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Le développement de novo de médicaments est un processus long et coûteux. De plus en plus, les développeurs de médicaments cherchent à mettre en oeuvre des stratégies rentables et à moindre risque pour le développement de produits pharmaceutiques. Le processus de trouver de nouveaux usages pour des médicaments existants en dehors de l'indication initiale pour laquelle ils ont été initialement approuvé est couramment désigné comme « repositionnement », « réorientation » ou « reprofilage ». Le développement de formulations différentes pour un même médicament pharmaceutique est communément désigné comme « reformulation » et le processus de trouver une autre utilisation thérapeutique d'un médicament déjà connu est dénommé « repositionnement ». Ces deux stratégies sont devenues un courant dominant dans le développement des médicaments. Les principaux objectifs de la recherche menée dans cette thèse sont de parvenir à proposer une nomenclature et la taxonomie solide et valable pour l'identification et la classification des stratégies de « repurposing » de médicaments ; évaluer les voies de régulation de stratégies de repositionnement et de reformulation, par types de stratégies et dans les 2 régions géographiques étudiées ; et déterminer les paramètres qui ont un impact sur la probabilité d'un résultat positif sur le prix, le remboursement et l'accès au marché vis-à-vis des conditions accordées pour le médicament original dans les deux régions géographiques dans l'étude / De novo drug development is a costly and lengthy process. As a result of such market forces, drug developers are increasingly striving to find cost effective and reduced-risk strategies for developing drug products and to protect existing products from competition, as well as to extend their patent protection time. The process of finding new uses for existing drugs outside the scope of the original indication for which they were initially approved is variously referred as repositioning, redirecting, repurposing, or reprofiling. The development of different formulations for a same pharmaceutical drug is commonly designated as “reformulation” and the process of finding a new therapeutic use for an already known drug is referred to as “repositioning”. Both strategies have become a mainstream in drug development. The main objectives of the research conducted in this thesis are to propose a robust and valid nomenclature and taxonomy for identification and classification of drug repurposing strategies, to evaluate which regulatory pathways and trends are taken by drug repositioning and reformulation, by repurposed types and within the Europe and the US and determine which parameters have the most and least impact on the probability of a successful outcome on pricing, reimbursement and market access in repurposing vis-à-vis the conditions granted for the original drug

This article addresses the way entry regulation works, creating prohibitions for the access of new competitors to markets (absolute effects) or limitations to the number of providers that can operate in the market (relative effects). The paper also assesses whether Peruvian legal framework allows for entry regulation, because it guarantees free private initiative and prohibits the creation of legal monopolies. Finally, several examples from Peruvian experience are used to explain the scenarios were entry regulation can have suitable and reasonable justification, as well as other scenarios were such measures lack support and cause negative effects on the market and consumer choices. / En este artículo, se explica cómo funciona la regulación de entrada estableciendo prohibiciones o impedimentos para la entrada de nuevos competidores (efectos absolutos) o limitaciones al número de operadores que pueden actuar en el mercado (efectos relativos). Asimismo, se evalúa si existe espacio para la regulación de entrada dentro del marco legal peruano, que garantiza la libre iniciativa privada y prohíbe el establecimiento de monopolios legales. Finalmente, a través de diversos casos concretos peruanos, se explica los escenarios en que la regulación de entrada, ya sea con efectos absolutos o relativos, puede tener una justificación válida y razonable, así como otros supuestos en que ese tipo de medidas carecen de sustento y ocasionan efectos negativos para el mercado y las opciones de elección de los consumidores.

