Deposition of metal naphthenates in process facilities is becoming a huge problem for petroleum companies producing highly acidic crudes. In this thesis, the main focus has been towards the oil-water (o/w) interfacial properties of naphthenic acids and their ability to react with different divalent cations across the interface to form metal naphthenates. The pendant drop technique was utilized to determine dynamic interfacial tensions (IFT) between model oil containing naphthenic acid, synthetic as well as indigenous acid mixtures, and pH adjusted water upon addition of different divalent cations. Changes in IFT caused by the divalent cations were correlated to reaction mechanisms by considering two reaction steps with subsequent binding of acid monomers to the divalent cation. The results were discussed in light of degree of cation hydration and naphthenic acid conformation, which affect the interfacial conditions and thus the rate of formation of 2:1 complexes of acid and cations. Moreover, addition of non-ionic oil-soluble surfactants used as basis compounds in naphthenate inhibitors was found to hinder a completion of the reaction through interfacial dilution of the acid monomers. Formation and stability of metal naphthenate films at o/w interfaces were studied by means of Langmuir technique with a trough designed for liquid-liquid systems. The effects of different naphthenic acids, divalent cations, and pH of the subphase were investigated. The results were correlated to acid structure, cation hydration, and degree of dissociation, which all affect the film stability against compression. Naphthenic acids acquired from a metal naphthenate deposit were characterized by different spectroscopic techniques. The sample was found to consist of a narrow family of 4-protic naphthenic acids with molecular weights around 1230 g/mol. These acids were found to be very o/w interfacially active compared to normal crude acids, and to form Langmuir monolayers with stability depending on the aqueous pH. At high pH, addition of Ca2+ increased the film stability due to formation of calcium naphthenate at the surface. A new experimental setup based on near infrared spectroscopy was used to monitor the formation, growth, and inhibition of calcium naphthenate particles in o/w systems. This method was found to be suitable for studies of particle formation rate and growth qualitatively under different experimental conditions.

Al–O relations in iron were investigated. Pure iron with varying Al content was equilibrated at 1873 K. The oxygen content of iron with higher Al content than 1.0 mass % was found to be much lower than previous works, while the oxygen content for Al content less than 1 mass% was found to be slightly higher. Further, a classification procedure of inclusions was developed using the commercial software INCA Feature. Three classes were made, spinel, TP-(CaO-Al2O3), and (CaO-Al2O3) class, corresponding to the inclusions found during degassing at Uddeholm Tooling. The results showed that the spinel phase disappeared after degassing along with a reduction in numbers for the two phase inclusion (TP-(CaO-Al2O3)). Pure calcium aluminates however showed an increasing trend in a majority of the heats. The chemical development of inclusions at OVAKO Steel in Hofors, Sweden was also established. According to the morphologies and compositions, the inclusions were classified into 5 different types, namely, (1) alumina inclusions, (2) calcium aluminate, (3) spinel+calcium aluminate, (4) calcium aluminate surrounded by a CaS shell, and (5) spinel+calcium aluminate surrounded by a CaS shell. Thereafter refractory lining samples with attached slag layer were taken from used ladles at the two steel plants. The morphologies of the slag layers and the phases present were examined. The precipitated phases found in the refractory were 3CaO.Al2O3, MgO.Al2O3 and CaO in the case of Ovako Steel and 3CaO.Al2O3 and 2CaO.SiO2 in the case of Uddeholm Tooling. To help the understanding, model calculations using THERMOCALC were carried out. The model predictions differed somewhat from the experimental observation, the predicted major phases were in line with the EDS analysis on the refractory samples. Finally experiments were carried out to study the slag entrainment related to the open-eye during ladle treatment. Ga-In-Sn alloy was used to simulate the liquid steel, while MgCl2-Glycerol(87%) solution was used to simulate the ladle slag. No noticeable amount of top liquid was observed in any of the samples taken from the metal bulk during gas stirring. To confirm this aspect, slag-metal interface samples were taken from an industrial gas stirred steel ladle. No entrapment was found in the steel. The accordance of the laboratory and industrial results suggests that the entrainment of slag into the steel bulk around the open-eye cannot be considered as the major contribution to inclusion formation. / QC 20100812

