O propósito central deste estudo é investigar se existe um prazo \"ótimo\" para o rodízio mandatório de firmas de auditoria no Brasil. Primeiramente, buscou-se evidências através da percepção de agentes do mercado para fundamentar o desenvolvimento de um modelo de estudo da qualidade de auditoria em função do tempo de relacionamento auditor-auditado tenure, considerando de forma isolada o efeito da tenure nas vertentes da qualidade, competência e independência, de acordo com o conceito de DeAngelo (1981b). Com base em um modelo quadrático, que consiste em uma simplificação do modelo originalmente proposto, foi realizada uma aplicação empírica com dados de companhias abertas brasileiras, listadas na Bovespa, referente ao período de 1998 a 2016. Os resultados sugerem ser possível estimar o prazo \"ótimo\" para o rodízio mandatório de firmas de auditoria em aproximadamente 5,7 anos. Testes adicionais foram realizados para conferir robustez a este resultado, indicando que o prazo \"ótimo\" seria em torno de 6 e 8,8 anos. Esses resultados indicam, portanto, que o prazo atualmente utilizado pela CVM (5 anos para empresas que não têm comitê de auditoria estatutário e 10 anos para as que têm) é compatível com os prazos estimados para se estabelecer o maior nível de qualidade média de auditoria possível. Tendo em vista que os prazos estimados são superiores a 5 anos, talvez não haja prejuízos, no que se refere à maximização da qualidade média da auditoria, se o prazo atualmente adotado for ligeiramente estendido. / The aim of this work is to investigate whether there is an \"optimal\" period for the mandatory audit firm rotation in Brazil. Firstly, evidence was sought through the perception of market agents to support the development of a model of audit quality as a function of the audit tenure, considering separately the effects of audit tenure on the audit quality components, competence and independence, according to DeAngelo\'s (1981b) concept. Based on a quadratic model, which consists of a simplification of the model originally proposed, an empirical application was made with data from Brazilian companies, listed on Bovespa, for the period from 1998 to 2016. The results suggest that it is possible to estimate an \"optimal\" audit tenure period for the mandatory audit firm rotation in Brazil around 5.7 years. Additional tests were performed to give robustness to the results, indicating that the \"optimal\" period would be around 6 and 8.8 years. These results indicate, therefore, that the term currently used by the CVM (5 years for companies that do not have statutory audit committee and 10 years for those that have) is compatible with the estimated terms to establish the highest possible level of the average audit quality. Given that the estimated timeframe is greater than 5 years, there may be no impairment in maximizing the average audit quality if the current rotation period is slightly extended.

Submitted by Estagiário SPT BMHS (spt@fgv.br) on 2013-08-08T15:01:44Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação Antonio Carlos dos Santos Guedes.pdf: 287431 bytes, checksum: fcf1b56859f877ad75d364f1354808be (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Estagiário SPT BMHS (spt@fgv.br) on 2013-08-08T15:02:05Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação Antonio Carlos dos Santos Guedes.pdf: 287431 bytes, checksum: fcf1b56859f877ad75d364f1354808be (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Estagiário SPT BMHS (spt@fgv.br) on 2013-08-08T15:02:16Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação Antonio Carlos dos Santos Guedes.pdf: 287431 bytes, checksum: fcf1b56859f877ad75d364f1354808be (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2013-08-08T15:02:33Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação Antonio Carlos dos Santos Guedes.pdf: 287431 bytes, checksum: fcf1b56859f877ad75d364f1354808be (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008 / O objetivo deste trabalho é investigar a relação existente entre a ressalva imposta no parecer da auditoria independente e a reapresentação exigida pelo Banco Central, a existência de forte correlação entre haver ressalva e reapresentação por exigência, indicariam que o parecer teria capacidade de antecipar exigência de reapresentação por parte do Banco Central. Selecionamos o grupo formado pelos bancos que tem ações negociadas na bolsa de valores e mapeamos as combinações formadas pelo tipo de parecer com o tipo de apresentação, de igual modo utilizamos este método em dois estratos da amostra, por porte da firma de auditoria e por haver ou não algum nível de Governança Corporativa. Os resultados não mostraram relação significativa entre parecer com ressalva e reapresentação, nem os estratos demonstraram percentuais significativamente melhores em relação aos demais estratos ou mesmo em relação à amostra. Concluímos que não há relação entre parecer e reapresentação por exigência, nem relevância com relação ao porte ou a governança corporativa, porém os resultados mostraram haver maior percentual de reapresentação espontânea no estrato por governança corporativa, o que indicaria um cuidado maior em relação às demonstrações independente do parecer da auditoria independente.

