analise uitgevoer word, 'n meer akkurate raklewe voorspelling moontlik is en met behulp van hierdie parameters kan brouers moute dienooreenkomstig versnit.

Master of Science / Food Science Institute / Jon Faubion / Brewing of beer has a long history and has evolved over time as tastes, markets and science have progressed. Traditionally malted barley is the grain source used in brewing. Malt provides a multitude of benefits including: fermentable carbohydrates, nitrogen for yeast metabolism, color compounds, flavor compounds and minor constituents that provide for various qualities in beer such as foam and colloidal stability. There is, however, interest from brewers and drinkers alike for a variety of beer styles. Because of this and other reasons, brewers have worked with adjuncts such as oats, sorghum, wheat, rice, and maize. These grains can be used in unmalted or malted forms, but the incorporation of these grains affects the brewing process and final beer qualities. A review of literature reveals the use of grains other than malted barley reduce the nitrogen contribution and alter the amino acid profile available for yeast metabolism, leading to slower fermentations and variations in the fermentation products resulting in changes to beer flavor. Exceptions include sorghum and oats, which provide a more beneficial amino acid profile than barley despite lower levels of nitrogen when compared to barley. Extract is found to increase when using maize and rice, while oats and sorghum reduce the amount of extract. Wheat has comparable extract to barley. Grains that contribute B-glucans and arabinoxylans will increase viscosity, while grains without these components will reduce viscosity if fermentation is complete. Additionally, most grains will reduce the foam stability due to altered nitrogen and protein contributions; wheat being the lone exception that improves foam stability. This review will discuss the above mentioned attributes and more to explore the changes to be expected when brewing with unmalted and malted grains other than barley.

The dissertation thesis deals with the problems of the use of plasma technologies in agriculture for the purpose of improving the quality of feedstuffs for agricultural animals. The attention is focused above all on the use of low-temperature gliding arc plasma discharge generated by the atmospheric pressure for the elimination of model fungal pathogens (T. virens) and for the testing of the possibility of the use of plasma for the decreasing of mycotoxin load (DON and D3G). The professional orientation of the dissertation thesis is strongly interdisciplinary with the overlap to the area of the physics of plasma, microbiology, zootechnics and the proposal and construction of technical facilities. With that corresponds also the division of thesis into individual chapters. In the research part, there is a summary of actual pieces of knowledge from the area of fungal microorganisms and mycotoxins produced by these with the view on their presence in feedstuffs. There follows a research of pieces of knowledge of low-temperature plasma and its applications in the food industry and feeding. In the chapter Material and Methodology, the applicated methods of work, employed instruments and biological material are described. The resulting part is, for its clear arrangement, divided into five subchapters ? stating of selected parameters of plasma device, influence of plasma on nutritional parameters, influence of plasma on the model fungus Trichoderma virens and possibilities of the use of plasma discharge for the decreasing of concentration of mycotoxins in feedstuffs. The final part is dedicated to the description of system which enables the treatment of samples in continuous regime. The treatment of mycelial discs by plasma discharge lead to the decrease of germination capacity of spores of fungi, while there was experimentally proven the synergic effect of the influence of individual mechanisms by which the plasma interacts with the surface of biological material. At the same time, there was not observed a more significant change in the composition of feedstuffs, more significant is only the change of humidity of sample. In the laboratory conditions, the decreasing of concentration of mycotoxins spread on laboratory glass was proven. At the samples of feedstuffs contaminated by natural way, it was not successful to reliably provedecreasing of concentration of mycotoxins in a sample as a result of plasma activity.

