Thesis--University of Lund. / Extra t.p. with thesis statement inserted. Bibliography: p. 9.

The southeastern coast of South Africa is deemed unpolluted and with the exception of a few localized areas, is believed to be pristine. This study aimed to (1) assess the concentration of metals in the water and sharks (Squalus megalops, Mustelus mustelus) from different sites along the southeastern coast, (2) determine the effects that metals have on each other and investigate the accumulation and storage of metals in different shark tissues, (3) determine the effects of length and sex on metal concentration and the presence of metallothioneins in the liver. Metal concentrations in water from seven sites along the southeastern coast revealed concentrations below the detection limit of the extraction method, except for iron at St. Francis Bay which was below the recommended levels as supplied by DWAF. Met al concentrations in S. megalops from the seven sites revealed significantly elevated levels in individuals from Algoa and St. Francis Bay when compared to the other 5 sites. This was observed for all metals except manganese, which had a higher concentration at Cape Agulhas. After comparing the metal levels in muscle tissue (S. megalops) with data from the Department of Health it was concluded that the sharks caught at Algoa and St. Francis Bay were unsuited for human consumption. Liver and vertebral tissues from both S. megalops and M. mustelus were deemed unsuited for human consumption but further research should be conducted especially on vertebral metal concentrations. Comparing the metal concentration in different tissue types of S. megalops and M. mustelus significant difference were observed and attributed to differences in the maturity (thus age) of the two species. Significant differences in the metal concentration of males and females for both the species were observed. A higher number of differences were however observed in M. mustelus than in S. megalops, most probably due to the differences in maturity. Length and weight vs. metal concentration regressions in the males and females of both species revealed more negative than positive trends. This was found to be in accordance with other studies from around the world. Using the life stages of S. megalops, significant differences in the average concentration of metals were observed between the life stages, with embryos usually having the highest concentration. The metal concentration series determined for S. megalops were similar to that which have been reported in the literature in that iron and zinc occupied the highest concentration positions while cadmium, copper and manganese occupied the last three. The spleen usually had the highest metal concentration except for aluminium in skin and arsenic in muscle tissue. Pearson correlation revealed significant negative correlations between cadmium and the mentioned metals suggesting that cadmium replaces essential metals such as manganese, iron and copper as. Negative correlations between essential metals were observed most probably due to the competition for binding positions on ligands. Positive correlations were observed between metals in sp ecific tissue types and may be indicative of synergistic effects, e.g. aluminium may result in the accumulation of other metals such as cadmium. Positive and negative correlations between a specific metal and different tissue types have also been observed and it appears that there are movement of metals between tissue types. Positive correlation for essential metals between yolk and other tissue have been observed, although no correlations for non-essential metals were observed. This could potentially indicate a mechanism that prevents the accumulation of nonessential metals in embryos. Though no metallothioneins were isolated form the liver, the presence of cadmium in other proteins indicate that that cadmium is substituted for essential metals, and as this may result in deleterious physiological effects, further studies should be conducted. In conclusion it can be said that although some of the results were expected there are still quite a few unanswered question and further studies should be conducted.

Plastic debris is an emerging environmental issue, with >10 million tons of plastics debris per annum entering the sea. Exposure to marine conditions facilitates the exponential fragmentation of plastic to micro-sized particles (microplastics). Marine and coastal sediments are a sink for microplastic pollution. Consequently, the ingestion of microplastics by a range of benthic marine invertebrates, including polychaete worms, has been reported in situ. Microplastics are vectors for priority pollutants capable of eliciting adverse health effects. However, the particle and chemical toxicity which microplastics could incur to ecologically-important marine invertebrates is unknown. This thesis aims to determine the potential for microplastics to cause harm in the marine environment, with a focus on benthic polychaete worms. Specifically, it assesses the potential particle toxicity which could arise from chemical-free microplastics; and the potential chemical toxicity which could arise from leached endogenous chemical additives or sorbed chemical pollutants. To address these, an integrative approach was employed, primarily using laboratory-based whole-sediment in vivo exposures, established cellular and whole-tissue toxicity assays, and analytical chemistry. For the first time, this thesis reports that chemical-free microplastics cause particle toxicity in the lugworm Arenicola marina. Feeding activity was reduced during exposure to 5% microscopic unplasticised polyvinylchloride (UPVC) by sediment weight, whilst exposure to ≥1% UPVC by sediment weight significantly reduced energy reserves relative to control animals. Evidence for the transfer and toxicity of endogenous additives from PVC to lugworms is provided. Lugworms exposed to 1% PVC by sediment weight exhibited a 70% increase in additive concentration, coinciding with inhibited mucus production and enhanced lipid reserves and oxygen consumption, compared to control lugworms. Ragworms (Hediste diversicolor) exposed to leached toxicants from bioplastic cigarette debris were found to exhibit significantly longer burrowing times, >30% weight loss, and >2-fold increase in DNA damage compared to control ragworms. Bio-concentration factors for nicotine – the biomarker of exposure - were 500 fold higher from leachates in seawater than from microfibres in sediment. Overall, this thesis provides evidence to suggest that the incorporation of microplastics into marine sediments can significantly impact the health of marine polychaete worms due to both particle and chemical effects. This emphasises the need to reconsider the classification of plastic as non-hazardous and questions whether we as humans are also at risk.