Submitted by Marcia Bacha (marcia.bacha@fgv.br) on 2013-10-25T18:38:27Z No. of bitstreams: 1 fabiano_pereira_santos.pdf: 474472 bytes, checksum: 40c5579375e54c5aa8a0d823b040c795 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Marcia Bacha (marcia.bacha@fgv.br) on 2013-10-25T18:38:40Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 fabiano_pereira_santos.pdf: 474472 bytes, checksum: 40c5579375e54c5aa8a0d823b040c795 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Marcia Bacha (marcia.bacha@fgv.br) on 2013-10-25T18:38:49Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 fabiano_pereira_santos.pdf: 474472 bytes, checksum: 40c5579375e54c5aa8a0d823b040c795 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2013-10-25T18:39:00Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 fabiano_pereira_santos.pdf: 474472 bytes, checksum: 40c5579375e54c5aa8a0d823b040c795 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008 / The main purpose of this study is to verify whether there is a relationship between the spontaneous change of an independent auditor and the qualified audit report issued in the previous year and also whether there is a positive relationship between the turnover of auditors and the issuing of qualified audit reports in the year of the turnover and subsequent years. This paper is justified by its proposal to scientifically evaluate the impact of the administration’s influence and adopting the auditing turnover in the independence of the external auditor, without bias by the interested of the professional involved, since this is solely a documental study. Therefore, one arrives at diverse hypotheses in regard to the occurrence of a qualified report as a factor that encourages the administration to change auditors and in relation to the mandatory turnover of auditors favoring the issuing of qualified reports. In addition to the documental study, this paper is also comprised of a review of the academic and specialized literature that is the basis for the made questions addressed. The results obtained after the considerations and verification observed in the bibliographic studies, and the tests results from the Chi-square statistics, verify that the administration is more favorable to changing auditing firms when it receives a report modified by relevant safety clauses and emphases than when it receives a clean report from the current auditing firm. Another verification is the absence of a relationship between adopting the mandatory auditing turnover and issuing modified reports in the years after such change takes place. / Esta pesquisa tem como objetivo principal verificar se há relação entre a troca espontânea da auditoria independente e o parecer não limpo emitido no ano anterior e também se há relação positiva entre o rodízio de auditores e a emissão de pareceres não limpos no ano do rodízio e nos seguintes. Justifica-se este trabalho pela proposta de avaliar cientificamente o impacto da influência da administração e da adoção do rodízio de auditoria na independência do auditor externo, sem ser enviesado pelos interesses dos profissionais envolvidos, uma vez que esta é uma pesquisa exclusivamente documental. Portanto, chega-se a diversas hipóteses quanto à ocorrência de parecer não limpo como fator motivador para a troca de auditores por parte da administração e quanto ao rodízio obrigatório de auditorias propiciando a emissão de pareceres não limpos. Além da pesquisa documental, este trabalho também é composto por revisão da literatura acadêmica e especializada, que fundamentam e respaldam as principais questões abordadas. Os resultados obtidos, após as considerações e constatações observadas nas pesquisas bibliográficas, e nos resultados dos testes da estatística qui-quadrado, verificam que a administração é mais propensa a trocar a firma de auditoria quando recebe um parecer modificado por ressalvas e ênfases relevantes que quando recebe um parecer limpo da firma de auditoria atual. Outra constatação é a ausência de relação entre a adoção do rodízio obrigatório de auditoria e a emissão de pareceres modificados nos anos após esta troca.

