In order to determine which seaweeds were unable to survive in the stressed area and how far the effect of the effluent extended along the coast, various methods were applied and carried out over a two-year period between November 1982 and November 1984. Three major long-term studies took place. The first study was to determine the presence or absence of the seaweeds throughout (1) the entire study area and then (2) in areas broken up into sections with known distances from the outfalls. The second method involved statistical evaluations using point intersect methods and photography to produce information to determine species density, diversity, evenness, and to provide the information required to work with a number of ecological equations in the future. The third method incorporated a long-term survey on cleared plots in various sectors of the study area. The recolonization of the plots was recorded over a thirty-week period. (par. 1.1, p. 6-7)

QUINDERÉ, A. L. G. Propriedades na nocicepção e na inflamação de uma fração polissacarídica sulfatada da alga marinha Acanthophora muscoides. 2011. 81 f. Dissertação (Mestrado em Bioquímica) Centro de Ciências, Universidade Federal do Ceará, 2011. / Submitted by JOANA BEZERRA (joanabib@yahoo.com.br) on 2013-01-07T21:25:36Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2011_dis_algquindere.pdf: 2652696 bytes, checksum: 3ea18d2c3a2e31c663a80ef68b105b24 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Érica Barros(ericabarros@ufc.br) on 2013-01-09T17:03:33Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2011_dis_algquindere.pdf: 2652696 bytes, checksum: 3ea18d2c3a2e31c663a80ef68b105b24 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2013-01-09T17:03:33Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2011_dis_algquindere.pdf: 2652696 bytes, checksum: 3ea18d2c3a2e31c663a80ef68b105b24 (MD5) / Herein, a sulfated polysaccharidic fraction obtained from the marine alga Acanthophora muscoides (AmII) was evaluated using models of nociception and inflammation. The systemic toxicity of the total sulfated polysaccharides was also assessed. The antinociceptive properties were assayed using the writhing test induced by acetic acid, the formalin and the hot plate test. Swiss mice were treated with AmII (1, 3 or 9 mg/kg; i.v.) 30 min prior to either receiving an injection of 0.8% acetic acid or 1% formalin or prior to a thermal stimulus. AmII reduced the number of acetic acid-induced writhes and licking time in the second phase of the formalin test, but it did not alter the response latency in the hot plate test. The anti-inflammatory properties were assayed using the carrageenan-induced neutrophil migration into the peritoneal cavity and carrageenan- or dextran-induced paw edema models. Wistar rats were treated with AmII (1, 3 or 9 mg/kg; s.c.) 60 min prior to inflammatory stimuli. AmII reduced significantly the neutrophil migration into the peritoneal cavity. In the carrageenan-induced paw edema, AmII did not reduce the edema formation or the neutrophil migration, as assessed by the determination of myeloperoxidase levels in the paw tissue. However, AmII reduced dextran-induced paw edema during the first interval analysed. Furthermore, when AmII (500 μg) was injected (s.c.) into the paw, to verify a possible edematogenic effect, no edema was observed. Additionally, when mice were treated with the total sulfated polysaccharides from A. muscoides (20 mg/kg; i.p.) for 14 days, no consistent signs of systemic damage were observed, as revealed by body weight, liver, kidney, heart, spleen, thymus and lymph node wet weight and by biochemical, hematological and histopathological analyses. In conclusion, AmII has antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory properties and represents a potencial therapeutic agent warranting future studies. / No presente trabalho, uma fração polissacarídica sulfatada obtida da alga marinha Acanthophora muscoides (AmII) foi avaliada através de modelos de nocicepção e inflamação. A toxicidade sistêmica dos polissacarídeos sulfatados totais também foi analisada. A atividade antinociceptiva foi avaliada através dos ensaios de contorções abdominais induzidas por ácido acético, teste da formalina e da placa quente. Camundongos Swiss machos foram tratados com AmII (1, 3 ou 9 mg/kg; i.v.) 30 min antes de receber injeção de ácido acético 0,8% ou formalina 1% ou antes da exposição a um estímulo térmico. AmII reduziu significativamente o número de contorções abdominais induzidas por ácido acético e o tempo lambedura da pata na segunda fase do teste da formalina. No teste da placa quente, AmII não prolongou o tempo de reação dos animais. A atividade antiinflamatória foi avaliada através do ensaio de migração de células através da cavidade peritoneal induzida por carragenana (700 μg/ cavidade) e dos ensaios de edema de pata induzidos por carragenana (500 μg/pata) ou por dextrano (400 μg/pata). Ratos Wistar foram tratados com AmII (1, 3 ou 9 mg/kg; s.c.) 60 min antes do estímulo inflamatório. AmII reduziu significativamente a migração de neutrófilos através da cavidade peritoneal. No ensaio do edema de pata induzido por carragenana, AmII não reduziu a formação do edema e a migração neutrofílica, analisada através da determinação dos níveis teciduais de mieloperoxidase. Entretanto, AmII inibiu o edema de pata induzido por dextrano no primeiro intervalo analisado. Adicionalmente, quando AmII (500 μg) foi injetada (s.c.) na pata, para verificar um possível efeito edematogênico, não foi observado edema. No ensaio de toxicidade subcrônica, camundongos foram tratados diariamente durante 14 dias com os polissacarídeos sulfatados totais de A. muscoides (20 mg/kg; i.p.). Sinais consistentes de dano sistêmico não foram observados, conforme revelado pela avaliação do peso corporal e dos órgãos fígado, rim, coração, baço, timo, e linfonodo e das análises bioquímicas, hematológicas e histopatológicas. Como conclusão, a fração AmII possui propriedades antinociceptiva e antiinflamatória e representa um potecial agente terapêutico, justificando estudos futuros.

