Yrkesverksamma inom hälso- och sjukvården är skyldiga att göra en anmälan till socialtjänsten genast då de i sin verksamhet fattar misstanke om eller får kännedom om att ett barn far illa. Det är känt att trots att det finns misstanke om att ett barn far illa så är det vanligt att det inte anmäls till socialtjänsten. Syftet med studien var att beskriva erfarenheter hos sjuksköterskor inom barnhälsovården av att göra orosanmälan vid misstanke om att ett barn far illa. Deltagarna bestod av nio sjuksköterskor verksamma vid barnhälsovården i norra och mellersta Sverige. Studien genomfördes med en kvalitativ ansats och med semistrukturerade intervjuer som datainsamlingsmetod. Intervjuerna analyserades genom kvalitativ innehållsanalys och resulterade i fem kategorier. Resultatet visade att sjuksköterskor verksamma inom barnhälsovården upplevde svårigheter att identifiera att ett barn far illa och att de vanligtvis använde stödjande åtgärder i första hand. De uppgav att en god relation med familjen var mycket betydelsefull och viktig för samarbetet med familjen. Sjuksköterskor försökte arbeta familjecentrerat, men brist på tid gjorde att de inte alltid kände att de gjorde ett tillräckligt arbete. Samtliga sjuksköterskor önskade ett bättre samarbete med socialtjänsten. Studien visar på brister i sjuksköterskornas stöd för att kunna ta beslut om anmälan och brister i kommunikation mellan sjuksköterskor och socialtjänsten.

This study aimed to investigate primary school teachers' experiences of mandatory reporting and the need for support in the reporting situation. The study was based on semi-structured interviews with seven professional primary school teachers which were qualitatively analyzed using thematic analysis. The results showed that primary school teachers experienced mandatory reporting as a self-evident legal obligation, but which in practice was perceived to have an unclear application. Furthermore, the primary school teachers experienced a lack of cooperation with the social service, which negatively affected the work with mandatory reporting, while solidarity in the workplace had a positive impact. The results were discussed based on developmental ecological systems theory and highlighted the importance of the interaction between different system levels for teachers' experiences and handling of mandatory reporting. / Studiens syfte var att undersöka lågstadielärares upplevelser av anmälningsplikten och stödbehov i anmälningssituationen. Studien baserades på semistrukturerade intervjuer med sju yrkesverksamma lågstadielärare som analyserades kvalitativt med tematisk analysmetod. Resultaten visade att lågstadielärare upplevde anmälningsplikten som en självklar legal skyldighet men att dess tillämpning i praktiken upplevdes oklar. Vidare framkom att lågstadielärare upplevde en bristfällig samverkan med socialtjänsten som påverkade arbetet med anmälningsplikten negativt, medan stöd och gemenskap på den egna arbetsplatsen upplevdes viktig för förmågan att hantera anmälningsplikten. Resultaten diskuterades utifrån utvecklingsekologisk systemteori och belyste betydelsen av samspelet mellan olika systemnivåer för lärares upplevelser och hantering av anmälningsplikten.

Jewish literary studies holds a peculiar field position. Although the study of Jewish American literature has been a part of American literary studies at least since the famed ‘breakthrough’ of Jewish literature in the postwar years, it often continues to be treated as a self-enclosed world of its own, apart from both ethnic literary studies and the larger American literary field.

No / This paper utilises computerised textual analysis to explore the extent to which both firm and country characteristics influence mandatory and voluntary risk reporting (MRR and VRR) variations both within and between non-financial firms across Germany, the UK and the US, over the period from 2005 to 2010. We find significant variations in MRR and VRR between firms across the three countries. Further, we find, on average, that German firms tend to disclose significantly higher (lower) levels of risk information mandatorily than UK (US) firms. German firms, on average, tend to reveal considerably higher (lower) levels of VRR than US (UK) firms. Our results document that MRR and VRR variations are significantly influenced by systematic risk, the legal system and cultural values. We also find that country and firm characteristics have higher explanatory power over the observed variations in MRR than over those in VRR.

No / Manuscript Type: Empirical Research Question/Issue: This paper examines the influence of corporate governance on risk disclosure practices in the UK and Italy and also studies the impact of those practices on market liquidity. Research Findings/Insights: We find that governance factors principally influence the decisions of UK (Italian) firms over whether to exhibit risk information voluntarily (mandatorily) in their annual report narratives. When we distinguish between firms with strong and weak governance (in terms of board efficiency) in each country, we find that the factors that affect mandatory and voluntary risk disclosure appear to be driven more by strongly governed firms in both countries. Furthermore, strongly governed firms in the UK tend to provide more meaningful risk information to their investors than weakly governed firms. In Italy, however, we find that strongly rather than weakly governed firms exhibiting risk information voluntarily rather than mandatorily improves market liquidity significantly. Theoretical/Academic Implications: This paper emphasizes the importance of distinguishing between mandatory and voluntary risk disclosure when studying the impact of corporate governance. Our findings differ across strongly and weakly governed firms, in terms of both the factors that influence risk disclosure practices and the exact informativeness of those practices. Practitioner/Policy Implications: The results support the current regulatory trend in risk reporting within the UK that emphasizes the importance of directors and encourages rather than mandates risk disclosure. However, the results generally signal a need for further improvements in the Italian context. Our evidence also supports the value of the confidence in the UK governance system, compared to that in Italy, which motivates British firms to provide highly informative risk information more often than Italian firms.