Características sensoriais diferenciadas e qualidade química podem garantir a competitividade de uma bebida destilada. O uísque é uma bebida alcoólica produzida a partir da destilação do mosto fermentado de cereais e que passa por um período de maturação em barris de carvalho. A cachaça, por sua vez, é produzida a partir da destilação do caldo de cana-de-açúcar fermentado. O objetivo deste trabalho foi analisar a qualidade química e sensorial da bebida destilada oriunda das matérias-primas cana-de-açúcar e cevada e produzida mediante técnicas já existentes em processos produtivos de cachaça e uísque. O mosto combinado teve como fonte de açúcares o mosto de caldo de cana e o mosto de malte de cevada, que foram preparados separadamente e depois misturados nas seguintes proporções em porcentagem: 100 (A), 75 (B), 50 (C), 25 (D) e 0 (E) de caldo de cana, complementado com o mosto de malte de cevada. O processo fermentativo foi conduzido a 30ºC, mediante adição de leveduras Saccharomyces cerevisiae, cepas CA-11 e S-33, inoculando-se 1,5 g/L de cada levedura. As destilações foram realizadas em alambique de cobre, seguindo a metodologia de dupla-destilação utilizada para a produção de Scotch malt whisky. As bebidas duplamente destiladas foram acondicionadas em barris de carvalho por 60 dias. Os mostos foram submetidos às análises de pH, Brix, Pol, Açúcares Redutores (AR), Açúcares Redutores Totais (ART) e Acidez Total; e os vinhos foram analisados quanto a Teor Alcoólico, pH, Açúcares Redutores Residuais (ARR) e Acidez Total. Os flegmas, bidestilados e as bebidas envelhecidas foram submetidos a análises de teor alcoólico (densitometria), cobre (colorimetria), congêneres voláteis (CG-FID) e carbamato de etila (CG-EM). As bebidas envelhecidas também foram submetidas a análises de intensidade de cor e compostos fenólicos totais (espectrofotometria) e congêneres de maturação (CLAE). Testes sensoriais foram realizados para verificar a preferência entre as amostras pelos consumidores. Análises estatísticas foram realizadas pelo programa SAS (ANOVA e Testes de Tukey). Foi comprovada a eficiência da técnica de bidestilação na redução de alguns compostos limitados pela legislação. Mostos combinados com maior porcentagem de malte de cevada apresentaram menor formação de carbamato de etila. O envelhecimento aumentou a concentração de carbamato de etila nos destilados A, B e C sendo ao final o único contaminante presente acima dos limites permitidos pela legislação de aguardente de cana. Siringaldeído e ácido gálico foram os congêneres de maturação com as maiores concentrações nos destilados. O destilado do tratamento A apresentou a maior concentração total de compostos de envelhecimento. Na análise sensorial o destilado do tratamento C apresentou a maior preferência pelos provadores. Este estudo comprova que a produção de uma nova bebida a partir da combinação de matérias-primas diferentes pode apresentar resultados satisfatórios. Entretanto, ressalta-se a importância da continuidade desse estudo para afinar a definição da combinação de mostos mais adequada, para assim confirmar a viabilidade e eficiência do processo. / Differentiated sensory characteristics and chemical quality can ensure the competitiveness of a distilled beverage. Whisky is an alcoholic beverage produced from the distillation of fermented worts of cereals and aged in oak barrels. Cachaça, in turn, is produced from the distillation of fermented sugarcane juice. The objective of this study was to analyze the chemical and sensory quality of distilled spirit derived sugarcane and barley and produced by existing techniques in production processes of cachaça and whisky. The combined wort had as a source of sugars the sugarcane juice and barley malt wort, that were prepared separately and then mixed in the following proportions by percentage: 100 (A) 75 (B), 50 (C), 25 (D) and 0 (E) of sugarcane juice, supplemented with barley malt wort. The fermentation was conducted at 30° C by addition of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, CA-11 and S-33 strains, inoculating 1,5 g/L of each yeast. The distillations were performed in copper still, according to double-distillation method used for production of Scotch malt whisky. Double-distilled spirits were stored in oak barrels for 60 days. Worts were submitted to analysis of pH, Brix, Pol, Reducing Sugars (AR), Total Reducing Sugars (ART) and Total Acidity; and the wines were