Typescript Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Oregon, 1983 Includes vita and abstract Bibliography: leaves 134-145 Another copy on microfilm is located in Archives

O estresse ambiental sobre algas marinhas pode ser causado por poluentes, ausência de nutrientes, variação da temperatura ou da intensidade luminosa. Embora vários grupos estudem os efeitos do estresse ambiental sobre a ecologia de animais marinhos, nos últimos anos, contudo, poucos pesquisadores têm investigado o seu efeito sobre a fisiologia das algas marinhas, sobretudo sobre a biossíntese e função de carotenóides e ácidos graxos. Deste modo, foram abordados experimentalmente a atividade antioxidante in vitro de alguns carotenóides encontrados em algas (determinação da constante de supressão (KQ) de oxigênio singlete (02 (1Δg)) e redução da lipoperoxidação em lipossomos incorporados com carotenóides) bem como a monitoração da biossíntese de pigmentos e os níveis de ácidos graxos em algumas espécies de algas cultivadas em situações de estresse ambiental, como exposição a metais pesados (Gracilaria tenuistipitata e Lingulodinium polyedrum), alta densidade populacional (Amphidinium cartareae, Nitzschia microcephala, Lingulodinium polyedrum, Minutocellus polymorphus e Tetraselmis gracilis), e intensidade luminosa (Lingulodinium polyedrum). Ainda, nas algas expostas a estas condições adversas, parâmetros de estresse oxidativo e indicadores enzimáticos do metabolismo oxidativo foram medidos, como a atividade de superoxido dismutase, catalase, ascorbato peroxidase, e o doseamento dos níveis de malonaldialdeído (MDA), tióis e carbonilas de proteínas. Por RMN de 1H, EM e HPLC com a co-injeção de padrões, foram identificados vários carotenos (β-caroteno e licopeno), xantofilas (peridinina, luteina, diadinoxantina, diatoxantina entre outras) e três tipos de clorofilas (a, b e c) das macro e micro algas estudadas. Paralelamente, seguindo as mesmas técnicas cromatográficas, estudamos a interconversão de tiamina com a identificação das três formas desta vitamina (livre, mono e difosfato). Nos ensaios in vitro, as KQs da peridinina, carotenóide isolado de Lingulodinium polyedrum, em dois sistemas de solventes (CDCl3: 0,95 x 109 M-1.s-1 e D20/CD3COCD3 1:1: 5,0 x 109 M-1.s-1) sugere que este pigmento apresenta uma melhor função protetora contra os efeitos deletérios do O2 (1ΔG) em ambiente hidrofílico. A presença de peridinina e astaxantina incorporadas em lipossomos preenchidos com Fe2+/EDTA foi determinante para diminuir os efeitos danosos de H202 e t-ButOOH, mostrando que a ação desses pigmentos depende da permeabilidade dos agentes oxidantes através da bicamada lipídica. Ambos carotenóides apresentaram atividade quando a peroxidação foi provocada pelo lado externo da bicamada. A concentração dos ácidos graxos em culturas de Lingulodinium polyedrum durante o ciclo claro:escuro sugee que o aumento de C18:3 e C22:6 durante a fase clara ocorreu para compensar a lipoperoxidação (os níveis de MDA foram altos durante a fase clara) e manter a integridade e homeostase celular. Em culturas de G. tenuistipitata expostas a Cd2+ e Cu2+, os níveis do ácido C20:4 (n-6) aumentaram cerca de 30% no tratamento com Cd2+, provavelmente para preservar a integridade de membrana em resposta ao desbalanço redox provocado por esse metal. Em contrapartida, os níveis de C20:4 (n-6) decaíram cerca de 15% no tratamento com Cu2+, evidenciando a especificidade desse metal em atingir as membranas tilacóides no cloroplasto. O ácido C18:3 (n-4) foi detectado apenas no tratamento com Cu2+. Os resultados encontrados para a monitoração da biossíntese de carotenóides abrem novas perspectivas para a compreensão