Bakgrund: Barn som far illa är ett omfattande samhällsproblem. Mörkertalet är stort och undersökningar visar på en underrapportering. Specialistsjuksköterskan besitter en central roll i att identifiera dessa barn. Det är därför av stor vikt att undersöka bakomliggande faktorer som påverkar upprättandet av en orosanmälan i specialistsjuksköterskans dagliga arbete inom BHV.   Syfte: Syftet var att undersöka specialistsjuksköterskors upplevelser av att upprätta en orosanmälan inom BHV. Metod: Studien genomfördes med en kvalitativ metod och induktiv ansats. Totalt 10 specialistsjuksköterskor från sju Barnhälsovårdscentraler i Götaland inkluderades. Deras erfarenheter inom BHV varierade mellan 1 och 31 yrkesverksamma år. Datainsamlingen utfördes genom semistrukturerade intervjuer via Zoom och analyserades genom manifest innehållsanalys enligt Graneheim och Lundman. Resultat: Studien resulterade i fyra kategorier: Barnets bästa i första hand, vilken betonade vikten av att vara barnets röst. Vikten av ett familjeperspektiv, där betydelsen av att involvera hela familjen belystes. Vikten av ett kollegialt stöd, där kollegornas betydelse i samband med upprättad orosanmälan beskrevs och Betydelsen av ett samarbete med Socialtjänsten, vilken belyste vikten av ett välfungerande tvärprofessionellt samarbete. Slutsats: Barnperspektivet, samarbetet med hela familjen samt ett kollegialt stöd är av stor betydelse för upprättandet av en orosanmälan. Ett välfungerande samarbete med Socialtjänsten upplevdes centralt för det fortsatta arbetet samt för att upptäcka fler utsatta barn. / Background: Child maltreatment are a major social problem. The hidden statistics are large and surveys proven underreporting. The specialist nurse plays a central role in identifying these children. It is therefore of great importance to investigate underlying factors that influence the establishment of a report of concern in the specialist nurse's daily work within Child Health Care.  Aim: The purpose was to investigate specialist nurses' experiences of setting up a report of concern within Child Health Services.  Method: The study was made using a qualitative method and an inductive approach. A total of 10 specialist nurses from seven Child Health Centers in Götaland were included. Their experiences varied between 1 and 31 professional years within Child Health Care. The data collection was carried out through semi-structured interviews via Zoom and analyzed with a manifest content analysis according to Graneheim and Lundman.  Result: The study resulted in four categories: The best interests of the child first, which emphasized the importance of being the child's voice. The importance of a family perspective, where the importance of involving the whole family was highlighted. The importance of collegial support, where the importance of colleagues in connection with a complaint report was described and The importance of a collaboration with Social Services, which highlighted the importance of a well-functioning interprofessional collaboration.  Conclusion: The child's perspective, cooperation with the whole family and collegial support are of great importance for the establishment of a report of concern. A well-functioning collaboration with Social Services was felt to be central to the continued work and to discovering more vulnerable children.

Syftet med studien är att bidra till kunskap om hur förskolepedagoger beskriver sina förutsättningar att identifiera och agera i situationer där barn misstänks fara illa. Att lyfta pedagogers uppfattningar och erfarenheter av deras förutsättningar att hantera situationer där barn misstänks fara illa är centralt i och med att förskolan spelar en viktig roll i att rapportera misstankar om att barn far illa till socialtjänsten. Med anmälningsplikten (SFS 2001:453) som utgångspunkt är det grundläggande att pedagoger känner sig förberedda och rustade med de rätta förutsättningarna för att kunna identifiera och agera kring barn som misstänks fara illa. Studien utgår från en fenomenologisk ansats, där fokus ligger på att förstå hur människor uppfattar världen genom att studera deras levda erfarenheter. I föreliggande studie lyfts förskolepedagogers uppfattningar och erfarenheter kring fenomenet förutsättningar i förskolans verksamhet. Metoden i studien utgår från både kvantitativa och kvalitativa aspekter för att ge en helhetsbild av ämnet. För datainsamling används en webbaserad enkät som består av öppna och slutna frågor. I resultatet framkommer att en majoritet av pedagogerna uppger att de fått tillräcklig information för att identifiera barn som misstänks fara illa, men en betydande andel av pedagogerna upplever att de endast delvis eller inte alls har fått denna nödvändiga information. Resultatet lyfter även fram förutsättningar som pedagogerna beskriver som viktiga för att kunna hantera svåra situationer där barn misstänks fara illa, vilka bland annat är kontinuerlig kompetensutveckling, tid att dokumentera misstankar och samtala med kollegor samt rutiner och handlingsplaner för att agera effektivt och säkert. / The purpose of this study is to contribute to the understanding of howpreschool educators describe their prerequisties for identifying and acting insituations where children are suspected of being harmed. Highlightingeducators' perceptions and experiences of their prerequisties to handlesituations where children are suspected of being harmed is crucial, aspreschools play an important role in reporting suspicions of childendangerment to social services. Given the mandatory reporting requirement(SFS 2001:453), it is essential that educators feel prepared and equipped withthe necessary conditions to identify and act upon such suspicions. This studyadopts a phenomenological approach, focusing on understanding howindividuals perceive the world through their lived experiences. The studyemphasizes preschool educators' perceptions and experiences regarding thephenomenon of prerequisites in preschool operations. The methodologyincorporates both quantitative and qualitative aspects to provide acomprehensive view of the subject. Data collection is carried out using aweb-based survey comprising both open-ended and closed-ended questions.The results indicate that the majority of educators report having receivedsufficient information to identify children suspected of being harmed, but asignificant proportion of educators feel they have only partially or not at allreceived this essential information. The findings also highlight the conditionsthat educators describe as important for managing challenging situationswhere children are suspected of being harmed, including continuousprofessional development, time to document suspicions and discuss withcolleagues, and established routines and action plans to act effectively andsafely.