Examensarbetets syfte är att utforma rutiner och verktyg för att säkerställa att relevant information om allvarliga och frekventa problem når föregående processer. Den information som föregående processer tar emot ska vara av sådan karaktär att de vet vad de ska fokusera på i sitt förbättringsarbete. Strävan har varit att ta fram ett felrapporteringsverktyg där alla fel som påträffas i produktionen ska kunna gå att rapporteras in. Utifrån den datainsamling som har gjorts via sekundär- och primärdata har den information som ska rapporters in tagits fram. Felrapporteringen ska ske i en Lotus Notes databas, detta för att programmet redan finns inom SDE`s väggar. De fel som hittas och rapporters in i felrapporteringsverktyget riktas var och en mot ett ansvarigt område. Tillexempel om det fattas ett hål på en artikel och det hålet finns med på ritningen riktas felet mot inköp. Varje ansvarigt område ska månadsvis skriva ut och åtgärda sina tre ”fem i botten” scorecard i kategorierna konsekvens, kostnad och frekvens. Fem i botten scorecarden bygger på paretoprincipen, det betyder att scorecarden visar de fem största felen varje månad i de tre olika kategorierna. Den information som loggas in i felrapporteringsverktyget kommer även att vara ett reklamationsunderlag då inköp står som ansvarigt område. Dataanalysen kommer att göras i ett Business Intelligence verktyg som heter QlikView. Detta för att QlikView på ett smidigt sätt tar data från en eller flera databaser och gör det möjligt för användaren att snabbt och enkelt analysera informationen.

Examensarbetets mål är att rengöra en diamantkomposit med en ytrengöringsmetod. Metoden skulle vara mera effektiv än den manuella sandblästring som används idag för att ytrengöra detaljen. Detaljen är liten och har ett vitalt spår som ska rengöras. Detta ställer höga krav på effektiva metoder. De metoder som tas upp teoretiskt i examensarbetet är bland annat blästring, trumling och laserrengöring. Ett urval av metoderna testades. Den metod som utmärkte sig främst I testerna var automatisksandblästring. Det gav lika bra resultat som manuell sandblästring men på en bråkdel av tiden som det tog för manuellsandblästring. Det gjordes även en investeringsberäkning i examensarbetet och den gav att trumling var den billigaste metoden. Slutsatsen är att automatisk sandblästring bör användas som metod. Metoden gav ett bättre resultat än övriga metoder och var mindre arbetskrävande än manuell sandblästring. / This goal of the thesis´ is to surface finish a diamond with an appropriate method. The method should be more effective than manual sandblasting, the current method in use. The part is small and it has a vital track that must be surface cleaned. This puts great demands on effective methods. The methods that are mentioned theoretically in the thesis are automatic sandblasting, tumbling and laser cleaning. A couple of methods were tested and evaluated. Automatic sandblasting was found to be most effective. That method gave an equal result compared to the manual sandblasting but with a fraction of the time compared to manual sandblasting. Within the thesis a capital budgeting have been done. The conclusion of the thesis was that the automatic sandblasting machine should be used.

The distributioncentral of Stadium has an area of 31,6 acre and is being build in Herstadberg in the region of Norrköping. It is Mattssons Fastighetsutveckling (Mattssons Real-estate development) who also has ordered the building. They will also take care of the operation and support of the distributioncentral. Peab has got the assignment as a total contractor and it is for them I have done my degree project. I have been drawing-up a description of the goods in the distributioncenter. In the declaration a description of the goods will be found, there substance for all the materials that has been built in to the building describes. All the descriptions of the goods has been put together in folders. If some of the sustance could be found in Peabs list of liquidate and forbidden materials, that can also been seen in the folders. The project should also result in folders for operation and support for the distributioncenter. In the work I have hade many contacts with contractors, assemblers and suppliers. Everybody has helpt me get hold of all the documents I have needed. When it comes to operation and support, many of the bigger contractors and assamblers will put together there own instructions in folders, and then deliver them to the orderer in connection with the final inspection. The documents from from remaining contractors, assemblers and suppliers will I put together in a folder. After this work I have detected that the head of the contract, who has the responsibility for the declaration of goods dont have the time that needs. A person have to be appointed as responsible for the declaration. A full time employed is not needed, at the most a halftime. / Den engelska titeln i uppsatsen (pdf-filen) är felaktig och ska vara "Description of Building Materials used in Stadium´s new Distribution Centre".