dos mecanismos bioquímicos e fisiológicos adotados por algas marinhas cultivadas em ambientes adversos. Diferentes respostas foram encontradas para os níveis de pigmentos para as micro e macroalgas estudadas, mostrando que a biossíntese e a atividade das enzimas envolvidas no metabolismo oxidativo podem variar nas diferentes espécies e conforme o estímulo empregado. / Environmental stress on marine algae is provoked by pollutants, lack of nutrients, temperature oscillation or high light. Although some researchers have investigated environmental stress effects on marine animais ecology, lately, however, few groups have studied its effects on marine algae physiology, i.e. carotenoid function and biosynthesis and fatty acids contents. Thus, the in vitro activity, such as the quenching of 02 (1ΔG) (KQ) and the reduction of liposome peroxidation incorporated with carotenoids, of some pigments founded in algae were determined as well as the their biosynthesis when some species were growth under stressful condition, for example, heavy metal exposition (Gracilaria tenuistipitata and Lingulodinium polyedrum), cell density (Amphidinium cartareae, Nitzschia microcephala, Lingulodinium polyedrum, Minutocellus polymorphus and Tetraselmis gracilis) and high light (Lingulodinium polyedrum). In addition, some parameters of oxidative stress and enzymatic markers of oxidative metabolism such as superoxide dismutase, catalase and ascorbate peroxidase activities, malondialdehyde (MDA), protein carbonyls and thiols contents, were measured. Some carotenes (β-carotene and licopene), xanthophylls (peridinin, lutein, diadinoxanthin, diatoxanthin, etc) and three chlorophylls (a, b and c) were identified either by 1H NMR and MS or standards spiked in HPLC in the species studied. Also, using HPLC techniques, we studied the thiamine interconversion identifying three forms of this vitamin (free, mono- and diphosphate). The KQs obtained for peridinin, isolated from Lingulodinium polyedrum, using two solvent systems (CDCl3: 0,95 x 109 M-1.s-1 and D20/CD3COCD3 1:1: 5,0 x 109 M-1.s-1) suggest this pigment is more effective against the deleterious effects of O2 (1Δg) in hydrophilic environment. Peridinin and astaxanthin incorporated to liposomes filled with Fe2+/EDTA decreased the lipoperoxidation when H202 e t-ButOOH were added, showing that their function depending on the peroxidation promoters permeability through the membrane. Also, both carotenoids were able to protect the membrane when the lipoperoxidation was promoted outside. The fatty acid contents measured in cultures of L. polyedrum during the light:dark cycle suggest that the increase of C18:3 and C22:6 levels during the light phase occurred to compensate the lipoperoxidation, since the levels of MDA were high in the same phase, and to keep the membrane integrity and cell homeostasis. The levels of C20:4 (n-6) increased about 30% when cultures of G. tenuistipitata were exposed to Cd2+ may be to preserve the cell membranes in response to misbalance caused by this heavy metal. On the other hand, the levels of C20:4 (n-6) decreased almost 15% during the treatment with Cu2+, showing an evidence that this metal can affect the tilakoid membranes. The fatty acid C18:3 (n-4) was only detected in the assay with Cu2+. The carotenoid biosynthesis results bring new perspectives concerning the comprehension of the biochemistry and physiology mechanisms employed by marine algae against stressful environmental conditions. Different responses were founded for the carotenoid contents, showing that the biosynthesis and the activity of the enzymes involved in the oxidative metabolism can vary according to species or stimuli used.