analyzed for Alcohol, pH, Residual Reducing Sugars (ARR) and Total Acidity. Low wines, double-distilled spirits and aged spirits were analyzed for alcohol content (densitometry), copper (colorimetry), volatile congeners (GC-FID) and ethyl carbamate (GC-MS). Aged spirits were also analyzed for color intensity and total phenolic compounds (spectrophotometry) and aged congeners (HPLC). Sensory tests were conducted to verify preference between samples by consumers. Statistical analyzes were performed using SAS (ANOVA and Tukey tests). The efficiency of double-distillation technique in reduce some compounds limited by legislation was confirmed. Worts combined with a higher percentage of barley malt showed lower formation of ethyl carbamate. Aging increased the concentration of ethyl carbamate in spirits A, B and C being at the end the only contaminant found above the limits allowed by the cachaça legislation. Syringaldehyde and gallic acid were the aged congeners with the highest concentrations in the spirits. Spirit A had the highest total concentration of aged congeners. Sensory analysis showed that spirit C was the most preferred by tasters. This study demonstrates that the production of a new beverage from the combination of different raw materials can provide satisfactory results. However, it emphasizes the importance of continuing this study to refine the definition of the most appropriate combination of worts, thus to confirm the feasibility and process efficiency.

A fim de avaliar formas de associações do resíduo úmido de cervejaria com uso de aditivos no processo de ensilagem ; e desempenho e digestibilidade de cordeiros a partir a das associações, foram distribuídos em delineamento inteiram ente casualizado 5 tratamentos com 4 repetições: C: ensilagem de 100% resíduo de cervejaria; PC15: 15% de polpa cítrica; PC30: 30% de polpa cítrica; CS15: 15% de casca de soja; CS30: 30% de casca de soja, adicionados com base na matéria fresca do resíduo de cervejaria. Das silagens foram coletadas amostras para as análises bromatológicas, pH, poder tampão, nitrogênio amoniacal, DIVMS e determinação de ácidos orgânicos (ácidos lático, acético, propiônico, butírico) e perfil microbiológico. Os dados da silagem foram analisados por meio da Eficiência Biológica Relativa (EBR), através da técnica do \"slope ratio\". Para análise in vivo foi verificado o desempenho dos animais e digestibilidade. Os dados foram analisados através do programa computacional Statistical Analysis System (SAS, 2008), considerando efeitos fixos a inclusão de aditivos e os níveis. As médias dos tratamentos foram comparadas por contrastes ortogonais. Houve aumento do teor de MS, carboidratos e poder tampão para os níveis de inclusão; aumento da digestibilidade in vitro da matéria seca; aumento na relação desejável/indesejável de ácido lático/ acético e butírico; aumento da população de bactérias ácido lática, e clostrídeos da silagem. Houve melhora no desempenho com a adição de casca de soja e polpa cítrica e na digestibilidade in vivo de MS, sendo os melhores resultados encontrados, em conjunto, para o tratamento da silagem com inclusão de 30% de polpa cítrica. / In order to evaluate the production of silage and the use of additives in the process of silage of brewery residue, they were distributed in a completely randomized design treatments 5 and 4 repetitions: C: silage 100% brewery residue; PC15: 15% of citrus pulp; PC30: 30% of citrus pulp; CS15: 15% of soybean hulls; CS30 mice: 30% of soybean hulls- added on the basis of the fresh of the residue of brewery. The silage samples were collected for the qualitative analysis, pH, buffer, ammoniacal nitrogen, IVDMD and determination of organic acids (Lactic acid, acetic acid, propionic, butyric) and microbiological profile. The Relative Biological Efficiency (RBE) was calculated by the slope ratio technique For in vivo analysis was verified the performance of the animals and digestibility.The data were analyzed by the Statistical Analysis System (SAS, 2008), whereas fixed effects the inclusion of additives and levels. The treatment average was compared by orthogonal contrasts There was an increase in the content of MS, carbohydrates and power buffer from the inclusion; increase in vivo digestibility of DM and increase of the population of lactic acid bacteria, clostridium; IVDMD, and the best results, together, for the treatment of silage with inclusion of 30% of citrus pulp.