The concept of personality rights and their protection, as well as the view on provision of health services has changed a lot. In relation to recent development in the field of private law there is a need to examine the aspects of personality rights separatelyy and also in broughter context. This Master's thesis sets as its goal to follow the current legislation and to point out situations where the personality rights can be especially endangered. The second goal is to evaluate current legal issues in foreign countries of the protection of personality rights in relation to the provision of health services in order to see if there is a probability that Czech law will have to deal with similar problems in the future as well. In the first part the concept of personality rights and their protection is introduced. The aspects related to the provision of health services that may be especially endangered are highlighted. Also the possibilities of resolving situations where there is infringement of personality rights are presented. The second part, which is also the most comprehensive of the thesis, deals with the specific institutes that help the protection of the personality rights in the field of health services. These include primarily informed consent, the way of providing it and the consequences of...

Peremptory rules in international business transactions The topic of this diploma thesis covers the issue of peremptory or rather overriding mandatory rules in international business transactions. Overriding mandatory rules are rules which shall apply despite the choice of law made by the parties of the contract. These rules, which are usually of a public nature, serve to implement some crucial public interests and may have important impacts on business relationships. The objective of this thesis is to, firstly, characterize overriding mandatory rules and secondly, to analyze the system of regulation of foreign trade with certain specific kinds of goods, where these rules are typically to be found. This thesis is divided into 12 chapters and also includes a general introduction and a final conclusion. The first chapters aim to provide a complex definition of overriding mandatory rules including one on what distinguishes these rules from public policy. The process of application of these rules based on their origin is examined in detail. The closest attention is given to the process of applying these rules when they are part of the law of a third country. The following chapters then focus on an area of law of which the use of overriding mandatory rules is characteristic., i.e. the regulation of...

The main goal of this thesis was to obtain an understanding of the way in which accounting practices that are constantly in transition generate the information that is disclosed in corporate annual reports (CARS). The study shows that CARS may be seen as a product of two main interrelated information processing systems, the first being the mandatory financial information system (MFIS) and the second the discretionary information system (DIS). The MFIS uses accounting practices such as generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP), which include International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS), International Accounting Standards (IASs), JSE regulations and the Companies' Act requirements, in producing the information disclosed in CARS. The needs of users to reduce the uncertainty and risks in their decision making have an influence on the constantly evolving accounting practices. Standard-setting bodies play a major role in the development and refinement of GAAP. On the other hand, the DIS, in order to provide a complete picture of business entities, uses discretionary accounting practices to produce the contextual information contained in CARS. These discretionary accounting practices are also currently in transition. They cater for the production of information on the business environment, and provide an operating and financial review, overview of strategy, forward-looking information, key performance indicators and information on corporate governance and transparency. Standard-setting bodies may be able to use the contextual information contained in CARS to develop and refine the GAAP used by the MFIS. / Thesis (DComm(Accounting Sciences))--University of Pretoria, 2008. / Financial Management / DCom / unrestricted