Malaria is one of the three most deadly diseases in Africa. Although there are available treatments, their efficacy has been greatly reduced over the past two decades due to the development of resistance to currently available drugs. This has necessitated the search for new and effective antimalarial agents. This project approached the search for new antimalarial compounds in two ways: (i) by screening natural products isolated from marine algae against the Plasmodium parasite and (ii) by modification of selected isolated active compounds to target 1-deoxY-đ-xylulose 5-phosphate reductoisomerase (DXR), an enzyme found in the nonmevalonate isoprenoid biosynthetic pathway of Plasmodium Jalciparum. It was envisaged that such a compound would exhibit dual action on the Plasmodium parasite. Extracts obtained from 22 marine algae were prefractionated by solvent partitioning and were screened for anti plasmodial activity against the chloroquine sensitive (CQS) P. Jalciparum D 10 strain. Overall, 50% of the algae screened produced at least one crude fraction with activity against P. Jalciparum. Extracts of the algae Sargassum heterophyllum, Plocamium cornutum, Amphiroa ephedrea and Pterosiphonia cloiophylla gave the most promising results. Fractionation of S. heterophyllum afforded three tetraprenyltoluquinols (3.1, 3.2 and 3.5) and an all-trans-fucoxanthin (3.6). Three new compounds (4.5, 4.6 and 4.7) and two known halogenated monoterpenes (4.1 and 4.4) were isolated from P. cornutum. Each of the isolated compounds from both S. heterophyllum and P. cornutum showed antiplasmodial activity with IC₅₀ values ranging from 2.0 - 15.3 μM for S. heterophyllum and 13 - 230 μM for P. cornutum. Attempts to synthetically modify halogenated monoterpene 4.4 by dihydroxylation and phosphorylation in order to inhibit the DXR enzyme was unsuccessful. However, the hemiterpene analogue (5.42) of the halogenated monoterpenes was successfully phosphorylated and dihydroxylated to give compound 5.45 which showed promising activity against DXR. The result obtained indicated that the proposed phosphorylation and dihydroxylation of the halogenated monoterpene 4.4 would result in the synthesis of a potent DXR inhibitor and therefore a potential antimalarial agent with dual mode of action on the Plasmodium parasite.

The role of antioxidants in the prevention of neurodegenerative diseases has been well documented. The use of synthetic antioxidants has decreased due to the ssociation of these compounds with certain cancers. Thus, the search for novel natural antioxidants has gained much focus in research. Most common methods of determining antioxidant capacity are the radical generated assays and biological assays such as lipid peroxidation and the nitroblue tetrazolium assay. Electrochemical methods have been proposed for the determination of bio-active compounds such as antioxidants. The electrochemical methods of cyclic voltammetry and square wave voltammetry were evaluated for the determination of antioxidant capacity initially examining known antioxidants and then using plant extracts of Sutherlandia frutescens as a case study. The antioxidant properties determined by electrochemical methods were validated utilising the non-biological methods of the DPPH, TEAC, ferrozine and FC assay and biological pharmacological methods. The results indicated that Sutherlandia frutescens contains potent antioxidant compounds that are able to reduce lipid peroxidation. The electrochemical techniques of square wave voltammetry and cyclic voltammetry were applied for the screening of a large number of extracts of various algae for the detection of antioxidant compounds. The results indicated that electrochemistry can be used as a preliminary method for the rapid screening of a large number of crude samples for antioxidant compounds. Electrochemical methods were also evaluated as a method for guiding the isolation and purification of antioxidant metabolites in Sargassum elegans. Solvent partitioning and fractionation of the marine alga allowed for the purification of antioxidant compounds. At each step of purification electrochemical methods were utilized to determine which fractions contained the more potent antioxidant compounds and thus guide further purification. The purified antioxidant compounds were elucidated using NMR to determine the structure of the antioxidant compounds.

This thesis describes an investigation into the effects of habitat composition, principally the composition of algae in a wrack bed, on the life history of the seaweed fly, Coelopa frigida. The mating system of C. frigida is dominated by intense sexual conflict characterised by frequent harassment by males leading to a vigorous pre-mating struggle. This response leads to sexual selection for large male size and sexual dimorphism. The mating behaviour of C. frigida is affected by their environment, with exposure to brown algae inducing harassment in males and oviposition in females. Despite more than two decades of research into coelopid reproduction little is known about how habitat composition alters the patterns and processes of sexual conflict. Studies contained in this thesis consider environmental influences that both directly and indirectly influence sexual conflict. Direct effects of the environment are measured by conducting mating trials following culture of C. frigida on different species of algae and by exposing males to different species of algae. This work is accompanied by studies of larval development and adult survival on different algae. In recent years it has been observed that the distribution of European coelopids has undergone a northward range shift. An investigation into the current distribution of European coelopid species and a discussion of the effects of climate change that may have caused this change is included. Finally, the use of stable isotope analysis to determine the diet of wild coelopids and alternative statistical methods to analyse mating trials are described.