O Brasil é atualmente o terceiro maior produtor de cerveja, ficando atrás da China e EUA, respectivamente. Cerveja é uma bebida obtida pela fermentação alcoólica de um mosto cervejeiro oriundo do malte de cevada, água potável, por ação de levedura e adição de lúpulo. A legislação brasileira vigente, permite, ainda, a adição de adjuntos cervejeiros, que podem ser outros cereais, malteados ou não, além de outras fontes de carboidrato. A utilização dos adjuntos, principalmente o milho e o arroz, tornou-se opções de diminuir o custo no processo de produção de cerveja, bem como possibilitou a produção de cervejas leves e mais palatáveis à população brasileira. Dentre adjuntos não convencionais, destacam-se arroz preto, banana, pupunha, pinhão, cana de açúcar e frutas tropicais. A laranja é uma fruta com alto teor de açúcar e o Brasil é o principal país produtor, motivando assim, a possibilidade de estudar seu uso como adjunto cervejeiro. As principais formas de comercialização de laranja são em forma de suco pasteurizado (NFC) ou suco de laranja concentrado (FCOJ). O presente projeto teve como objetivo a produção de cervejas, em escala de bancada, utilizando suco de laranja como adjunto de malte, tanto na forma NFC como de FCOJ em diferentes proporções (0%, 10%, 25% e 45%). Análises de concentração e viabilidade celular, pH, consumo de extrato e formação de etanol foram realizadas ao longo das fermentações, além de análises sensoriais foram feitas a fim de se estabelecer a melhor proporção para uma produção em maior escala, feita na Planta Piloto de Bebidas da Escola de Engenharia de Lorena (EEL). A partir das análises, a cerveja com 10% de FCOJ foi a escolhida para a produção em escala piloto, onde foi analisada a reprodutibilidade dessa cerveja e uma nova análise sensorial foi feita para comparar a bebida produzida no estudo com bebida produzida comercialmente para definir se o adjunto pode ou não ser utilizado no mercado de cervejas. / Brazil is today the third world beer producer, after China and United States of America, respectively. Beer is a beverage obtained by alcoholic fermentation of beer wort derived from barley malt, drinking water, yeast action and adding hops. The current Brazilian legislation also allows the addition of brewing adjuncts, which can be other cereals, malted or not, as well as other sources of carbohydrates. The use of adjuncts, especially maize and rice became options to reduce the cost of beer production process and enabled the production of lighter beers and more palatable to the Brazilian population. Among non-conventional adjuncts, it is highlighted black rice, banana, peach palm, pine nuts, sugar cane and tropical fruits. The orange is a fruit with high sugar content and Brazil is the main producer, motivating thus the possibility to study its use as a brewing adjunct. The main forms of marketing are not from concentrated orange juice (NFC), which is pasteurized, or concentrated orange juice (FCOJ). This project aimed the production of beers, bench scale, using orange juice as malt adjunct, both in the NFC way of FCOJ, in different proportions (0%, 10%, 25% and 45%). Analysis of concentration and cell viability, pH, extract consumption and the formation of ethanol were carried out throughout the fermentations, and sensory analyzes were performed in order to establish the best ratio for a larger scale production, made in Lorena School of Engineering (EEL) Beverages Pilot Plant. From the analysis, the beer with 10% FCOJ was chosen for the production on a pilot scale, where the reproducibility of beer and a new sensory analysis was performed to compare the beverage produced in the study with commercially produced beverage was analyzed to determine whether the adjunct may or may not be used in the beer market.

