After the introduction of the cargo container and related automation systems in the late 1950s, the numbers of maritime laborers who worked along the piers and aboard ship along American waterways steadily declined. In the late 1950s, tens of thousands of longshoremen and merchant mariners plied their respective trades, but the process of “containerization” reduced their numbers by nearly 70 percent by the late 1980s and early 1990s. The Department of Defense (DoD) similarly containerized and automated its cargo handling during this era. The introduction of the container also had negative consequences for defense maritime policy. Containerization of the National Security Waterfront represented but one decision of many at the Department of Defense to replace laborers and other personnel with automation and privatization. During the Cold War, privatization evolved into contracting corporations for numerous aspects of government operations, including at the DoD. Beginning in the early 1960s, the DoD investigated how best to maximize budgets that were coming under strain from growing Cold War military commitments. Over the course of the following three decades, the DoD adopted containerization for nearly every aspect of its maritime logistics operations. By the 1990s, automation had decimated maritime communities and the DoD’s maritime logistics network.

In an era that national flags are dying off (Sletmo 2001) there is no dispute about the success of Greek flagged shipping. How can a small nation like Greece retain the highest percentage of all national fleets? Literature identifies that this success is due to several reasons. However, what are the elements that contribute to the success of Greek-flagged shipping? This study establishes that ‘the success of Greek ocean-going flagged shipping is a blend of a tendency for governments to experiment with various policies intended to promote national competitiveness, individual entrepreneurship, the cluster as well as culture, knowledge and skill’. Litrature from different disciplines and sources are summarised, compared, contrasted, and synthesised in order to develop a coherent outcome and gain a new perspective in the respective field. Since “policy is like beauty in the eye of the beholder…” (Roe 2007c) a multilevel, holistic, exploratory, inductive, deductive, abductive, and overall pragmatic methodological approach is considered, as the only viable option for complex research questions related to maritime policy. A three-method approach is applied with every method contributing to each other: the Timeline A to Ω and Literature Analysis, Delphi Method, and the Application of Porter’s diamond on national competitiveness. The belief that traditional flags are dying off, implies that they are not dead yet. The Greek Registry, and every ship registry is a system of people, organisations , and processes and it is that system that contributes to the success of the flag. Contrary to the belief of some players, government policy affects the size and the quality of the national flag ocean-going fleet undertaking various polices intented to promote national competitiveness. This study contributes to academic knowledge as well as to the Greek and any other registry’s competitiveness, as well as to the govenemental decision making and development of maritime policies. Recommendations are made for the Greek flag and the maritime policy, as well as for the application of the GREKON MODEL to the real maritime world and academia.

A presente dissertação tem como objetivo endereçar a relação existente entre a formulação teórica em estratégia marítima e o surgimento de paradigmas de desenvolvimento de políticas marítimas diversos, quais sejam de Supremacia Marítima e Segurança Marítima. Nesse sentido, o trabalho discorre sobre a evolução do pensamento estratégico marítimo argumentando que esta evolução do pensamento na conceituação, elaboração e refinamento dos elementos que constituem o Poder Marítimo e a Estratégia Marítima, permitiram a multiplicação de abordagens, e o estabelecimento de paradigmas para a implementação de políticas marítimas diferentes, especificas às necessidades e objetivos dos diferentes atores, que por sua vez, remetem às abordagens conceituais e teóricas. Para isto o trabalho percorre e organiza cronologicamente o desenvolvimento do pensamento em Estratégia Marítima desde o final do século XIX, até a atualidade, definido pelo recorte temporal (1890-2013). Em seu segundo momento o trabalho discorre, através da depuração e análise de casos das formulações políticas marítimas desenvolvidas em uma série definida de países em dois recortes temporais, quais sejam, EUA e URSS na Guerra Fria (1945-1980), e EUA, China e Austrália no pós- Guerra Fria (2000-2013), inferir as relações entre a formulação política empírica e suas raízes conceituais. O trabalho conclui que há uma relação direta entre a implementação de políticas marítimas com autores e conceitos específicos da Estratégia Marítima, sendo possível o estabelecimento de Paradigmas múltiplos para a interpretação e orientação da formulação e desenvolvimento de políticas marítimas. / This dissertation aims to address the relationship between the theoretical formulation in maritime strategy and the development of paradigms for different maritime policies, namely Maritime Supremacy and Maritime Security. In this sense, the work discusses the development of maritime strategic thinking arguing that the evolution of thinking in the conceptualization, development and refinement of the elements that constitute the Sea Power and Maritime Strategy, allowed the proliferation of approaches, and the establishment of paradigms for the implementation different maritime policies for specific needs and objectives of the different stakeholders, which in turn, refer to the conceptual and theoretical approaches. To do that, this essay studies and chronologically organizes the development of the maritime strategy thinking since the late nineteenth century to the present, defined by the time frame (1890-2013) . On a second part the paper discusses, through case analysis of maritime policy formulations developed in a defined number of countries in two time frames, namely , the U.S. and USSR during the Cold War (1945-1980) , and the U.S., China and Australia in the post-Cold War scenario (2000-2013), to infer the relationships between empirical policy formulation and its conceptual roots. The paper concludes that there is a direct relationship between the implementation of maritime policies with theoretical authors and specific concepts of Maritime Strategy, been possible to establish multiple paradigms to guide the interpretation and orientation for maritime policies’ formulation and development.