Syftet med denna studie är att kartlägga revisorns betydelse för den lagstadgade kvalitén imikroföretags årsredovisningar. Vidare ska studien utveckla och testa en modell, för attbedöma kvalité i årsredovisningar för mikroföretag. Kvalité i årsredovisningar kan bedömassom kvalitativ eller kvantitativ. Kvalitativ kvalité kännetecknas av de kvalitativaegenskaperna från Financial Accounting Standards Board och International AccountingStandards Board. Den kvantitativa kvalitén fokuserar på fullständighet i årsredovisningenenligt rådande lag. Lagstadgad kvalité enligt Årsredovisningslagen baseras på den kvantitativakvalitén. Bolagsverket som handlägger årsredovisningar, upplever en skillnad i kvalitén efteratt revisionsplikten avskaffades för små aktiebolag 2010. Utredningar som SOU 2008:32 visaratt revisorn inte har en märkbar betydelse för kvalitén. Hultman & Nylander (2012) antyder att det inte finns stöd för att en redovisningskonsult och revisor ger en högre kvalité iårsredovisningarna. Chung & Narasimhan (2001) menar att kostnaden för revision är huvudargumentet till avskaffande av revisionsplikt, även om det finns olika argument förlagstadgad revision. Banker kan ställa krav på sina kunder att deras årsredovisningar ska varareviderade. Det beror på att årsredovisningarna får högre kvalité och större trovärdighet om enrevisor har anlitats, enligt Allee & Yohn (2009). Den forskningen som förekommer inomämnet består av kvalitativ kvalité. Det förekommer dock få studier kring kvantitativ kvalité. Mora et al. (1994) är huvudreferens för denna studie. De utvecklade ett poängsystem förbedömning av kvalité i spanska årsredovisningar. Vi gjorde en kvantitativ studie med ett urval på 121 små aktiebolag i Västernorrland, somhade valt bort revisor. Räkenskapsåret utan revisor jämfördes mot närmast föregående år då de hade revisor. Vi ville kartlägga om det fanns ett samband mellan kvalité i årsredovisningaroch förekomst av revisor. För att bedöma kvalitén tillämpades vår utvecklade modell frånMora et al. (1994) och intervjuer med revisorer. Modellen utvärderades med en intervju medtvå revisorer från Grant Thornton i Sundsvall. Därefter utvecklades modellen ytterligare.Resultatet visade att reviderade årsredovisningar hade 5.8 % i bristfällighet. Bristfälligheten för oreviderade årsredovisningar var 8.2 %. Slutsatsen av studien var att det inte fanns stöd för att revisorn har en betydelse för kvalitén. Det stämde också överens med Hultman & Nylander(2012) som hade liknande resultat. De brister som förekom var till stor del formaliabrister.Den vidareutvecklade modellen med uppdelning av lagstadgade brister och formaliabrister visade inget samband mellan kvalité i årsredovisning och val att ha eller inte ha revisor. / The purpose of this study is to identify the auditor's role of the statutory quality in microcompany financial statements. Further more, the study develops and tests a model to assess the quality of the annual reports for micro enterprises. Quality in annual reports can be assessed as qualitative or quantitative. Qualitative quality is characterized by the qualitative characteristics of the Financial Accounting Standards Board and the International AccountingStandards Board. The quantitative quality focuses on the completeness of the financial statements according to the current rules. Statutory quality of the Annual Accounts Act is based on the quantitative quality. Swedish Companies Registration Office dealing annual perceive a difference in quality after the audit requirement was abolished for small limited companies 2010. Investigation SOU 2008: 32 show that the auditor does not have asignificant bearing on quality. Hultman & Nylander (2012) suggests that there is support for abookkeeper and auditor provides a higher quality of financial statements. Chung &Narasimhan (2001) argues that the cost of the audit is the main argument for the abolition of mandatory auditing, although there are various arguments for statutory audit. Banks may require their client’s financial statements to be audited. That's because the annual reports gethigher quality and greater credibility, if an auditor has been hired, according to Allee andYohn (2009). The research, appearing in the subject is about the qualitative quality. However, there are few studies on quantitative quality. Mora et al. (1994) is the main reference for this study. They developed a scoring system for assessing the quality of the Spanish annualreports.We made a quantitative study with a sample of 121 small companies in Västernorrland, whichhad opted out of the auditor. Fiscal year without auditor compared to the previous year whenthey had the auditor. We wanted to determine whether there was a connection between thequality of the annual report and the presence of the auditor. To assess the quality we appliedour developed model after model of Mora et al. (1994) on the statutory quality and interviews with auditors. The model was evaluated with an interview with two auditors from GrantThornton in Sundsvall. There after the model developed further. The results showed that theaudited financial statements had 5.8% of the deficiency. Defectiveness of the unaudited financial statements was 8.2%. The conclusion of the study was that there was not enough support for the thesis that the auditor has a bearing on the quality. It was also in line with Hultman & Nylander (2012) which had similar tendencies. The short coming of the outcome was largely formal deficiencies. The further developed model of the division of statutory- andformal deficiencies showed no relationship between the quality of the annual report and the choice to hire an auditor or not.