Community-based tourism (CBT), according to Dodds, R. Ali, A. & Galaski, K. (2016), has historically been developed based on a host community’s assets and objectives due to the fact that the "core of CBT planning has been to determine how best to use it as a development tool." As a result, the established CBT development model typically prioritizes community potential as supply at the expense of the market potential of tourism (demand), disregarding to a certain extent the commercial aspects of tourism. From this perspective, questions regarding product strategy, idea generation, business analysis, and how cross-sectoral knowledge production and exchange can strengthen the sustainability and viability of the CBT product have not yet been fully answered in academic literature. This paper builds on the academic literature regarding market access and is further supported by interviews and participant observation conducted in Brazil. This research indicates that these analyses should be complemented with additional questions about product development, capacity-building, knowledge co-production, collaborative networking, and more. The business life cycle of CBT could be considered a foundational pillar in understanding the business viability of community-based tourism projects, and therefore, the expected findings of this study include the proposal of an amended CBT model and practical recommendations that may be implemented into existing CBT projects. / Le tourisme communautaire (CBT), selon Dodds, R. Ali, A. et Galaski, K. (2016), a été largement développé sur la base des atouts et des objectifs d'une communauté en raison du fait que le en raison du fait que “le cœur de la planification de le tourisme communautaire a été de déterminer la meilleure façon de l'utiliser comme outil de développement” (p. 16). En conséquence, le développement du CBT a donné la priorité au potentiel communautaire (offre) au détriment du potentiel touristique (demande), sans tenir compte, dans une certaine mesure, des aspects commerciaux du tourisme. Dans cette perspective, les questions concernant la stratégie de produit, la génération d'idées, l'analyse commerciale et les moyens par lesquels la production et l'échange de connaissances intersectorielles peuvent renforcer la durabilité et la viabilité du produit CBT n'ont pas encore trouvé de réponse complète dans la littérature universitaire. Bien que les analyses concernant l'accès aux marchés soient abondantes dans la littérature (Dodds et al. 2016; Mitchell & Hall, 2005; Mitchell & Muckosy, 2008; Forstner, 2004; Iorio & Corsale, 2014), cet article, informé par des entretiens semi-structurés et l'observation des participants menée pendant le séjour de deux ans de l'auteur au Brésil, soutient que ces analyses devraient être complétées par des questions supplémentaires sur le développement de produits, la formation des capacités, la coproduction de connaissances, le réseautage collaboratif et plus encore. Le cycle de vie des entreprises du tourisme communautaire pourrait être considéré comme un pilier fondamental de la compréhension de la viabilité commerciale des projets de tourisme communautaire, et par conséquent, les conclusions attendues de cette étude incluent la proposition d'un modèle CBT modifié et des recommandations pratiques qui pourraient être mises en œuvre. dans les projets CBT existants. / Doctorat en Sciences / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

<p>  </p> <p>Over the past decades, adoption and use of information and communication technologies (ICT) has become an area of interest. The advancement of information and communication technologies in rural areas of developing countries offered opportunities to disseminate timely and accurate for rural development. However, the adoption and use of agricultural market information services (AMIS) remained insignificant among smallholder farmers in the rural areas of developing countries. Therefore, a sound understanding on possible factors associated with the use of mobile phone-based services in support of agricultural supply chain is necessary. This study applied an extended diffusion of innovation model (DOI). The study relied on a convenient sample of 200 smallholder farmers in Bungoma County, Kenya. Data was analyzed using descriptive and multinomial logistic regression (MLR) statistics to identify possible factors associated with the adoption and use of mobile phone-based services in Bungoma County, Kenya. The backward selection analysis confirmed that innovativeness, social influence, and compatibility were statistically significant on the use of mobile phone-based services in the study context. Overall, the results confirmed a positive relationship between the final model and the use of mobile phone-based services (M-services). Therefore, the results of this study may contribute knowledge to the domain of ICT4D in the rural context of developing countries. Further, the findings of this study established knowledge that may be useful for practical implications among smallholder farmers and policy makers in the field of ICT4D. </p>

The market access approach refers to a way of interpretation of the notion of restriction to free movement advanced by the Court of Justice of the European Union. The rationale behind the concept, as it emerged from the landmark judgment in Commission v. Italy (Trailers), is that any measure that hinders access to the market is prima facie considered as a restriction to free movement and is therefore held incompatible with EU law unless the Court finds it justified and proportionate. Applying the market access approach the Court seems to have departed from its previous case law as it does not require a measure to be discriminatory in any way. Instead, a measure is already found to constitute a restriction if it is liable to discourage economic operators from accessing the market of a Member State or making such access less attractive or more difficult. On one hand, this interpretation allows the Court to strengthen integration and contribute to establishing the internal market free from any obstacles. On the other hand, it considerably extends the scope of the notion of restriction to free movement and therefore the scope of EU law in general. Particularly, the market access approach allows the Court to strike down an immense amount of national measures and thus intrude into national regulatory...