A presente dissertação tem como objetivo endereçar a relação existente entre a formulação teórica em estratégia marítima e o surgimento de paradigmas de desenvolvimento de políticas marítimas diversos, quais sejam de Supremacia Marítima e Segurança Marítima. Nesse sentido, o trabalho discorre sobre a evolução do pensamento estratégico marítimo argumentando que esta evolução do pensamento na conceituação, elaboração e refinamento dos elementos que constituem o Poder Marítimo e a Estratégia Marítima, permitiram a multiplicação de abordagens, e o estabelecimento de paradigmas para a implementação de políticas marítimas diferentes, especificas às necessidades e objetivos dos diferentes atores, que por sua vez, remetem às abordagens conceituais e teóricas. Para isto o trabalho percorre e organiza cronologicamente o desenvolvimento do pensamento em Estratégia Marítima desde o final do século XIX, até a atualidade, definido pelo recorte temporal (1890-2013). Em seu segundo momento o trabalho discorre, através da depuração e análise de casos das formulações políticas marítimas desenvolvidas em uma série definida de países em dois recortes temporais, quais sejam, EUA e URSS na Guerra Fria (1945-1980), e EUA, China e Austrália no pós- Guerra Fria (2000-2013), inferir as relações entre a formulação política empírica e suas raízes conceituais. O trabalho conclui que há uma relação direta entre a implementação de políticas marítimas com autores e conceitos específicos da Estratégia Marítima, sendo possível o estabelecimento de Paradigmas múltiplos para a interpretação e orientação da formulação e desenvolvimento de políticas marítimas. / This dissertation aims to address the relationship between the theoretical formulation in maritime strategy and the development of paradigms for different maritime policies, namely Maritime Supremacy and Maritime Security. In this sense, the work discusses the development of maritime strategic thinking arguing that the evolution of thinking in the conceptualization, development and refinement of the elements that constitute the Sea Power and Maritime Strategy, allowed the proliferation of approaches, and the establishment of paradigms for the implementation different maritime policies for specific needs and objectives of the different stakeholders, which in turn, refer to the conceptual and theoretical approaches. To do that, this essay studies and chronologically organizes the development of the maritime strategy thinking since the late nineteenth century to the present, defined by the time frame (1890-2013) . On a second part the paper discusses, through case analysis of maritime policy formulations developed in a defined number of countries in two time frames, namely , the U.S. and USSR during the Cold War (1945-1980) , and the U.S., China and Australia in the post-Cold War scenario (2000-2013), to infer the relationships between empirical policy formulation and its conceptual roots. The paper concludes that there is a direct relationship between the implementation of maritime policies with theoretical authors and specific concepts of Maritime Strategy, been possible to establish multiple paradigms to guide the interpretation and orientation for maritime policies’ formulation and development.