Syftet med denna studie är att kartlägga revisorns betydelse för den lagstadgade kvalitén i mikroföretags årsredovisningar. Vidare ska studien utveckla och testa en modell, för att bedöma kvalité i årsredovisningar för mikroföretag. Kvalité i årsredovisningar kan bedömas som kvalitativ eller kvantitativ. Kvalitativ kvalité kännetecknas av de kvalitativa egenskaperna från Financial Accounting Standards Board och International AccountingStandards Board. Den kvantitativa kvalitén fokuserar på fullständighet i årsredovisningen enligt rådande lag. Lagstadgad kvalité enligt Årsredovis-ningslagen baseras på den kvantitativa kvalitén. Bolagsverket som handlägger årsredovisningar, upplever en skillnad i kvalitén efter att revisionsplikten avskaffades för små aktiebolag 2010. Utredningar som SOU 2008:32 visar att revisorn inte har en märkbar betydelse för kvalitén. Hultman & Nylander (2012) antyder att det inte finns stöd för att en redovisningskonsult och revisor ger en högre kvalité i årsredovisningarna. Chung & Narasimhan (2001) menar att kostnaden för revision är huvud-argumentet till avskaffande av revisionsplikt, även om det finns olika argument för lagstadgad revision. Banker kan ställa krav på sina kunder att deras årsredovisningar ska vara reviderade. Det beror på att årsredovis-ningarna får högre kvalité och större trovärdighet om en revisor har anlitats, enligt Allee & Yohn (2009). Den forskningen som förekommer inom ämnet består av kvalitativ kvalité. Det förekommer dock få studier kring kvantitativ kvalité. Mora et al. (1994) är huvudreferens för denna studie. De utvecklade ett poängsystem för bedömning av kvalité i spanska årsredovisningar.Vi gjorde en kvantitativ studie med ett urval på 121 små aktiebolag i Västernorrland, som hade valt bort revisor. Räkenskapsåret utan revisor jämfördes mot närmast föregående år då de hade revisor. Vi ville kartlägga om det fanns ett samband mellan kvalité i årsredovisningar och förekomst av revisor. För att bedöma kvalitén tillämpades vår utvecklade modell frånMora et al. (1994) och intervjuer med revisorer. Modellen utvärderades med en intervju med två revisorer från Grant Thornton i Sundsvall. Därefter utvecklades modellen ytterligare. Resultatet visade att reviderade årsredo-visningar hade 5.8 % i bristfällighet. Bristfälligheten för oreviderade årsredovisningar var 8.2 %. Slutsatsen av studien var att det inte fanns stöd för att revisorn har en betydelse för kvalitén. Det stämde också överens med Hultman & Nylander (2012) som hade liknande resultat. De brister som förekom var till stor del formaliabrister. Den vidareutvecklade modellen med uppdelning av lagstadgade brister och formaliabrister visade inget samband mellan kvalité i årsredovisning och val att ha eller inte ha revisor. / The purpose of this study is to identify the auditor's role of the statutory quality in microcompany financial statements. Furthermore, the study develops and tests a model to assess the quality of the annual reports for micro enterprises. Quality in annual reports can be assessed as qualitative or quantitative. Qualitative quality is characterized by the qualitativecharacteristics of the Financial Accounting Standards Board and the International Accounting Standards Board. The quantitative quality focuses on the completeness of the financial statements according to the current rules. Statutory quality of the Annual Accounts Act is based on the quantitative quality. Swedish Companies Registration Office dealing annual perceive a difference in quality after the audit requirement was abolished for small limited companies 2010. Investigation SOU 2008: 32 show that the auditor does not have a significant bearing on quality. Hultman & Nylander (2012) suggests that there is support for a bookkeeper and auditor provides a higher quality of financial statements. Chung & Narasimhan (2001) argues that the cost of the audit is the main argument for the abolition of mandatory auditing, although there are various arguments for statutory audit. Banks may require their client’s financial statements to be audited. That's because the annual reports get higher quality and greater credibility, if an auditor has been hired, according to Allee and Yohn (2009). The research, appearing in the subject is about the qualitative quality. However, there are few studies on quantitative quality. Mora et al. (1994) is the main reference for thisstudy. They developed a scoring system for assessing the quality of the Spanish annual reports.We made a quantitative study with a sample of 121 small companies in Västernorrland, which had opted out of the auditor. Fiscal year without auditor compared to the previous year when they had the auditor. We wanted to determine whether there was a connection between the quality of the annual report and the presence of the auditor. To assess the quality we applied our developed model after model of Mora et al. (1994) on the statutory quality and interviews with auditors. The model was evaluated with an interview with two auditors from Grant Thornton in Sundsvall. Thereafter the model developed further. The results showed that the audited financial statements had 5.8% of the deficiency. Defectiveness of the unauditedfinancial statements was 8.2%. The conclusion of the study was that there was not enough support for the thesis that the auditor has a bearing on the quality. It was also in line with Hultman & Nylander (2012) which had similar tendencies. The shortcoming of the outcome was largely formal deficiencies. The further developed model of the division of statutory- and formal deficiencies showed no relationship between the quality of the annual report and the choice to hire an auditor or not.