Este trabalho envolve o estudo sobre os níveis de pigmentos fotossintéticos, carotenóides e clorofilas, presentes nas algas marinhas Tetraselmis gracilis e Gracilaria tenuistipitata, em condições de senescência celular e estresse antropogênico (poluição metálica). Em razão do papel fundamental dos carotenóides na organização de membranas tilacóides, o papel estrutural de carotenos e do extrato metanólico de T. gracilis em bicamadas lipídicas também foi avaliado. Para estes estudos foram realizados o cultivo, coleta e construção das curvas de crescimento das algas, obtenção dos cromatogramas típicos, identificação de alguns pigmentos fotossintéticos através de padrões, análise dos extratos brutos em diferentes fases de crescimento e respectiva quantificação. Foram realizados bioensaios de toxicidade dos metais Cd, Cu, Hg e Pb e foram estimados os parâmetros toxicológicos CE15 e CE50 (concentração efetiva para a redução de 15 e 50%, respectivamente, do crescimento algal). Os modelos de estresse agudo e crônico foram construídos para cada metal e a quantificação dos pigmentos fotossintéticos foi realizada. Lipossomos foram confeccionados com a incorporação de carotenos e do extrato metanólico de T. gracilis na bicamada e foram realizadas medidas de espalhamento de luz, de calorimetria, do diâmetro hidrodinâmico e de fosfolípides. A cinética de liberação e de permeação de NO foi estudada através de medidas de fluorescência e de quimiluminescência. Também foi realizada a extração e pré-isolamento dos carotenóides presentes em T. gracilis. Os mecanismos de defesa contra espécies reativas de oxigênio foram diferentes em razão das distintas variações observadas nos níveis de pigmentos para cada metal estudado e tipo de estresse. Também foi observado um aumento do nível de pigmentos em função do aumento do tempo de exposição correspondendo provavelmente a uma estratégia aclimatativa extremamente importante no papel de adaptação e sobrevivência de organismos fotossintéticos, o que torna este tipo de avaliação, principalmente dos níveis de carotenóides, uma ferramenta útil como parâmetro de avaliação de poluição ambiental, além do emprego da biomassa como ferramenta de biorremoção de metais. Em relação aos valores de CE50 observados, o valor encontrado para o Cu foi inferior ao padrão previsto na Resolução do CONAMA no 357. Portanto, efluentes contendo Cu em níveis permitidos poderão causar danos à biota marinha. Mais ainda, sugere-se que os limites recomendáveis para este metal deverão ser revistos e alterados para a preservação de ecossistemas aquáticos. A incorporação do extrato de T. gracilis ocasionou uma grande perturbação na estruturação da membrana, resultando na fluidificação da bicamada lipídica, independente da fase de crescimento. O β-caroteno e o licopeno interferem na estruturação de bicamadas lipídicas diminuindo o diâmetro hidrodinâmico das vesículas unilamelares grandes, efeito ainda não descrito na literatura, reduzindo o valor da temperatura na qual se inicia a transição de fase, alargando a faixa onde ocorre a transição, reduzindo os valores capacidade calorífica e da entalpia e, conseqüentemente, modificando a cooperatividade da transição. Somente o β-caroteno causou fluidificação do sistema lipídico e aumento da velocidade de permeação de NO através da membrana, sugerindo o provável papel do β-caroteno na modulação de propriedades físicas da membrana. / This work involves the study of the levels of photosynthetic pigments, carotenoids and chlorophylls, contained in the marine algae Tetraselmis gracilis and Gracilaria tenuistipitata, under conditions of cellular senescence and anthropogenic stress (metallic pollution). Due to the fundamental organizational role of carotenoids in thylakoid membranes, its structural features in lipid bilayers were evaluated. Also in this last mentioned study, it was employed the methanolic extract of T. gracilis. In order to perform these studies, the algae were cultivated and the growth curves determined. Also, the typical chromatograms were obtained, and some photosynthetic pigments were identified trough commercial standards, which were then analyzed and quantified in crude