A presente dissertação tem como objetivo endereçar a relação existente entre a formulação teórica em estratégia marítima e o surgimento de paradigmas de desenvolvimento de políticas marítimas diversos, quais sejam de Supremacia Marítima e Segurança Marítima. Nesse sentido, o trabalho discorre sobre a evolução do pensamento estratégico marítimo argumentando que esta evolução do pensamento na conceituação, elaboração e refinamento dos elementos que constituem o Poder Marítimo e a Estratégia Marítima, permitiram a multiplicação de abordagens, e o estabelecimento de paradigmas para a implementação de políticas marítimas diferentes, especificas às necessidades e objetivos dos diferentes atores, que por sua vez, remetem às abordagens conceituais e teóricas. Para isto o trabalho percorre e organiza cronologicamente o desenvolvimento do pensamento em Estratégia Marítima desde o final do século XIX, até a atualidade, definido pelo recorte temporal (1890-2013). Em seu segundo momento o trabalho discorre, através da depuração e análise de casos das formulações políticas marítimas desenvolvidas em uma série definida de países em dois recortes temporais, quais sejam, EUA e URSS na Guerra Fria (1945-1980), e EUA, China e Austrália no pós- Guerra Fria (2000-2013), inferir as relações entre a formulação política empírica e suas raízes conceituais. O trabalho conclui que há uma relação direta entre a implementação de políticas marítimas com autores e conceitos específicos da Estratégia Marítima, sendo possível o estabelecimento de Paradigmas múltiplos para a interpretação e orientação da formulação e desenvolvimento de políticas marítimas. / This dissertation aims to address the relationship between the theoretical formulation in maritime strategy and the development of paradigms for different maritime policies, namely Maritime Supremacy and Maritime Security. In this sense, the work discusses the development of maritime strategic thinking arguing that the evolution of thinking in the conceptualization, development and refinement of the elements that constitute the Sea Power and Maritime Strategy, allowed the proliferation of approaches, and the establishment of paradigms for the implementation different maritime policies for specific needs and objectives of the different stakeholders, which in turn, refer to the conceptual and theoretical approaches. To do that, this essay studies and chronologically organizes the development of the maritime strategy thinking since the late nineteenth century to the present, defined by the time frame (1890-2013) . On a second part the paper discusses, through case analysis of maritime policy formulations developed in a defined number of countries in two time frames, namely , the U.S. and USSR during the Cold War (1945-1980) , and the U.S., China and Australia in the post-Cold War scenario (2000-2013), to infer the relationships between empirical policy formulation and its conceptual roots. The paper concludes that there is a direct relationship between the implementation of maritime policies with theoretical authors and specific concepts of Maritime Strategy, been possible to establish multiple paradigms to guide the interpretation and orientation for maritime policies’ formulation and development.

With the majority of the oceans lying outside the borders of national jurisdiction, it is not easy to preserve them healthy and secure as the ‘shared responsibility’ is not recognized unambiguously in the global world. The recent turn to the maritime sphere is visible in the UN 2030 Agenda on Sustainable Development that has been widely advocated by the EU. The latter’s commitment to sustainable ocean governance involves action beyond borders, which has a considerable impact on the global maritime sphere as well as on developing countries depending on the seas. On the one hand, the EU’s pursuit of sustainable ocean governance is informed by the norms and values that the organization possesses and tries to promote in its response to global challenges. On the other, the normative principles and the EU’s flowery rhetoric serve as a mean to rationalize Union’s pursuit of self-interest. This study analyses both dimensions of the organization’s engagement in the maritime sphere, considering oceans as a ‘placeful’ environment that has to be treated in the same way as the land is. By exploring the external dimension of EU’s action in the field, the thesis allows to see that EU’s pursuit of sustainable ocean governance has to be understood as a process in which the strategic aims are imbued with genuine moral concerns. Nevertheless, those can sometimes be undermined by the material policy outcomes visible in the West African coastal states such as Mauritania and Senegal.