A legislação brasileira permite a substituição parcial do malte de cevada por adjuntos, malteados ou não, para produção de cervejas. Esses adjuntos proporcionam redução de custos de produção e a obtenção de bebidas com diferentes características sensoriais. A proposta deste trabalho foi a de produzir uma bebida com teor reduzido de etanol, utilizando quinoa malteada como adjunto. Foram avaliadas três linhagens de levedura, duas comerciais, S-23 e W-3470 (Fermentis - França) e uma do banco de cepas da Escola de Engenharia de Lorena (EEL), classificada como PPB-01. Avaliou-se o rendimento em etanol, visando a produção de bebidas com teor reduzido de etanol, obtendo-se rendimentos semelhantes em álcool, 0,37, 0,35 e 0,39 g/g, para as cepas S-23, W-3470 e PPB-01, respectivamente. Utilizou-se o processo de mosturação por infusão simples, a 72ºC, sendo comparado à condição padrão, na qual utilizou-se temperaturas de 52ºC, 62ºC, 72ºC, obtendo-se rendimentos em etanol de 0,40, 0,41 e 0,40 g/g, para S-23, W-3470 e PPB-01, respectivamente. A linhagem S-23 foi escolhida para prosseguir nos estudos, devido ao menor tempo de fermentação, 108 horas, na produção de bebidas com teor reduzido de etanol, comparado com as demais linhagens cujo tempo de fermentação foi de 116 horas. A quinoa foi malteada, sendo observada germinação de apenas 60%, o que pode ter dificultado a filtração e clarificação de mostos. Com isso, necessitou-se alterar a condição de mosturação, de infusão simples para mosturação de dois passos, utilizando-se as temperaturas de 52ºC e 72ºC. Nesta condição de mosturação, os fatores de rendimento em etanol foram de 0,38, 0,36, 0,36, 0,37 g/g, na fermentação de mostos elaborados contendo quinoa malteada como adjunto, nas proporções de 10%, 20%, 30% e 45% em massa, respectivamente, semelhante aquele rendimento observado na fermentação de mosto puro malte, 0,37g/g. O tempo de fermentação de mosto puro malte foi reduzido de para 132 para 88 horas de fermentação de mosto contendo quinoa malteada na proporção de 45%. O teor inicial de aminoácidos livres pode ter afetado o tempo de fermentação, observando-se teores de 133mg/L no mosto puro malte, e 141, 148, 152 e 177mg/L nos mostos contendo quinoa malteada como adjunto, nas proporções de 10%, 20%, 30% e 45% em massa, respectivamente. Na avaliação sensorial das diferentes bebidas obtidas, constatou-se que a aceitação foi semelhante para todas as amostras, quando comparadas a uma amostra de cerveja comercial, com notas compreendidas entre \"gostei ligeiramente\" e \"gostei moderadamente\". A estabilidade da espuma atingiu 155 Sigma para a amostra puro malte sendo fortemente afetada quando quinoa malteada foi utilizada como adjunto, nas proporções de 10%, 20%, 30% e 45% em massa, sendo que o valor Sigma foi de 104, 69, 44 e 6, respectivamente, e 128 Sigma para amostra comercial. A fermentação do mosto em escala piloto contendo 45% em massa de quinoa malteada, como adjunto, foi avaliada, verificando-se que as características pH, atenuação, número de células em suspensão e de rendimento em etanol (0,39g/g) foram semelhantes às demais condições de bancada avaliadas, tanto para avaliação de diferentes leveduras ou condições de mosturação, quanto para substituição de malte por quinoa malteada. / Brazilian law allows substitution of barley malt by adjuncts, malted or not, to produce beers. These adjuncts provide a reduction of production costs and obtaining beverages with different sensory characteristics. This work aimed to produce a drink with reduced ethanol content using malted quinoa as adjunct. Three yeast strains were evaluated, S-23 and W- 3470, commercials (Fermentis - France) and PPB-01 from the yeasts bank of Engineering School of Lorena (EEL), regarding to ethanol yield, being observed in similar yields ethanol, 0.37, 0.35 and 0.39 g / g for the strains S-23, W-3470 and PPB-01, respectively, by mashing a simple infusion, at 72°C, compared to the control condition, by mashing with temperatures 52ºC, 62ºC, 72ºC, obtaining ethanol yields 