Canada, the United States-Alaska, the Soviet Union-RSFSR, Norway, and Denmark/Greenland have non-specific laws apply for the environmental protection of their Arctic lands, waters, and marine spaces. But the piecemeal approaches employed neglect the need for environmentally sound management in respect of the multiple uses of the polar sea's delicate ecosystems. Convenient component elements of Arctic pollution are chosen for examination -- (1) land-based sources of freshwater pollution and (2) marine-borne pollution resulting from offshore drilling and Arctic shipping. This comparative study moreover serves three objectives: (1) the exposition of the statutory instruments and administrative materials; (2) the evaluation of the national approaches taken for environmental protection generally and Arctic protection specifically; and (3) the appraisal of the accommodation and resolution of conflicts over interests concerning economic uses vis-a-vis environmental protection. In the chapter on each state a background makes reference to the national socio-legal and international legal conditions affecting municipal Arctic pollution control. The next section on the national regulatory framework follows the territorial and jurisdictional zones of the coastal state: from land-based operations affecting the freshwaters, to the coastal area, the body of law on shipping and navigation, the environmental provisions of a 200 nautical mile exclusive economic zone, the continental shelf activities, to the regime on deep sea-bed mining. The latter of which ends this section and provides for the evaluation given in the concluding section on the country in question. The states have taken different avenues in their pollution control enactments: (1) blanket prohibition or the regulation of pollution; (2) the enforcement and supervision of statutory provisions; and/or (3) civil and criminal liability for violations of respective measures. Every state provides precedences for a number of recommendations in order to facilitate resource uses, environmental protection, and the integration of the Arctic natives in an ecosystem management approach to environmental protection. Examples are such like Norway's integrated statute on pollution prevention, the United States' legislation on coastal zone management and environmental impact assessments, and Canada's framework on Arctic shipping and Arctic pollution prevention. / Law, Peter A. Allard School of / Graduate

One aspect of the international problem of marine pollution is pollution by ships. As an international problem, pollution by ships demands action at a level above the national. Many international agreements have been reached, but this thesis argues that a comprehensive liability regime is now necessary. To find the principles upon which such a liability regime should be based, decisions of international tribunals, acts of state practice, and existing conventional arrangements are canvassed. "Reasonableness" is found to be the central characteristic, and is given more specific meaning through the survey. A convention is proposed in general outline only, but a regional framework is suggested, and principles on which to base the convention are summarized. / Law, Peter A. Allard School of / Graduate

No description available.

Thesis (M. Sc.)--University of Hong Kong, 1996. / Includes bibliographical references (leaf 87-94).

published_or_final_version / Environmental Management / Master / Master of Science in Environmental Management