Approved for public release, distribution is unlimited / The Defense Transportation System (DTS), led by the Military Traffic Management Command (MTMC), depends on the commercial maritime industry to provide movement of supplies and equipment around the world. The maritime shipping container is a critical asset in providing for this logistical support to the war fighter abroad. These 20- or 40-foot containers have become the backbone of the maritime industry, and will continue to proliferate as global commerce continues to expand. While the growth in the use of maritime shipping containers in the 21st century has accelerated the nation's economic trade substantially, it may also have become a significant problem. Containers are an indispensable but vulnerable link in the chain of global trade; approximately 90 percent of the world's cargo moves by container. Because of DoD's dependency on the maritime industry and these containers, it will and must continue to ride the wave of commercial practices, specifically in pursuit of better security throughout the maritime industry. In the wake of September 11, 2001, and with the new threats of WMD, the maritime shipping container may become a weapons delivery system. This thesis documented the need for security improvements for the maritime shipping container in protecting global commerce and DoD cargo shipments. Comprehensive reviews of government reports, books, articles, and Internet based materials, as well as interviews with MTMC personnel, have indicated that DoD is taking a series of measures to meet these challenges. DoD's Defense Transportation System and the commercial maritime industry will be challenged and tested by new policy requirements. MTMC has already adopted new business processes, cargo manifest requirements, and technological innovations that assure customers in-transit visibility and total asset visibility (ITV/TAV), including the Intelligent Road-Rail Information Server (IRRIS) system. / Lieutenant Commander, United States Navy

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T20:20:46Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Marcelino Andre Stein.pdf: 1124431 bytes, checksum: c1ffbf0839b099ad8f101e78bf0f31fa (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-03-21 / This study aims to discuss the main legal and economic aspects of flags of convenience (FOC). Its specific objectives, are to help reduce dependence by Brazilian users of shipping services provided by carriers that make extensive use of flags of convenience. As justification for the study, we note that it is an important issue for long-term strategic interests of the Brazilian State. The development of a long-term State Maritime Policy is critical to a Country that has one of the largest coasts and internal waterway networks in the world. The hypothesis addressed in this work is the study of the major legal and economic aspects of flags of convenience as well as the possibility of using the WTO through the GATS, to combat this practice or, alternatively, adapt it to the entire international maritime community so all Countries and their Merchant Marines can enjoy the same legal framework. The method is inductive, since the author will depart from particular issues to achieve generalized conclusions. This method extends the freedom of the researcher, allowing him to consult a variety of sources, so that, intuitively, the author can reach the proposed result. Emphasis will be given to the impact that these flags of convenience cause to the development of a Brazilian Maritime Power as well as a Brazilian strong Merchant Marine and possibilities of using the WTO Word Trade Organization, to curb this practice. It is argued that this practice violates the GATS (General Agreement on Tariffs and Services) rules, highlighting unfair competition in the international maritime market / Esta dissertação tem como objetivo geral contribuir para a redução da dependência dos usuários brasileiros de serviços de transportes marítimos prestados pelos navios de bandeiras de conveniência. Trata-se de tema importante para os interesses estratégicos de longo prazo do Estado brasileiro, o que justifica a relevância desta pesquisa. A elaboração de uma Política Marítima de Estado, de longo prazo, é fundamental para um país que tem uma das maiores costas e malhas hidroviárias do mundo. A hipótese desta pesquisa sustenta que o estudo dos principais aspectos jurídicos e econômicos das bandeiras de conveniência, bem como a possibilidade de uso da Organização Mundial do Comércio, através do Acordo Geral de Tarifas e Serviços GATS (General Agreement on Trade in Services - GATS), para combater tal prática, ou adequá-la para que toda a comunidade marítima internacional possa dela usufruir. O método utilizado é o indutivo, pois partir-se-á de questões particulares para conclusões generalizadas. Este método amplia a liberdade do pesquisador, ao lhe dar a liberdade de beber em diversas fontes para que, intuitivamente, chegue ao resultado proposto. Será dada ênfase ao impacto que tais bandeiras causam na construção do Poder Marítimo brasileiro e possibilidades de uso da Organização Mundial do Comércio para coibir tal prática. Sustenta-se que tal prática viola o GATS tendo em vista a concorrência desleal no mercado internacional marítimo