0.40, 0.41 and 0.40g/g for S-23, W-3470 and PPB-01, respectively. The S-23 strain was chosen for the studies below, since the fermentation time was slightly lower, 108 hours, for production of beverages with reduced ethanol content, compared to other processes 116 hours for W-3470 and PPB-01 strains. The quinoa was malted for transformation of the grain, germination of only 60% was observed under the conditions evaluated, which may have hindered the filtration and clarification of worts, even mashing condition having been changed from simple infusion mashing for the two steps, using temperatures of 52ºC and 72ºC , observing ethanol yields of 0.38 , 0.36 , 0.36 , 0.37g/g, produced in the fermentation of worts containing malted quinoa as adjunct in proportions of 10%, 20%, 30% and 45% by weight, respectively, similar to that observed in fermentation yield of pure malt wort, 0.37 g/g. The fermentation time was reduced from132 hours, pure malt wort, to 88 hours, malted quinoa wort in a proportion of 45%. The initial content of free amino acids, may have affected the fermentation time, concentration of 133mg/L were observed in pure malt wort, and 141, 148, 152 and 177mg/L in worts containing malted quinoa as adjunct in the proportions of 10%, 20%, 30% and 45% by mass , respectively. In the sensory evaluation of obtained beverages, pure malt, and containing malted quinoa as adjunct in different proportions, it was found that acceptance was similar for all samples, compared to a sample of commercial beer, with notes between \"liked slightly\" and \"liked moderately\". The stability of the foam 155 Sigma of pure malt sample was strongly affected when malted quinoa was used as adjunct in the proportions of 10%, 20%, 30% and 45% by weight, being observed Sigma 104 , 69, 44 and 6, respectively compared to a commercial sample, Sigma 128. The fermentation of wort in a pilot scale containing 45% by weight of malted quinoa as adjunct, was evaluated by checking and characteristics such as pH, apparent attenuation and maximum number of suspension cells and ethanol yield (0.39 g/g) were similar to other conditions evaluated in bench scale.

O Brasil é atualmente o terceiro maior produtor de cerveja, ficando atrás da China e EUA, respectivamente. Cerveja é uma bebida obtida pela fermentação alcoólica de um mosto cervejeiro oriundo do malte de cevada, água potável, por ação de levedura e adição de lúpulo. A legislação brasileira vigente, permite, ainda, a adição de adjuntos cervejeiros, que podem ser outros cereais, malteados ou não, além de outras fontes de carboidrato. A utilização dos adjuntos, principalmente o milho e o arroz, tornou-se opções de diminuir o custo no processo de produção de cerveja, bem como possibilitou a produção de cervejas leves e mais palatáveis à população brasileira. Dentre adjuntos não convencionais, destacam-se arroz preto, banana, pupunha, pinhão, cana de açúcar e frutas tropicais. A laranja é uma fruta com alto teor de açúcar e o Brasil é o principal país produtor, motivando assim, a possibilidade de estudar seu uso como adjunto cervejeiro. As principais formas de comercialização de laranja são em forma de suco pasteurizado (NFC) ou suco de laranja concentrado (FCOJ). O presente projeto teve como objetivo a produção de cervejas, em escala de bancada, utilizando suco de laranja como adjunto de malte, tanto na forma NFC como de FCOJ em diferentes proporções (0%, 10%, 25% e 45%). Análises de concentração e viabilidade celular, pH, consumo de extrato e formação de etanol foram realizadas ao longo das fermentações, além de análises sensoriais foram feitas a fim de se estabelecer a melhor proporção para uma produção em maior escala, feita na Planta Piloto de Bebidas da Escola de Engenharia de Lorena (EEL). A partir das análises, a cerveja com 10% de FCOJ foi a escolhida para a produção em escala piloto, onde foi analisada a reprodutibilidade dessa cerveja e uma nova análise sensorial foi feita para comparar a bebida produzida no estudo com bebida produzida comercialmente para definir