L’objet de cette thèse est d’analyser d’un point de vue financier la cotation et le comportement des obligations privées à la Bourse de Paris à partir de 1838 jusqu’à l’éclatement de la Première Guerre mondiale. Cette étude est divisée en deux parties : La première relate la création et l’évolution des émissions obligataires (marché primaire) durant le 19ème siècle. On s’intéresse aux grands émetteurs qui ont su se servir le mieux des obligations et les raisons de leur succès. Dans cette partie seront également traitées les caractéristiques techniques et les innovations financières des émissions. La deuxième partie tente d’analyser le comportement boursier des obligations(marché secondaire).Pour cela un indice général des cours d’obligations durant le 19ème siècle a été calculé. En se basant sur cet indice nous mettons en lumière pour la première fois, les caractéristiques de ce marché (rentabilité, volatilité, …). Cela permet de comparer nos résultats avec ceux des études antérieures sur les marchés d’actions et de la rente au 19ème siècle. Cet indice permet également de tester les diverses hypothèses financières relevant de la théorie financière moderne (efficience informationnelle, cointégration avec des autres compartiments du marché,…). / This thesis studies the French corporate bonds market during the 19th century. Despite its importance the performance of the corporate bonds quoted on the Paris Bourse has never been studied. In order to analyse this market, a price index of the corporate bond market has been created by using modern techniques. The creation of the index was made possible thanks to an original database created by new data, which has never been used before and collected directly from the publications of the market authorities during the nineteenth century. Thanks to the index, the risk and the return of the market have been measured. Then we compared the performance of the French corporate bonds with those of the stocks and government bonds; the results of thecomparisons are interesting. This study demonstrates that the corporate bonds are the least risky securities and their rate of return is higher than the government bonds during the nineteenth century. Some econometric tests have also been used to compare the efficiency of bond market with the other segments of the Paris Bourse.

Between 1993 and 2016, the U.S. exchange traded fund (ETF) market has proliferated from one product worth $6.5 million USD to 1,455 products worth over $2 trillion USD. Despite its dramatic growth, the ETF market has yet to be the subject of sociological inquiry even though fields such as the social studies of finance have begun examining the origins of index derivatives (Millo 2007), options (MacKenzie 2006), hedge funds (Hardie and MacKenzie 2007), and foreign exchange markets (Knorr Cetina and Bruegger 2002). Thus, the purpose of this dissertation is to provide the first historical sociology of ETF innovation in the United States, using an approach inspired by the social studies of finance. This project empirically traces the emergence of the ETF by compiling an account of precursory strategies, concept development, regulatory negotiations, and early product marketing. The concept of agencement is used to frame the historical narrative of the ETF as a product of two distinct assemblages that formed in the U.S. between 1970 and 2000: first, the socio-technical integration between humans and their technologies that affected trading strategies, and second, the collaborative relationships that were formed between innovators and regulators. The mixed qualitative research consists of 36 interviews triangulated with archival records, documents sourced through Freedom of Information Act requests, private collections, and government files. Concluding analysis suggests that strategies foreshadowing the ETF began to emerge as early as the 1970s, and innovator-regulator collaborations were integral to early product qualification - a process not yet explored in literature on financial regulation.

nÃo hà / This working paper analyzes the financial integration level of the recent CASSH acronym formed by the countries Australia, Canada, Hong Kong, Singapore and Switzerland, which have strong economies and homogeneous profiles in a social, demographic and financial context, being classified by UN as countries with very high human development. By analyzing the presence of common trends and cycles associated to the market indices most representative of CASSH stock exchanges, during the period between January 1998 and November 2010, using the methodological technique developed by Vahid and Engle (1993), it is evident that, during global economic stability periods the stocks of these economies are more influenced by trends than by cycles, being determined more by economic fundamentals, while in the crisis periods there is a higher influence of cycles, assuming the financial risk factors greater relevance in the composition of the indices returns. It is possible to identify that financial markets analyzed have distinct longterm scenarios governed by four common trends, two leading to a positive trajectory, one to a pessimistic scenario and the other negative initially, but after the 2007 crisis, it recovers following a positive trajectory. It is notorious that they react differently to short-term shocks and with different intensities, mainly due to the behavior of Canadian cycle that correlates negatively with the others and with the common cycle. Through Granger causality test, the common trend pessimist can only be provided by the Swiss index, while the index of Hong Kong appears as the only one able to predict the common cycle. / Este artigo analisa o nÃvel de integraÃÃo financeira do recente acrÃnimo CASSH, formado pelos paÃses AustrÃlia, CanadÃ, Hong Kong, Singapura e SuÃÃa, os quais possuem economias fortes e perfis homogÃneos sob um contexto social, demogrÃfico e financeiro, sendo classificados pela ONU como paÃses com desenvolvimento humano muito elevado. Ao analisar a presenÃa de tendÃncias e ciclos comuns associados aos Ãndices de mercado mais representativos das bolsas de valores dos CASSH, durante o perÃodo compreendido entre Janeiro de 1998 e novembro de 2010, utilizando-se da tÃcnica metodolÃgica desenvolvida por Vahid e Engle (1993), evidencia-se que, durante os perÃodos de estabilidade econÃmica mundial as bolsas dessas economias sÃo mais influenciadas pelas tendÃncias do que pelos ciclos, sendo determinadas mais pelos fundamentos econÃmicos, enquanto que nos perÃodos de crise hà uma maior influÃncia dos ciclos, assumindo os fatores de risco financeiros uma maior relevÃncia na composiÃÃo dos retornos dos Ãndices. à possÃvel identificar que os mercados financeiros analisados possuem cenÃrios de longo prazo diversos governados por quatro tendÃncias comuns, duas levando a uma trajetÃria positiva, uma ao cenÃrio pessimista e a outra inicialmente negativa, porÃm apÃs a crise de 2007 recupera-se seguindo uma trajetÃria positiva. à notÃrio que eles reagem de forma diferenciada aos choques de curto prazo e com intensidades diferentes, principalmente devido ao comportamento do ciclo canadense que se correlaciona negativamente com os demais e com o ciclo comum. AtravÃs do teste de causalidade de Granger, a tendÃncia comum pessimista à capaz de ser prevista apenas pelo Ãndice SuÃÃo, enquanto que o Ãndice de Hong Kong aparece como o Ãnico capaz de prever o ciclo comum.

