Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-10T17:55:39Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Guilherme_Ignacio_Franco_de_Andrade.pdf: 4135958 bytes, checksum: 89f5602c2f4c120e3c86f95d59fb72a9 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-02-09 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Ce travail résulte d'une étude sur le processus de transformation du Front National, parti politique français, à partir de la retraite politique de Jean-Marie Le Pen et de la montée de Marine Le Pen à la présidence du parti. Au cours de cette recherche, nous avons identifié le processus de naissance des mouvements d'extrême droite en France, dont le commencement se situe au XIXie siècle avec le groupe monarchiste Action Française et, en parallèle, le mouvement dirigé par le Général Georges Boulanger. Le développement du fascisme en France a eu lieu pendant l'occupation allemande durant la Seconde Guerre Mondiale, avec la mise en place de la Révolution Nationale, par le Maréchal Pétain. Nous avons examiné comment s'est développé le projet fasciste en France, qui a pris près de trois décennies pour devenir, par l'intermédiaire d'une légende politique, le Front National. Les différents groupes présentés dans le cadre de notre recherche nous ont fournis des preuves suffisantes pour considérer le projet fasciste français comme un mouvement articulé par des membres de la petite bourgeoisie et de la classe moyenne, en alliance avec le propre mouvement fasciste comme cela a été démontré par d'autres chercheurs. Dans ce travail, l'objectif principal a été d'étudier la transition politique du Front National et les changements de son programme, dirigé par Marine Le Pen et soutenue par les militants les plus jeunes du parti. Pour comprendre la période actuelle dans laquelle se trouve le Front National, nous avons étudié le processus de construction du parti et les différents programmes politiques qui ont été créés tout au long de son existence. Ainsi, nous avons pu analyser comparativement les différents projets dans leurs conditions historiques concrètes, qui se sont succédés dans un parti qui, durant 40 ans, présente des positions extrêmement antagonistes par rapport aux autres partis ou mouvements fascistes. Le nouveau Front National, au centre de ce travail, se révèle être un parti qui, au cours de son activité politique, est toujours soucieux de représenter une alternative au capitalisme et au socialisme même s'il n'a jamais proposé de rupture avec les relations capitalistes ou mettre fin à la lutte des classes. Le Front National, en ce qui concerne son histoire, a toujours priviligié les intérêts de la petite bourgeoisie, de la classe moyenne et des professions libérales. Ainsi le parti a, par le passé, défendu l' ultralibéralisme, les privatisations et a défendu le néolibéralisme en France, posture qui a désormais changé comme nous l'avons identifié. En analysant le Front National, nous concluons que, dans le discours, le Front National est devenu plus sensible aux problèmes sociaux et a essayé de s'approcher des travailleurs. Le parti a retravaillé tout son discours pour masquer son projet ségrégationniste et totalitaire mais, idéologiquement, le parti n'a jamais abandonné ses convictions nazi-fascistes gardant aussi ses idées xénophobes et racistes / Investigamos, nessa dissertação, o processo de transformação do partido francês, Frente Nacional, a partir da aposentadoria política de Jean-Marie Le Pen e a ascensão de Marine Le Pen à presidência do partido. Durante a pesquisa, procuramos evidenciar o processo de nascimento dos movimentos de extrema direita na França, tendo seu início no século XIX, com o grupo monarquista Ação Francesa e, paralelamente, pelo movimento liderado pelo General Georges Boulanger. O avanço e concretização do fascismo na França se deu durante a ocupação alemã, na Segunda Guerra Mundial, com a instauração da Revolução Nacional, pelo Marechal Pétain. Em nossa pesquisa, pudemos investigar como se deu o desenvolvimento do projeto fascista na França, que durou quase três décadas para se concretizar e se unificar através de uma legenda política, a Frente Nacional. Os diversos grupos apresentados no percurso de nossa pesquisa nos dão evidências suficientes para acreditar no projeto fascista francês enquanto movimento articulado por parcelas da pequena burguesia e da classe média, assim como foi demonstrado por outros pesquisadores entre esses grupos específicos e o movimento fascista. Em nossa dissertação, o objetivo principal foi investigar a transição política do partido Frente Nacional e as mudanças em seu programa político, liderado por Marine Le Pen e apoiada pelos militantes mais jovens do partido. Para entendermos o período atual em que se encontra o Frente Nacional, investigamos o processo de construção do partido e os diferentes programas políticos que foram criados ao longo de sua existência. Dessa forma, conseguimos analisar, comparativamente, os diferentes projetos inseridos em suas condições concretas e históricas, visto que o partido, ao longo dos seus 40 anos, apresenta posições extremamente antagônicas em relação a outros partidos ou movimentos fascistas. A nova Frente Nacional, conforme elaboramos como tema de análise principal, nos demonstra que o partido, durante sua atividade política, sempre se preocupou em ser uma alternativa ao capitalismo e ao socialismo, ainda que nunca tenha proposto romper com as relações capitalistas ou acabar com a luta de classes. A Frente Nacional, teve sempre como questão principal a defesa dos interesses dos pequenos burgueses, da classe média e dos profissionais liberais, ainda que nessa trajetória tenha defendido o ultraliberalismo, as privatizações e se inserido na defesa do avanço neoliberal na França, postura modificada na atualidade, como vimos em nossa pesquisa. Ao analisar a Frente Nacional, chegamos à conclusão de que, no nível discursivo, se tornou mais sensível aos problemas sociais e tentou se aproximar dos trabalhadores, reelaborando todo seu discurso para mascarar seu projeto segregacionista, totalitário e de branqueamento populacional mas, ideologicamente, o partido nunca abandonou suas convicções nazifascistas, mantendo suas ideias xenófobas e racistas