Since 2002, the Canadian state has mandatorily tested applicants for permanent residence for HIV (Human immune deficiency virus). The policy and practices associated with this screening have never been critically scrutinized. Authoritative claims about what happens in the conduct of the immigration medical examination are at odds with the experience of immigrant applicants living with HIV. This is the analytic entry point into this inquiry that is organized within the theoretical and methodological frame offered by institutional ethnography and political activist ethnography. Analysis is connected to broader research literatures and the historical record. The goal of this study is to produce detailed, contextualized understandings of the social and ruling relations that organize the lives of immigrants to Canada living with HIV. These are generated from the material conditions of their lives. An assumption about how organization happens is the social and reflexive production of knowledge in people’s day-to-day lives through which connections between local and extra-local settings are empirically investigable. I investigate the organization of the Canadian immigration process. How is this institutional complex ordered and governed? How is immigration mandatory HIV testing organized, and with what consequences to HIV-positive applicants to Canada? This is a text-mediated organization where all the sites are connected by people’s work and the texts they circulate. The positive result of an immigration HIV test catalyzes the state’s collection of medical data about an applicant. These are entered into state decision-making about the person’s in/admissibility to Canada. I focus on a key component of the immigration process, which is medical examination and HIV testing with this, along with the HIV test counselling practices that happen (or not) there. The reported absence of the latter form of care causes problems and contradictions for people. This investigation adopts the standpoint of these persons to investigate their problems associated with HIV testing. The main empirically supported argument I make is that the Canadian state’s ideological work related to the HIV policy and mandatory screening ushers in a set of institutional practices that are highly problematic for immigrants with HIV. This argument relies on data collected in interviews, focus groups, observations, and analysis of texts organized under Canada’s Immigration and Refugee Protection Act (S.C., 2001, c. 27) and textually mediated, discursively organized concepts that shape people’s practice. Canadian immigration medical policy makers should make use of these findings, as should civil society activists acting on behalf of immigrants to Canada living with HIV. I make nine specific recommendations for future action on HIV and immigration in Canada.

This thesis deals with issues of the public debt of Czech Republic. The aim of this thesis is to find the causes that contribute to adverse developments affecting fiscal imbalances. The set target based on the fundamental hypothesis that the current state of public debt is not due only to economic deficit. The hypothesis is confirmed by the finding that public debt is mainly due to the accumulation of annual budget shortfall, which were formed even in times of economic growth. The theoretical part deals with structure, methodology and opportunities in funding fiscal imbalances. The practical section assesses the development of key entries of public finances in years 2000 to 2012, when Czech economy went through a period of expansion followed by a period of recession. Own contribution of this work lies in trend analysis examined quantities in relation to GDP and the subsequent assessment of urgency of their development. Conclusion of the practical part is dedicated to the key issues that emerged from previous analyzes and proposes possible measures to tackle them.