<p>Shape rolling is a common manufacturing process used to produce long products i.e. bars and wire. One of the problems that might occur during rolling is defect formation leading to rejection of the finished product. This work is a step towards a better understanding of the evolution of some of these defects. </p><p>The evolution and reduction of cracks during shape rolling is studied in this thesis. To accomplish this, artificial longitudinal cracks are machined along bars of high speed steel. The cracks are positioned at different sites evenly distributed along the periphery in intervals of 45°. Some of the cracks are left open and some are filled with carbon or stainless steel welds. FE simulations are performed using the commercial code MSC.Marc and the results from the simulations are compared with experimental ones. Generally, simulations predict less reduction than observed experimentally. For most positions, the cracks tend to reduce most effectively followed by carbon steel welds and stainless steel welds. </p><p>To evaluate the inner deformation of a cross section during shape rolling in an oval-round-oval-round series, sample bars of M2 high speed steel are prepared with grids made up by stainless steel wires. After collecting samples after each pass, they are X-rayed to create an image of the grid. The deformation of the wires can favorably be described by FE simulations of a bar originally rotated 10° when entering the first pass. The results suggest that the simulations describe the deformation during shape rolling well. </p>

<p>Taper making of boat masts is currently made with high work- and cassation costs. The main reasons are complex settings and varied demand, another is the craft like production method which makes the fixture use low.</p><p>Due to a higher demand when new masts are being produced the work cost will sink relative to the turnover given that the workforce is unchanged. This assumes a higher productivity in the fixtures.</p><p>To adapt the production to a higher demand and lower cassation costs measures will have to be made. A measure related to lower cassation costs is standardisation of the rail steering. To reduce the time for taper making the measure preloading is the single most affecting measure.</p><p>The production of boat masts varies highly over the year with a top rate in spring and bottom rate in the winter. Taper making is also very craft like which makes the volume flexibility low due to the skill of the operators. Currently there are three operators who fully possess the ability. The others, mainly at another function of the mast division, can only relieve the taper operator.</p><p>Among the suggested measures open fixture is mentioned in order to reduce the handling of masts. Currently, when handling longer masts, an AGV will have to be stopped by the operator in due to avoid collision. This problem occurs because of the fact that the fixture is being loaded in the length direction of the mast. With a new fixture, capable of cross loading, the time for handling will be reduced but the amount of time is difficult to estimate.</p> / <p>Koning av båtmaster görs i dagsläget med höga kassations- och arbetskostnader. De huvudsakliga orsakerna är svåra inställningar och varierad efterfrågan, en annan orsak är att tillverkningen är hantverksmässig vilket ger lågt fixturutnyttjande.</p><p>I takt med att nya masttyper börjat konas kommer arbetskostnaderna minska relativt intäkterna givet att de nya volymerna kan hanteras med nuvarande bemanning. Detta förutsätter högre produktivitet i fixturerna.</p><p>För att anpassa koningen mot en högre produktionsvolym och lägre kassationskostnader krävs åtgärder. Ett viktigt åtgärdsförslag för minskade kassationskostnader är standardisering av skenornas krökning. För tidsbesparing är åtgärden förspänning av master den enskilda åtgärden med störst påverkan.</p><p>Tillverkning av master varierar kraftigt med säsong, där vår utgör topp medan vintern utgör dal. Då all koning sker mot kundorder råder därmed en viss överkapacitet. Tillverkningen är hantverksmässig vilket medför låg volymflexibilitet då koning kräver utbildad personal. I dag finns endast 3 operatörer vid mastavdelningen som behärskar koning, övriga kan visserligen avlasta men för att koning skall kunna utföras krävs närvaro av någon av dessa tre.</p><p>Bland åtgärdsförslagen nämns öppen fixtur vilket kom till för att förenkla hanteringen av master. I dagsläget måste en AGV-vagn, som används vid pressens verktygshantering, stoppas av operatör vid koning av längre master. Detta för att masten måste laddas i längdled vilket kräver extra utrymme. En öppen fixtur förenklar förflyttningen av mast avsevärt men vilken tidsbesparing som nås är svår att uppskatta.</p>

<p>Syftet med detta examensarbete är att visa på hur Totebo AB kan effektivisera material-hanteringen runt en UV-lackeringslina genom att införa en automatisk lösning. En automatisk lösning skulle också minska det monotona arbete som dagens lösning kräver. Totebo AB agerar som underleverantör inom planmöbelindustrin i Sverige och har en väldigt stor produktmix. Planmöbler är uppbyggda av platta träfiberskivor som monteras ihop till kompletta möbler.</p><p>Ett förslag på lackeringslinans layout har tagits fram där den stora utmaningen har varit att anpassa den automatiska utrustningen till att klara alla 9000 produktvarianter samtidigt som lösningen måste vara driftsäker och ekonomiskt försvarbar.</p><p>Arbetet har även utmynnat i dessa slutsatser:</p><p>• Den största produktionsökningen fås genom att maximera utnyttjandet av lackeringslinans bredd vilket inte kan göras i dagsläget</p><p>• Automatisk in- och utmatning för lackeringslinan ger följande fördelar:</p><p>o Stor procentuell ökning av produktionen</p><p>o Möjlighet till att kunna köra linan snabbare i framtiden</p><p>o Inget monotont arbete för operatörerna</p><p>o Driften av lackeringslinan blir mindre operatörsintensiv</p><p>• Utveckling av en metod samt utveckling av en maskin för att kunna separera på träfiberskivor som ”limmats” fast i varandra efter kantlackering</p>