Certains Etats pratiquent la libre immatriculation, également connue sous le terme péjoratif de « pavillons de complaisance » : ils enregistrent des navires chez eux sans considération de la nationalité ou de la résidence effective des propriétaires, et leur permettent ainsi d’échapper au cadre légal de leur pays d’origine. Aspect de la mondialisation, le phénomène qui a pris de l’ampleur dans les 30 dernières années est aujourd’hui largement répandu, voire universel.Au-delà des aspects juridiques (chaque Etat organise son droit à immatriculer les navires), la libre immatriculation a des conséquences économiques fortes car la législation de l’Etat d’immatriculation – dit « Etat du pavillon » – détermine certains coûts ou certaines facilités pour l’entreprise qui l’adopte.Le présent travail propose une lecture de la libre immatriculation des navires en tant qu’objet récent de la science économique et tente, à ce titre, de lever le voile sur la portée de cette activité sur les pays d’accueil, en prenant le cadre restreint de petites économies insulaires de la Caraïbe, berceau historique de cette activité et des centres financiers offshore.Sur la base de données économiques sur 30 ans concernant 7 pays de libre immatriculation de la Caraïbe (produits intérieurs bruts et éléments des balances des paiements), la recherche menée montre qu’hormis peut-être le cas à approfondir d’Antigua, aucune corrélation significative n’existe entre le nombre de navires immatriculés et les gains économiques dans les pays d’accueil. Ces résultats vont dans le sens des critiques de la libre immatriculation : cette activité ne présente pas, en soi, un gain pour les petites économies insulaires étudiées. / Some States host Open Registers (also known under the pejorative term of “flags of convenience”): ships are registered regardless of their actual owners’ nationality or residence, and thus States enable them to escape from their country of origin’s legal framework. By being an aspect of globalization, this phenomenon has been growing up for 30 years, and is nowadays widespread, or even universal. Because each State fixes the conditions for implementation of its right to register ships, the phenomenon is a legal one. But it has strong economic implications too. Indeed, the laws of the State of registration – namely “flag state” – determine certain costs or some advantages for the company that adopts it, and can be attractive or repellent as for them.This work proposes an economic reading of the open registers of ships as a recent object of economics and tries to highlight the contribution of this activity to small islands’ economies, especially through some Caribbean examples (the Caribbean is by the way the historical cradle of this activity and offshore financial centres).Based on data concerning the last 30 years and 7 open-registry countries of the Caribbean (Gross Domestic Products and some items of the balances of payments), the research conducted here shows that, except perhaps Antigua, no significant correlation exists in host countries between the fleets registered and the economic gains : the “open registration” is not, by itself, a gain for small island economies surveyed.

The aim of this thesis is to examine the relationship between the Royal Australian Air Force (RAAF) and the Royal Australian Navy (RAN) regarding the operation of aircraft from ships of the RAN and from RAAF shore bases. The effects of the separate intellectual development of maritime doctrine in the RAAF and RAN, and the efforts of the two Australian services to transfer theory into practice will be considered in the pre- (and post) World War II period, with due consideration of the experience of the services in both wars. The thesis will also discuss the problems that were faced by the RAAF and RAN to develop mutually acceptable operational procedures to enable the efficient use of aircraft in a maritime setting. The influence and effect on RAAF and RAN doctrine and equipment procurement, as a result of the special relationships that developed between the Air Force and Navy of Australia and Britain will be critically examined. A similar approach to the post war US/Australian relationship, and its effect on the Australian services, will also be critically examined. The thesis being propounded is that the development of a unique Australian maritime policy was retarded due to a combination of the relationship with Britain and the United States, lack of suitable equipment, lack of clear operational concepts in both the RAAF and RAN and the parochial attitude of the most senior commanders of both Services. The study has been based on Department of Navy, Department of Air and Department of Defence documents held in the National Archives of Australia in Canberra and Melbourne. In addition, relevant documents from the Admiralty and Air Ministry related to the development of naval aviation on RAN vessels during World War I, the attitude of the RAF toward the deployment of RAAF units to Singapore, and the negotiations that resulted in the procurement of HMA Ships Sydney and Melbourne, have been perused. Wartime operational records of the RAAF have been examined to obtain data to enable a critical study to be made of the RAAF anti-submarine campaign, torpedo bomber operations and the maritime campaign undertaken from bases in North Western Area during World War II. The influence of the commander of the United States 5th Air Force has also been incorporated in the discussion. The research uncovered procedural and operational variations between the two Services, the diversion of key elements from Australian command and the priority given to the American line of advance that resulted in Australian operations being given a secondary, supportive, status. A conclusion reached as a result of this research has been that the development of a unique Australian maritime aerial capability was restricted by the requirement of Britain to deploy flying units to Singapore in 1940. Similarly, the pressure exerted on the RAN by the Admiralty to purchase the Light Fleet Carriers in the late 1940s was more in the interests of the RN and British foreign policy than that of the RAN. Overall, the relationship with the Britain and the United States masked the real weakness in Australia???s maritime operations and retarded its development.