This paper analyzes the evolution of the Front national (FN), a French political party on the far right, from its initial breakthrough victory in 1984 all the way through to its unprecedented showing in France’s 2017 presidential election. The most obvious change it explores is that of leadership, seeking to determine in what ways the ‘original’ FN controlled by its founder Jean-Marie Le Pen (1972-2011) differs from the party’s ‘new’ incarnation under his daughter Marine Le Pen (2011-present). It begins by examining the makeup and motivations of the party’s electorate in the 1984 elections to the European Parliament, and by identifying the FN’s ideological predecessors more broadly. With a focus on the turning-point presidential elections of 2002, 2007, and 2012, the paper then follows the development of the party’s rhetoric, strategy, and supporters since the 1980s, as well as how it is perceived by the wider public. Throughout, attention is paid to unique factors that have impacted the FN’s trajectory, such as the gender difference between Jean-Marie and Marine, former President Nicolas Sarkozy’s courting of right-wing voters, and the influence of terrorism. It concludes by noting the hidden ‘victories’ that the FN has achieved, and with a warning never to underestimate the party, even when it seems to have suffered a loss.

Populist movements have been on the rise across Europe and the Americas. In France, the far right-wing party, Le Front National, has experienced recent growth in electoral success. Scholars of the Front National have in part attributed the party’s success to its increased use of populist rhetoric. This thesis examines the populist rhetoric used between the Front National’s past president Jean-Marie Le Pen and current president Marine Le Pen in order to test these scholarly claims. Based on their campaign speeches for the 2002, 2007, 2012, and 2017 French presidential elections, I conducted a quantitative dictionary-based analysis on the difference in use of populist, xenophobic, and economic rhetoric between Jean-Marie Le Pen and Marine Le Pen. My results show that there has been only a relatively small increase in the use of populist rhetoric between the two leaders. Consequently, I argue that the perceived increased use of populist rhetoric in the Front National has more to do with the saliency of populism than numerical fact.

The topic of this thesis is political extremism in France, mainly focused on Front National. In the first part, there is defined term extremism, described its typology and its connection to the political system - political parties and its form at present. The content of the next part is to map historical developments of right-wing extremism in France, roots and its tradition. This thesis is mainly focused on development of Front National - since the formation to the present. The aim of this thesis is to map political extremism in France, mainly The Front National, comparison of the political party's development in the different stages. The focus is put on the comparison of its policy agenda and electors especially in connection to the change of leaders of the Front national during its existence (from Jean-Marie Le Pen to Marine Le Pen). Specialised literature in Czech and French and authentic documents were used for the preparation of this thesis. KEYWORDS extremism, right-wing extremism, political parties, Front National, Jean-Marie Le Pen, Marine Le Pen

Islamophobia and New Populism in Contemporary Western Europe: France and the Netherlands Bc. Martina Kočařová The Master thesis Islamophobia and New Populism in Contemporary Western Europe: France and the Netherlands explores current transformations of populism in contemporary Western Europe. The main objectives of the thesis are following: First, to verify a hypothesis implying that islamophobia has become a new feature of the contemporary populism, which has been consequently changing in terms of its content. Thus, it can hardly be classified as another form of the 'far right' politics. In this context, one may observe its shift towards the centre of the political party system. Second, based on the above outlined assumption, we aim to study whether the populist parties can be considered 'populist' in spite of the new features they have recently adopted. The theoretical framework of our research refers to Paul Taggart's conceptualisation of populism applying it on the cases of the French National Front under the lead of Marine Le Pen and the Dutch Party for Freedom and his leader Geert Wilders.

The rise of populism is one of the most significant political phenomena of the last decade. Although populism has been studied from various perspectives, especially in recent years, there is still number of unresolved issues related to the phenomenon. One of them is a question of the relation between right-wing and left-wing populist policies. In this context, the thesis deals with the case of the 2017 French presidential election. In this vote, both right- wing populist Marine Le Pen and left-wing populist Jean-Luc Mélenchon achieved extraordinary political success. The thesis examines policy content of the selected thematic areas that the candidates were focusing on during the election campaign. It specifically examines electoral programs and media statements of the candidates as the sources of their policies. The thesis provides an analysis of the policy content of individual candidates, as well as a comparison of the policies in the selected thematic areas. Its main output is a description of the common and different features of the pre-election promises of the two selected populist politicians.

In 2010, the reverberations of the 2008 Global Financial Crisis had created a whole new crisis in Europe. Five Eurozone countries, Greece, Spain, Portugal, Ireland, and Cyprus all had requested financial aid packages, unable to repay their national debt. The crisis is ongoing in Europe ever since, becoming the greatest challenge presented to the Eurozone since the monetary union was formed. The intent of this thesis is to explore the effects of the Eurozone crisis on the political systems of Germany, France, and the United Kingdom. This thesis will study the effects utilizing the most prominent perspectives in political economy: neoliberalism, neomercantilism, and structuralism. This thesis also attempts to explain the recent rise in Euroscepticism in each country, whilst seeking an explanation in the rise in three Eurosceptic parties: Alternative für Deutschland from Germany, National Front from France, and the United Kingdom Independence Party. Lastly, this thesis conducts a comparative analysis to find the common elements in each case study, as well as the areas in which the studies diverge.