No description available.

The concept of judicial law-making impacts on the extent, meaning and scope relationship between the legislature, the executive and the judiciary. It is an integral function of the courts while its shape, meaning and nature seem to lack sufficient formulation and articulation, which results in an inherent problem regarding its legitimacy. This study examines the legitimacy and the working of the South African constitutional judicial law-making concepts. Its effect on the constitutional relationships between all three branches of government is scrutinized. In order to fully probe this concept, its impact and application on the separation of powers, judicial review, constitutional deference and mandatory minimum sentences becomes inevitable. The introductory part of this study looks at origins and historical development of the separation of powers doctrine and its application under the 1996 South African Constitution. The latter part focuses on the nature and the scope of judicial review, judicial law-making, constitutional deference and mandatory minimum sentences with a view establishing the impact of these concepts in our judicial law-making. The development of these concepts by South African courts, and what seems to be the lack of formulation and articulation of South African constitutional judicial law-making which raises questions regarding its legitimacy is probed. This research recommends that it is of the utmost importance that South Africa develops its own unique and comprehensive doctrine of separation of powers. The Constitution further requires reforms in order to clarify the extent to which the courts can go when formulating laws and public policy in the interests of justice, and whether the interests-of-justice test is capable of delivering a well-informed outcome in developing this jurisdiction’s laws. South African jurisprudence also needs to be developed in empowering the legislature to make laws which are constitutionally compliant without making the courts the sole expositor of the Constitution. Lastly, the extent to which the legislature can enact certain laws must be redefined, which on face value might seems to be encroaching into the courts’ independence and authority. / Criminal and Procedural Law / LL. D. (Criminal and Procedural Law)

Abstract  This thesis is concerned with examining the intersection between the areas of international commercial arbitration and money laundering. There are various points of connectivity between the two and the aim of this thesis is to discern how an arbitrator should conduct arbitral proceedings involving money laundering. For this purpose, a few selected topics have been examined. The practical challenges arising out of these topics, as well as the tools available to arbitrators to face them have been analysed in turn. After a brief inquiry into the nature of international commercial arbitration, money laundering and the ways that they come together, the topics of jurisdiction, the norms applicable to the substance of the dispute, and matters of evidence are subject to discussion. In studying these topics, a recurring theme, which goes to the very heart of the intersection between the seemingly odd areas of international commercial arbitration and money laundering, is discernible. In practically all of the challenges that an arbitrator will face when adjudicating a dispute involving money laundering a conflict of interest between the pivotal principle of party autonomy and other interests will arise. These interests originate from the public policy concerns vested in countering money laundering and the criminal law nature of this phenomenon. The tools which the arbitrator deem to be applicable as well as the conduct that he might choose in regards to the topics discussed, very much depend on his perception of the role that international arbitrators ought to assume in this conflict. Keeping these conceptual building blocks in mind the author, whilst examining the relevant legal instrument, case law and legal commentary, reaches the conclusion that arbitral tribunals ought to claim jurisdiction over disputes arising out of contracts tainted by money laundering in the majority of cases. The author also reaches the conclusion that there are other norms than the lex contractus that can be applied to the substance of the dispute and that the willingness to apply them will depend on the attitude of the arbitrator. Similarly, the arbitrator could, and arguably should, investigate the issue of money laundering of his own accord, albeit with a few important reservations. The rules of evidence, especially those of the burden of proof and standard of proof, should be tailored to reflect the nature of the complex offence of money laundering. Finally, the eventual possibility for an international arbitrator to report suspicions of money laundering is touched upon.