<p>Detta examensarbete är utfört vid Korroterm AB som är beläget i Linghem utanför Linköping. Företaget är en mindre underleverantör med cirka 25 anställda som specialiserat sig på ytbehandling av metalldetaljer med termoplast.</p><p>Syftet med detta arbete har varit att undersöka möjligheterna med induktionsuppvärmning för deras produktion och utveckla en effektiv utrustning som tillämpar denna teknik. Ett mål är att utrustningen skall klara att automatiskt hantera och belägga detaljer av en mindre skokartongs (med mått kring 30*30*30cm) storlek.</p><p>Genom litteratur, muntlig kommunikation och praktiskt arbete har studier inom induktionsteknik och termoplastbeläggning utförts. Inriktningen på dessa studier har varit att få förståelse för grunderna, hur de fungerar och vilka begränsningar som finns med teknikerna.</p><p>För framtagning av konceptlösningar till utrustningen har ”Systematisk Konceptutveckling” av Ulf Liedholm används med en viss modifikation. Då problemet lätt blivit väldigt stort och komplicerat föll det sig naturligt att en uppdelning till delsystem gjordes, vilket gav en bättre överblick av hela systemet. Ett antal koncept togs fram för varje delsystem för att sedan sammanställas till en konceptlösning för hela utrustningen.</p><p>Som resultat av examensarbetet ges en rekommendation till företaget Korroterm AB att fortsätta utveckla befintlig utrustning som tillämpar induktionsuppvärmning istället för att investera i en ny. Efter en undersökning av de detaljer som idag finns i produktionen framkom det gällande geometri, antal och frekvens att inga lämpliga detaljer fanns för denna utrustning. Det visade sig dock att det fanns en potential för tillämpning av induktionsuppvärmning för mindre detaljstorlekar. En studie för att undersöka möjligheterna att belägga dessa i nuvarande utrustning bör utföras.</p> / <p>This thesis work has been written on assignment of Korroterm AB. The company is situated in Linghem which is located just east of Linköping. Korroterm AB is a small subcontractor with around 25 employees who is specialised in surface treatment with thermoplastic coatings on metal objects.</p><p>The purpose with this thesis work has been to study induction heating to learn what possibilities it offers for the production on Korroterm AB and to implement the technique in an automated production line. The goal for this equipment is that it should be able to handle parts with an estimated size of a small shoebox (30*30*30cm).</p><p>Thru a study of literature, verbal sources and practical work an understanding of thermoplastics and induction heating has been made. The focus point of the study has been on the basics, how they work and what limits the techniques have.</p><p>A method in ”Systematisk Konceptutveckling” by Ulf Liedholm has been used with a small modification. The solution for the whole problem would easily become very large and complicated therefore it was divided in to smaller parts which gave a better view of the system. Several concepts where then developed for each part of the system and then assembled into a concept for the whole equipment.</p><p>As a result of this thesis a recommendation was given that the company Korroterm AB should keep developing the existing equipment that implements induction heating instead of investing in a new. After an investigation for suitable parts in the production today with regards to size, number and frequency it became clear that no suitable parts for the equipment were to be found. However a potential for implementing induction heating were discovered for the smaller detail sizes. A study of these should be made to see the possibilities of treatment in existing induction heating equipment.</p>

This thesis is concerned with the development of new fibre optic based sensors for liquid level and temperature measurement. For the measurement of fluid level an intrinsic sensor has been developed whereby the fibre itself forms the sensing medium. This fibre is made from a plastic, doped with a dye that fluoresces when illuminated by ultra-violet light. The sensing fibre is continuously illuminated but the fluid around it absorbs the light and hence the fluid level controls the intensity of light generated within the fluorescing fibre. The measurement of temperature forms the bulk of this thesis with liquid crystals being used as the transducing medium. Many different schemes have been investigated and characterised using their thermochromic, light scattering, and electro-optic properties. The latter necessitated the production of miniature photovoltaic devices which, apart from being a novel way of generating quasi-regulated electrical power, provide an alternative approach to energising many other types of hybrid sensor systems that at present are forced to use more complex techniques. Finally a simple theory has been developed to describe the behaviour of the liquid crystal based systems. The theory has been solved numerically and is in good agreement with the experimental results.