se o adjunto pode ou não ser utilizado no mercado de cervejas. / Brazil is today the third world beer producer, after China and United States of America, respectively. Beer is a beverage obtained by alcoholic fermentation of beer wort derived from barley malt, drinking water, yeast action and adding hops. The current Brazilian legislation also allows the addition of brewing adjuncts, which can be other cereals, malted or not, as well as other sources of carbohydrates. The use of adjuncts, especially maize and rice became options to reduce the cost of beer production process and enabled the production of lighter beers and more palatable to the Brazilian population. Among non-conventional adjuncts, it is highlighted black rice, banana, peach palm, pine nuts, sugar cane and tropical fruits. The orange is a fruit with high sugar content and Brazil is the main producer, motivating thus the possibility to study its use as a brewing adjunct. The main forms of marketing are not from concentrated orange juice (NFC), which is pasteurized, or concentrated orange juice (FCOJ). This project aimed the production of beers, bench scale, using orange juice as malt adjunct, both in the NFC way of FCOJ, in different proportions (0%, 10%, 25% and 45%). Analysis of concentration and cell viability, pH, extract consumption and the formation of ethanol were carried out throughout the fermentations, and sensory analyzes were performed in order to establish the best ratio for a larger scale production, made in Lorena School of Engineering (EEL) Beverages Pilot Plant. From the analysis, the beer with 10% FCOJ was chosen for the production on a pilot scale, where the reproducibility of beer and a new sensory analysis was performed to compare the beverage produced in the study with commercially produced beverage was analyzed to determine whether the adjunct may or may not be used in the beer market.

A legislação brasileira permite a substituição parcial do malte de cevada por adjuntos, malteados ou não, para produção de cervejas. Esses adjuntos proporcionam redução de custos de produção e a obtenção de bebidas com diferentes características sensoriais. A proposta deste trabalho foi a de produzir uma bebida com teor reduzido de etanol, utilizando quinoa malteada como adjunto. Foram avaliadas três linhagens de levedura, duas comerciais, S-23 e W-3470 (Fermentis - França) e uma do banco de cepas da Escola de Engenharia de Lorena (EEL), classificada como PPB-01. Avaliou-se o rendimento em etanol, visando a produção de bebidas com teor reduzido de etanol, obtendo-se rendimentos semelhantes em álcool, 0,37, 0,35 e 0,39 g/g, para as cepas S-23, W-3470 e PPB-01, respectivamente. Utilizou-se o processo de mosturação por infusão simples, a 72ºC, sendo comparado à condição padrão, na qual utilizou-se temperaturas de 52ºC, 62ºC, 72ºC, obtendo-se rendimentos em etanol de 0,40, 0,41 e 0,40 g/g, para S-23, W-3470 e PPB-01, respectivamente. A linhagem S-23 foi escolhida para prosseguir nos estudos, devido ao menor tempo de fermentação, 108 horas, na produção de bebidas com teor reduzido de etanol, comparado com as demais linhagens cujo tempo de fermentação foi de 116 horas. A quinoa foi malteada, sendo observada germinação de apenas 60%, o que pode ter dificultado a filtração e clarificação de mostos. Com isso, necessitou-se alterar a condição de mosturação, de infusão simples para mosturação de dois passos, utilizando-se as temperaturas de 52ºC e 72ºC. Nesta condição de mosturação, os fatores de rendimento em etanol foram de 0,38, 0,36, 0,36, 0,37 g/g, na fermentação de mostos elaborados contendo quinoa malteada como adjunto, nas proporções de 10%, 20%, 30% e 45% em massa, respectivamente, semelhante aquele rendimento observado na fermentação de mosto puro malte, 0,37g/g. O tempo de fermentação de mosto puro malte foi reduzido de para 132 para 88 horas de fermentação de mosto contendo quinoa malteada na proporção de 45%. O teor inicial de aminoácidos livres pode ter afetado o tempo de fermentação, observando-se teores de 133mg/L