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-25T16:44:30Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Carlos Pappini Junior.pdf: 1869499 bytes, checksum: 8c4c554401e9985b688de0864dd81825 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-03-16 / This study aims to analyze the role of leadership and implementation of performance indicators to teams of access of the pharmaceutical industry that meet the segment of institutional payers of medicines, be they the government, HMO´s or large companies. The dynamics of this new structure of business is configured in the model B2B, Business to Business, i.e. on the establishment of trade relations corporate as opposed to the traditional model doctor-patient-pharmacy, called in the scope of this study, such as B2C, Business to Consumer. The field research was carried out by means of personal interview, through of a questionnaire pre-prepared with a part of questions interrogations and other multiple-choice. The sample consisted of six leaders of the team of six different pharmaceutical industries, all multinationals and with high representatives of the turnover of the segment, which provides a relevant basic research. In the results, it was highlighted the lack of indicators consistent in order to measure in an efficient manner the performance of the teams. At the same time, we perceive a dichotomy in the role of leadership in this new dynamic of business and of the team, since the leaders surveyed have strengthened in general lines the need to delegate and to act in a more strategic to have a team with a profile more experienced, but at the same time, it was presented a discomfort with the absence of mechanisms to control more solid as their own performance indicators. In the absence of indicators it becomes imperative higher qualification and maturity of the leaders and the team / Esta dissertação objetiva analisar o papel da liderança e a implementação de indicadores de desempenho às equipes de acesso da indústria farmacêutica que atendem o segmento de pagadores institucionais de medicamentos, sejam eles o governo, planos de saúde ou grandes empresas. A dinâmica desta nova estrutura de negócios configura-se no modelo B2B, Business to Business, ou seja, no estabelecimento de relações comerciais corporativas em oposição ao modelo tradicional médico-paciente-farmácia, denominado no escopo deste estudo, como B2C, Business to Consumer. A pesquisa de campo foi realizada por meio de entrevista pessoal, com questionário pré-elaborado com uma parte de perguntas dissertativas e outra de múltiplas-escolha. A amostra contou com seis líderes de equipe de seis diferentes indústrias farmacêuticas, todas multinacionais e com alta representatividade no volume de negócios do segmento, o que confere uma base relevante à pesquisa. Nos resultados, destacou-se a ausência de indicadores consistentes capazes de medir de forma eficiente o desempenho das equipes. Ao mesmo tempo, percebe-se uma dicotomia no papel da liderança frente a esta nova dinâmica de negócio e de equipe, uma vez que os líderes pesquisados reforçaram em linhas gerais a necessidade de delegar e atuar de forma mais estratégica por ter a frente uma equipe com perfil mais experiente, mas simultaneamente, foi apresentado um incomodo com a ausência de mecanismos de controle mais sólidos como os indicadores de desempenho. Na ausência de tais indicadores torna-se imperativo maior qualificação e maturidade dos líderes e liderados

Leaders of minority-owned businesses earn less revenue on average than their nonminority counterparts, even when both sets of leaders operate in the same industries. Among the factors leading to this earnings discrepancy is the lack of access that leaders of minority-owned businesses have to high-revenue opportunities. The purpose of this multiple case study was to explore the strategies that some leaders of minority-owned small businesses use to compete for contracts in high-revenue industries. The study population comprised 3 owners of minority-owned small marketing consultancy firms headquartered in the Southeastern United States. Teece and Pisano’s dynamic capabilities view served as the conceptual framework for this study. Data were collected through semistructured interviews and the review of company documents. The data analysis process included member checking to ensure credibility of the interpretation of the information gathered during the interviews, and methodological triangulation of the data sources to establish data validity. Four themes emerged from the analysis: positioning and targeting, capabilities and competencies, pricing and returns, and relevancy and longevity. The themes are critical success factors for competing for contracts in high-revenue industries and may be beneficial to the leaders of minority-owned small businesses in seeking contracts in similar or parallel industries. Leaders who apply the study findings may earn incremental revenues to effect positive social change through additional job creation and community development activities, benefiting local economies and residents.

<p>The research paper seeks to investigate the possible ways in which African countries can maximise their benefit from the existing special and differential treatment clauses for trade in agriculture, and, then, make recommendations as to what should be the potential bargaining position of African countries with regard to future trade negotiations on agricultural trade.</p>

Purpose: Our main purpose is to explore, describe and analyze the organizational conduct when implementing automated trading systems (ATS) in companies, investigate the organizational challenges arising from this, and the effects these have on a successful diffusion. As the extent of implementing ATS in the Swedish financial industry has not been explored to any greater extent, it is therefore also imperative to explore this; which will be seen as a secondary purpose to this article. Background: The study is based on innovation and diffusion theories, as well as those of power structures and organization. Further, an explanation of ATS and its dynamics is provided and discussed to facilitate a definition of the term. Method: The research has been carried out as an exploratory, descriptive and analytical qualitative study. We have conducted case studies of 7 companies that are implementing, or evaluating the implementation, of ATS. The data was collected through interviews. Conclusion: The majority of the case companies are in the clarifying and routinizing stages of the innovation process. What is found unique with ATS is that it can be implemented partly. The dimensions found central to a smooth diffusion in the companies are the required level of competence-sharing and complexity of implementation.