extracts of different growth phases. The toxicity of the metals Cd, Cu, Hg and Pb were determined trough bioassays, which led to the toxicological parameters EC15 and EC50 estimation (the effective concentration that causes 15 and 50% of reduction of the algal growth, respectively). For each metal, the acute and chronic stress models were built, and the photosynthetic pigments contents\' quantified. Liposomes were constructed with the incorporation of carotenes and of the T. gracilis\' methanolic extract in the bilayer, which were then submitted to light scattering, calorimetric, hydrodynamic radius and phospholipid assays. Fluorescence and chemiluminescence measurements were used to study the NO kinetics of liberation and permeation. Also, it was accomplished the extraction and pre-isolation of carotenes contained in T. gracilis. For each type of metal and stress occasioned, different levels of pigments were observed, a consequence of the different mechanisms employed against reactive oxygen species. At higher exposure periods, higher pigments\' contents were quantified, which probably corresponds to an algae acclimatative strategy. The EC50 value found for Cu is higher than the standard one previously stated in the CONAMA\'s nº 357 resolution. This means that effluents containing Cu, in levels allowed by the law, may cause damage to the marine biota. Moreover, it\'s suggested a reevaluation of the standard limiting value for this metal, in order to preserve aquatic ecosystems. A higher fluidity of the lipid bilayer, occasioned by a large perturbation of the membrane\'s structure, was accomplished by incorporating the extract of T. gracilis. This was observed independently of the cells\' growth phase. &$946;-carotene and licopene interfere in the lipid bilayer structure, lowering the hydrodynamic diameter of large unilamellar vesicles, an effect not previously reported in literature. This reduces the temperature were the phase transition initiates, broadens the transition gap, lowers the calorific capacity and enthalpy values, consequently, modifying the transition cooperation. Only β-carotene induces a higher fluidity of the lipid system and a faster NO permeation trough the membrane, which suggests that it may modify physical properties of the membrane.

As algas da ordem Halymeniales (Rhodophyta) apresentam grande importância ecológica e econômica como produtores primários e de compostos bioativos, além de incluírem espécies invasoras em várias localidades do mundo. A taxonomia do grupo é bastante problemática, com vários registros de identificações equivocadas e mudanças nomenclaturais. Em virtude disso, diversos estudos têm incluído ferramentas moleculares como auxílio à taxonomia morfológica do grupo. O objetivo deste estudo é investigar por meio de técnicas moleculares e morfológicas a diversidade da ordem Halymeniales no litoral do Brasil de forma, a contribuir para o conhecimento da flora marinha do país. Para isso, foram sequenciados três marcadores moleculares, UPA, COI-5P e rbcL, cujos dados, combinados com a observação de caracteres morfológicos, resultaram na delimitação de 26 espécies. Dessas, 11 são espécies novas para a ciência: Corynomorpha cf. clavata, dois táxons morfologicamente identificados como \"Cryptonemia\" crenulata, dois táxons morfologicamente identificados como Cryptonemia seminervis, Halymenia ignifera, Halymenia pinnatifida, Halymenia silviae, Grateloupia cf. dichotoma, Grateloupia cf. filicina 1 e Grateloupia cf. filicina 2. Pelo menos sete gêneros novos foram encontrados, representados pelos táxons: \"Cryptonemia\" bengryi, integrantes do complexo \"Cryptonemia\" crenulata, \"Cryptonemia\" delicatula, \"Halymenia\" elongata, \"Halymenia\" floridana, Halymeniales sp. 1 e Halymeniales sp. 2. Foram encontradas três espécies cuja localidade-tipo é a Ásia: Grateloupia orientalis, Grateloupia turuturu e Grateloupia yangjiangensis. Entre os táxons previamente citados para a costa brasileira, nove não foram encontrados. Se os táxons não encontrados constituírem espécies válidas, a diversidade da ordem no Brasil será de 35 espécies. As análises filogenéticas mostraram que os gêneros