no mosto puro malte, e 141, 148, 152 e 177mg/L nos mostos contendo quinoa malteada como adjunto, nas proporções de 10%, 20%, 30% e 45% em massa, respectivamente. Na avaliação sensorial das diferentes bebidas obtidas, constatou-se que a aceitação foi semelhante para todas as amostras, quando comparadas a uma amostra de cerveja comercial, com notas compreendidas entre \"gostei ligeiramente\" e \"gostei moderadamente\". A estabilidade da espuma atingiu 155 Sigma para a amostra puro malte sendo fortemente afetada quando quinoa malteada foi utilizada como adjunto, nas proporções de 10%, 20%, 30% e 45% em massa, sendo que o valor Sigma foi de 104, 69, 44 e 6, respectivamente, e 128 Sigma para amostra comercial. A fermentação do mosto em escala piloto contendo 45% em massa de quinoa malteada, como adjunto, foi avaliada, verificando-se que as características pH, atenuação, número de células em suspensão e de rendimento em etanol (0,39g/g) foram semelhantes às demais condições de bancada avaliadas, tanto para avaliação de diferentes leveduras ou condições de mosturação, quanto para substituição de malte por quinoa malteada. / Brazilian law allows substitution of barley malt by adjuncts, malted or not, to produce beers. These adjuncts provide a reduction of production costs and obtaining beverages with different sensory characteristics. This work aimed to produce a drink with reduced ethanol content using malted quinoa as adjunct. Three yeast strains were evaluated, S-23 and W- 3470, commercials (Fermentis - France) and PPB-01 from the yeasts bank of Engineering School of Lorena (EEL), regarding to ethanol yield, being observed in similar yields ethanol, 0.37, 0.35 and 0.39 g / g for the strains S-23, W-3470 and PPB-01, respectively, by mashing a simple infusion, at 72°C, compared to the control condition, by mashing with temperatures 52ºC, 62ºC, 72ºC, obtaining ethanol yields 0.40, 0.41 and 0.40g/g for S-23, W-3470 and PPB-01, respectively. The S-23 strain was chosen for the studies below, since the fermentation time was slightly lower, 108 hours, for production of beverages with reduced ethanol content, compared to other processes 116 hours for W-3470 and PPB-01 strains. The quinoa was malted for transformation of the grain, germination of only 60% was observed under the conditions evaluated, which may have hindered the filtration and clarification of worts, even mashing condition having been changed from simple infusion mashing for the two steps, using temperatures of 52ºC and 72ºC , observing ethanol yields of 0.38 , 0.36 , 0.36 , 0.37g/g, produced in the fermentation of worts containing malted quinoa as adjunct in proportions of 10%, 20%, 30% and 45% by weight, respectively, similar to that observed in fermentation yield of pure malt wort, 0.37 g/g. The fermentation time was reduced from132 hours, pure malt wort, to 88 hours, malted quinoa wort in a proportion of 45%. The initial content of free amino acids, may have affected the fermentation time, concentration of 133mg/L were observed in pure malt wort, and 141, 148, 152 and 177mg/L in worts containing malted quinoa as adjunct in the proportions of 10%, 20%, 30% and 45% by mass , respectively. In the sensory evaluation of obtained beverages, pure malt, and containing malted quinoa as adjunct in different proportions, it was found that acceptance was similar for all samples, compared to a sample of commercial beer, with notes between \"liked slightly\" and \"liked moderately\". The stability of the foam 155 Sigma of pure malt sample was strongly affected when malted quinoa was used as adjunct in the proportions of 10%, 20%, 30% and 45% by weight, being observed Sigma 104 , 69, 44 and 6, respectively compared to a commercial sample, Sigma 128. The fermentation of wort in a pilot scale containing 45% by weight of malted quinoa as adjunct, was evaluated by checking and characteristics such as pH, apparent attenuation and maximum number of suspension cells and ethanol yield (0.39 g/g) were similar to other conditions evaluated in bench scale.