據稿本影印 / 論文(哲學碩士)--香港中文大學硏究院地理學部,1993. / 參考文獻: leaves 212-219 / 郭錦添. / Chapter I. --- 導論 / Chapter A. --- 引言 --- p.1 / Chapter B. --- 研究目的 --- p.1 / Chapter C. --- 研究意義 --- p.3 / Chapter D. --- 理論架構 --- p.4 / Chapter 1. --- 化學形態 --- p.4 / Chapter a. --- 水體中重金屬化學形態分類 --- p.6 / Chapter b. --- 顆粒態重金屬化學形態分類 --- p.7 / Chapter 2. --- 重金屬化學形態與其毒性的關係 --- p.10 / Chapter 3. --- 化學形態分析方法及其困難 --- p.13 / Chapter 4. --- 重金屬在水體與沉積物交接面間的活動 --- p.15 / Chapter 5. --- 重金屬遷移與形態間轉化機制 --- p.17 / Chapter E. --- 香港過往對海港中重金屬的研究 --- p.19 / Chapter II. --- 研究方法 / Chapter A. --- 研究策略 --- p.22 / Chapter B. --- 採樣點分佈 --- p.23 / Chapter C. --- 野外採樣方法 --- p.25 / Chapter D. --- 分析項目及方法 --- p.26 / Chapter 1. --- 重金屬的選擇 --- p.26 / Chapter a. --- 毒性 --- p.26 / Chapter b. --- 濃度 --- p.27 / Chapter c. --- 參考數據 --- p.27 / Chapter 2. --- 分離技術和分析方法 --- p.28 / Chapter a. --- 重金屬分祈法 --- p.28 / Chapter b. --- 水樣分析法 --- p.30 / Chapter c. --- 沉積物樣本分析法 --- p.31 / Chapter d. --- 試劑配備 --- p.32 / Chapter e. --- 選擇以上分析項目的原因 --- p.33 / Chapter f. --- 模擬實驗的設計 --- p.34 / Chapter III. --- 香港近岸沉積物中重金屬含量及其化學形態分佈 / Chapter A. --- 引言 --- p.39 / Chapter B. --- 總濃度分析 --- p.39 / Chapter C. --- 化學形態分析 --- p.40 / Chapter D. --- 總結 --- p.44 / Chapter IV. --- 荃灣個案研究 / Chapter A. --- 研究目的及其重要性 --- p.45 / Chapter B. --- 研究结果 --- p.46 / Chapter 1. --- 水質 --- p.46 / Chapter a. --- 荃灣海域的水文情況 --- p.46 / Chapter b. --- 水污染的空間與時間分佈規律 --- p.48 / Chapter c. --- 水體中重金屬污染物的濃度與存在形態 --- p.49 / Chapter d. --- 小结 --- p.50 / Chapter 2. --- 海底沉積物 --- p.51 / Chapter a. --- 荃灣海域底泥的化學特性 --- p.51 / Chapter b. --- 荃灣海泥中重金屬的存在化學形態 --- p.52 / Chapter C. --- 討論 --- p.54 / Chapter D. --- 從個案研究看全港重金屬污染（沉降）特性 --- p.55 / Chapter V. --- 模擬實驗 / Chapter A. --- 引言 --- p.57 / Chapter B. --- 沉降反應模擬實驗的設計及目的 --- p.57 / Chapter 1. --- 形態轉化模擬 --- p.57 / Chapter 2. --- 沉降模擬 --- p.56 / Chapter 3. --- 渠口反應模擬 --- p.58 / Chapter C. --- 釋放模擬實驗的設計及目的 --- p.59 / Chapter 1. --- 疏浚模擬 --- p.59 / Chapter 2. --- 棄置模擬 --- p.60 / Chapter 3. --- 氧化模擬 --- p.60 / Chapter 4. --- 降雨模擬 --- p.60 / Chapter D. --- 實驗條件 --- p.61 / Chapter E. --- 沉降模擬實驗结果 --- p.66 / Chapter 1. --- 形態轉化模擬實驗结果 --- p.66 / Chapter 2. --- 沉降實驗结果 --- p.68 / Chapter 3. --- 渠口反應模擬實驗结果 --- p.70 / Chapter 4. --- 沉降模擬實驗结論 --- p.79 / Chapter F. --- 釋放模擬實驗结果 --- p.80 / Chapter 1. --- 疏浚模擬實驗结果 --- p.81 / Chapter 2. --- 棄置模擬實驗結果 --- p.82 / Chapter 3. --- 氧化模擬實驗结果 --- p.88 / Chapter 4. --- 降雨模擬實驗结果 --- p.90 / Chapter 5. --- 釋放模擬實驗结論 --- p.91 / Chapter VI. --- 討論 / Chapter A. --- 本港海域的重金屬存在形態與其活動性及毒性的關係 --- p.93 / Chapter B. --- 現存於本港海泥中重金屬形態分佈的形成機制和遷移條件 --- p.95 / Chapter 1. --- 形態分佈的形成機制 --- p.95 / Chapter 2. --- 遷移條件 --- p.96 / Chapter C. --- "環境管理-水質管制,疏浚和填海等工程對底泥中重金屬的影響" --- p.97 / Chapter D. --- 海泥中重金屬污染的空間分佈特性（擴散模型） --- p.98 / Chapter E. --- 總结 --- p.99 / Chapter VII. --- 结論 / Chapter A. --- 總结研究结果 --- p.101 / Chapter B. --- 研究中某些較特別的發現 --- p.104 / Chapter C. --- 研究的局限與展望 --- p.105