Cryptonemia, Halymenia e Grateloupia constituem grupos não-monofiléticos. Os resultados demonstraram a existência de ampla diversidade críptica e pseudo-críptica e de espécies e gêneros novos para a ciência, além de revelarem a ocorrência de espécies não nativas. Este estudo contribui substancialmente para o conhecimento da diversidade de algas marinhas na costa brasileira / Algae of Halymeniales (Rhodophyta) present a wide ecological and economic importance, as primary producers and bioactive compounds producers, and include invasive species worldwide. Its taxonomy is quite problematic, with reports of misidentifications and nomenclatural changes. Therefore, studies have included molecular tools to assist the morphological taxonomy of this order. This study aims to investigate through molecular and morphological techniques the diversity of Halymeniales along the Brazilian coast, in order to contribute to the knowledge of native marine flora. Three molecular markers were sequenced, UPA, COI-5P and rbcL, whose data were allied to morphological characters and resulted in 26 delimited species. There are 11 new species to science: Corynomorpha cf. clavata, two taxa morphologically identified as \"Cryptonemia\" crenulata, two taxa morphologically identified as Cryptonemia seminervis, Halymenia ignifera, Halymenia pinnatifida, Halymenia silviae, Grateloupia cf. dichotoma, Grateloupia cf. filicina 1 and Grateloupia cf. filicina 2. At least seven new genera were found, represented by the following taxa: \"Cryptonemia\" bengryi, representatives of \"Cryptonemia\" crenulata complex, \"Cryptonemia\" delicatula, \"Halymenia\" elongata, \"Halymenia\" floridana, Halymeniales sp. 1 and Halymeniales sp. 2. Three species whose type locality is Asia were detected: Grateloupia orientalis, Grateloupia turuturu and Grateloupia yangjiangensis. Among taxa previously recorded to Brazilian coast, nine were not found. If those taxa constitute valid species, the diversity of the order in Brazil will be represented by 35 species. Phylogenetic analyses showed that Cryptonemia, Halymenia and Grateloupia constitute non-monophyletic groups. Results demonstrated the existence of wide cryptic and pseudo-cryptic diversity as well as novel species and genera, and revealed the presence of non-native species

by Lau Tsz Chun. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2000. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 134-143). / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / Acknowledgements --- p.i / Abstract --- p.ii / Contents --- p.vi / List of Figures --- p.xi / List of Tables --- p.xv / Chapter 1. --- Introduction --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1 --- Reviews --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1.1 --- Heavy metals in the environment --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1.2 --- Heavy metal pollution in Hong Kong --- p.3 / Chapter 1.1.3 --- Electroplating industries in Hong Kong --- p.7 / Chapter 1.1.4 --- "Chemistry, biochemistry and toxicity of selected metal ions: copper, nickel and zinc" --- p.8 / Chapter a. --- Copper --- p.10 / Chapter b. --- Nickel --- p.11 / Chapter c. --- Zinc --- p.12 / Chapter 1.1.5 --- Conventional physico-chemical methods of metal ions removal from industrial effluent --- p.13 / Chapter a. --- Ion exchange --- p.14 / Chapter b. --- Precipitation --- p.14 / Chapter 1.1.6 --- Alternative for metal ions removal from industrial effluent: biosorption --- p.15 / Chapter a. --- Definition of biosorption --- p.15 / Chapter b. --- Mechanisms involved in biosorption of metal ions --- p.17 / Chapter c. --- Criteria for a good metal sorption process and advantages of biosorption for removal of heavy metal ions --- p.19 / Chapter d. --- Selection of potential biosorbent for metal ions removal --- p.20 / Chapter 1.1.7 --- Procedures of biosorption --- p.23 / Chapter a. --- Basic study --- p.23 / Chapter b. --- Pilot-scale study --- p.25 / Chapter c. --- Examples of commercial biosorbent --- p.27 / Chapter 1.1.8 --- Seaweed as a potential biosorbent for heavy metal ions --- p.27 / Chapter 1.2 --- Objectives of study --- p.30 / Chapter 2. --- Materials and Methods --- p.33 / Chapter 2.1 --- Collection of seaweed samples --- p.33 / Chapter 2.2 --- Processing of seaweed biomass --- p.33 / Chapter 2.3 --- Chemicals --- p.33 / Chapter 2.4 --- Characterization of seaweed biomass --- p.39 / Chapter 2.4.1 --- Moisture content of seaweed biomass --- p.39 / Chapter 2.4.2 --- Metal ions content of seaweed biomass --- p.39 / Chapter 2.5 --- Characterization of metal ions biosorption by seaweed --- p.39 / Chapter 2.5.1 --- Effect of biomass weight and selection of biomass --- p.39 / Chapter 2.5.2 --- Effect of pH --- p.40 / Chapter 2.5.3 --- Effect of retention time --- p.41 / Chapter 2.5.4 --- Effect of metal ions concentration --- p.41 / Chapter 2.5.5 --- Effect of mix-cations and mix-anions on the removal capacity of selected metal ions by Ulva lactuca --- p.43 / Chapter 2.5.6 --- Recovery of adsorbed metal ions from Ulva lactuca (I): screening for suitable desorbing agents --- p.44 / Chapter 2.5.7 --- Recovery of adsorbed metal ions from Ulva lactuca (II): multiple adsorption-desorption cycles of selected metal ions --- p.45 / Chapter 2.5.8 --- Removal and recovery of selected metal ions from electroplating effluent by Ulva lactuca --- p.45 / Chapter 2.6 --- Statistical analysis of data --- p.46 / Chapter 3. --- Results --- p.47 / Chapter 3.1 --- Effect of biomass weight and selection of biomass --- p.47 / Chapter 3.1.1 --- Effect of biomass weight --- p.47 / Chapter 3.1.2 --- Selection of biomass --- p.58 / Chapter 3.2 --- Effect of pH --- p.58 / Chapter 3.2.1 --- Cu2+ --- p.58 / Chapter 3.2.2 --- Ni2+ --- p.61 / Chapter 3.2.3 --- Zn2+ --- p.61 / Chapter 3.2.4 --- Determination of optimal condition for biosorption of Cu2+ ，Ni2+ and Zn2+ by Ulva lactuca --- p.67 / Chapter 3.3 --- Effect of retention time --- p.67 / Chapter 3.4 --- Effect of metal ions concentration --- p.73 / Chapter 3.4.1 --- Relationship of removal capacity with initial concentration of metal ions --- p.73 / Chapter 3.4.2 --- Langmuir adsorption isotherm --- p.73 / Chapter 3.4.3 --- Freundlich adsorption isotherm --- p.77 / Chapter 3.5 --- Effect of mix-cations and mix-anions on the removal capacity of selected metal ions by Ulva lactuca --- p.81 / Chapter 3.5.1 --- Effect of mix-cations --- p.81 / Chapter 3.5.2 --- Effect of mix-anions --- p.85 / Chapter 3.6 --- Recovery of adsorbed metal ions from Ulva lactuca (I): screening of suitable desorbing agents --- p.91 / Chapter 3.6.1 --- Cu2+ --- p.91 / Chapter 3.6.2 --- Ni2+ --- p.91 / Chapter 3.6.3 --- Zn2+ --- p.91 / Chapter 3.7 --- Recovery of adsorbed metal ions from Ulva lactuca (II): multiple adsorption-desorption cycles of selected metal ions --- p.94 / Chapter 3.8 --- Removal and recovery of selected metal ions from electroplating effluent by Ulva lactuca --- p.97 / Chapter 4. --- Discussion --- p.106 / Chapter 4.1 --- Effect of biomass weight and selection of biomass --- p.106 / Chapter 4.1.1 --- Effect of biomass weight --- p.106 / Chapter 4.1.2 --- Selection of biomass --- p.107 / Chapter 4.2 --- Effect of pH --- p.109 / Chapter 4.3 --- Effect of retention time --- p.112 / Chapter 4.4 --- Effect of metal ions concentration --- p.114 / Chapter 4.4.1 --- Relationship of removal capacity with initial concentration of metal ions --- p.114 / Chapter 4.4.2 --- Langmuir adsorption isotherm --- p.114 / Chapter 4.4.3 --- Freundlich adsorption isotherm --- p.115 / Chapter 4.4.4 --- Insights from isotherm study --- p.117 / Chapter 4.5 --- Effect of mix-cations and mix-anions on the removal capacity of selected metal ions by Ulva lactuca --- p.118 / Chapter 4.5.1 --- Effect of mix-cations --- p.118 / Chapter 4.5.2 --- Effect of mix-anions --- p.120 / Chapter 4.6 --- Recovery of adsorbed metal ions from Ulva lactuca (I): screening of suitable desorbing agents --- p.122 / Chapter 4.7 --- Recovery of adsorbed metal ions from Ulva lactuca (II): multiple adsorption-desorption cycles of selected metal ions --- p.124 / Chapter 4.8 --- Removal and recovery of selected metal ions from electroplating effluent by Ulva lactuca --- p.126 / Chapter 5. --- Conclusion --- p.131 / Chapter 6. --- Summary --- p.134 / Chapter 7. --- References --- p.134 / Chapter 8. --- Appendixes --- p.144