by Siu, Wai Lok. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1994. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 213-218). / ABSTRACT --- p.i -ii / ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS --- p.iii / TABLE OF CONTENTS --- p.iv -vi / LIST OF FIGURES --- p.vi -viii / LIST OF PLATES --- p.ix / LIST OF TABLES --- p.x -xii / Chapter CHAPTER I --- INTRODUCTION --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1 --- Problem Statement --- p.1 / Chapter 1.2 --- Study Area --- p.3 / Chapter 1.3 --- Research Objectives --- p.4 / Chapter 1.4 --- Rationale --- p.9 / Chapter 1.5 --- Organization of the Thesis --- p.10 / Chapter CHAPTER II --- LITERATURE REVIEW --- p.12 / Chapter 2.1 --- Introduction --- p.12 / Chapter 2.2 --- Optical Properties of Sea Water --- p.12 / Chapter 2.3 --- Water Quality Modeling Algorithms --- p.18 / Chapter 2.3.1 --- Suspended Sediment Models --- p.22 / Chapter 2.3.2 --- Chlorophyll Models --- p.29 / Chapter 2.3.3 --- Sea Surface Temperature Models --- p.30 / Chapter 2.3.4 --- Salinity Models --- p.33 / Chapter 2.3.5 --- Total Phosphorus Models --- p.34 / Chapter 2.4 --- Use of Chromaticity Technique --- p.35 / Chapter 2.5 --- Principal Component Transformation --- p.37 / Chapter 2.6 --- Remote Sensing Water Quality in Hong Kong --- p.37 / Chapter 2.7 --- Summary --- p.38 / Chapter CHAPTER III --- METHODOLOGY --- p.40 / Chapter 3.1 --- Data Set --- p.40 / Chapter 3.1.1 --- Water Sampling and Water Quality Parameters --- p.40 / Chapter 3.1.2 --- Satellite Data --- p.45 / Chapter 3.1.2.1 --- Image Preprocessing --- p.45 / Chapter 3.1.2.1.1 --- Radiometric Correction --- p.45 / Chapter 3.1.2.1.2 --- Atmospheric Correction --- p.49 / Chapter 3.1.2.1.3 --- Geometirc Correction --- p.53 / Chapter 3.1.2.2 --- Data Extraction --- p.55 / Chapter 3.1.2.3 --- Spectral Data Transformation --- p.56 / Chapter 3.2 --- Statistical Water Quality Models --- p.59 / Chapter 3.3 --- Water Quality Mapping --- p.61 / Chapter CHAPTER IV --- EXPERIMENTAL SET-UP --- p.63 / Chapter 4.1 --- Introduction --- p.63 / Chapter 4.2 --- Water Quality Samples --- p.63 / Chapter 4.2.1 --- Sample Data for TM Experiment --- p.63 / Chapter 4.2.2 --- Sample Data for SPOT Experiment --- p.68 / Chapter 4.2.3 --- Correlations Among Parameters --- p.76 / Chapter 4.3 --- Image Preprocessing --- p.81 / Chapter 4.3.1 --- Image Destriping --- p.83 / Chapter 4.3.2 --- Atmospheric Correction --- p.85 / Chapter 4.3.3 --- Geometric Correction --- p.88 / Chapter 4.4 --- Data Extraction --- p.89 / Chapter 4.4.1 --- Descriptive Statistics of the Spectral Data Samples --- p.89 / Chapter 4.4.2 --- Data Transformation --- p.100 / Chapter 4.4.3 --- Correlations Among Spectral Variables --- p.103 / Chapter 4.5 --- Summary --- p.107 / Chapter CHAPTER V --- ANALYSIS OF WATER QUALITY MODELS …… --- p.113 / Chapter 5.1 --- Introduction --- p.113 / Chapter 5.2 --- Criteria for Assessing Water Quality Models --- p.113 / Chapter 5.3 --- Models Derived from TM Data --- p.116 / Chapter 5.3.1 --- Models of Various Water Quality Paramters --- p.116 / Chapter 5.3.2 --- Summary --- p.142 / Chapter 5.4 --- Models Derived from SPOT Data --- p.145 / Chapter 5.4.1 --- Models of Various Water Quality Parameters --- p.145 / Chapter 5.4.2 --- Summary --- p.169 / Chapter 5.5 --- Comparisons Among Models --- p.171 / Chapter 5.5.1 --- Comparisons Among Models Derived from TM and SPOT Data --- p.171 / Chapter 5.5.2 --- Comparisons with Past Models --- p.172 / Chapter 5.6 --- Conclusion --- p.173 / Chapter CHAPTER VI --- WATER QUALITY MAPPING --- p.175 / Chapter 6.1 --- Introduction --- p.175 / Chapter 6.2 --- Classification Schemes for Various Water Quality Paramters --- p.175 / Chapter 6.3 --- Water Quality Maps --- p.180 / Chapter 6.3.1 --- Water Quality Mapping Using TM Data --- p.180 / Chapter 6.3.2 --- Water Quality Mapping Using SPOT Data --- p.190 / Chapter 6.4 --- Difficulties Encountered in Water Quality Mapping --- p.202 / Chapter 6.5 --- Summary --- p.204 / Chapter CHAPTER VII --- CONCLUSION --- p.206 / Chapter 7.1 --- Summary of Findings --- p.206 / Chapter 7.1.1 --- Summary on Water Quality Modeling --- p.206 / Chapter 7.1.2 --- Summary on Water Quality Mapping --- p.208 / Chapter 7.2 --- Limitations of the Study --- p.209 / Chapter 7.3 --- Recommendations for Further Studies --- p.210 / BIBLIOGRAPHY --- p.213