Submitted by (ana.araujo@ufrpe.br) on 2016-08-09T12:21:50Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Neilson Ferreira de Lima.pdf: 1092223 bytes, checksum: aaf48f9e8f81c6deda5f9824c6e64b8a (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-09T12:21:50Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Neilson Ferreira de Lima.pdf: 1092223 bytes, checksum: aaf48f9e8f81c6deda5f9824c6e64b8a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-09-10 / Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico - CNPq / A time series is any set or ordered sequence of observations from a specific index, most often this is the time index, but may also be function of some physical parameter such as volume or space, among others. In our analysis, we observed indices financial markets, taking into account the number of return normalized by the standard deviation of the return series. And so we analyze the performance of five financial market indices. To model these markets we use the exponential distribution probability function is shown in the probability of an agent survive on the market without incurring a collision or shock. Generally, the analysis of financial time series is based on return series of stock, assets or indices. This series builds on successive differences between different times. Thus, it is used to measure the gains and losses over a given period. It can be captured price movement of a particular stock or index. And the volatility of these markets, we can classify it as a market "hot" markets, high volatility, market or "cold" low volatility. / Uma série temporal é qualquer conjunto ou sequência de observações ordenada a partir de um determinado índice, na maioria das vezes este índice é o tempo, mas poderá também ser função de algum parâmetro físico, como volume ou espaço, entre outros. Na nossa análise, observamos os índices de mercados financeiros; levando em conta a série de retorno normalizada pelo desvio padrão da série de retorno. E assim analisamos o comportamento de cinco índices de mercado financeiros. Para modelar estes mercados usamos a distribuição exponencial de probabilidade, está função nos mostra a probabilidade de um agente sobreviver no mercado sem sofrer colisão ou choques. Geralmente, a análise de séries temporais financeiras é feita com base na série de retornos de ações, ativos ou índices. Tal série toma como base sucessivas diferenças entre tempos distintos. Dessa forma, ela é usada para medir as perdas e ganhos ao longo de um determinado período. Nela pode ser capturado o movimento dos preços de uma determinada ação ou índice. E pela volatilidade destes mercados, podemos classifica-lo como mercado “quente”, mercados de alta volatilidade, ou mercado “frio”, de baixa volatilidade.

The paper deals with stock market indices. It reveals the flaws inherent in traditional market capitalization weighted indices, that causes a return drag. At the same time it shows how you can get rid of these flaws by using fundamental indices, and gives proofs about their superiority. The practical part focuses on building fundamental indices of czech stocks traded on the Prague Stock Exchange, dealing with historical data. It empirically demonstrates their outperformance of a benchmark market capitalization weighted index.

Purpose The purpose of this study is to investigate whether abnormal return patterns can occur on different share indices, as a result of the outcome in national team matches. The subordinary aim is to investigate whether there are differences between the three share indices, (small-, mid- and large cap) depending on the match category and how it relates regarding the five countries in the study. Method This study has a positivistic and deductive approach, using a modified event study methodology. The event period is one day after the event. For each nation, year and share index, different estimation periods have been created. The study comprises 760 national team football matches and is investigating how each different share index is affected by match outcomes in championship matches, qualifying matches and friendlies. Results Upon compilation of all 760 matches, the result of this study shows a statistically significant impact on two of the three possible match outcomes, regarding small cap index. Furthermore the result also shows a connection between friendly matches and small cap index. The match categories championship matches and qualifying matches demonstrates no connection to the three diffrent kind of share indices. Regarding the different nations, Spain and their small- and large cap index shows the most significant connection between the match outcome and abnormal return. Conclusions The small cap share index is basically the only index that is affected by the all the matches that is involved in this study (after a victory or a loss). The magnitude of a match does not seem to have a greater influence on investor rationality. Over all, the match outcome draw does not lead to negative abnormal return. Of this studys five surveyed countries (England, France, Spain, Sweden and Germany), the english and german share indicies seems to be least likley to be affected by the outcome in national team football matches.

<p>This study deals with one of the efficient market hypothesis’ anomaly. The research aims at proving the</p><p>existence of a size anomaly by answering the question: can you outperform the market by investing in</p><p>small and mid caps? It is in fact a questioning of the well-know efficient market hypothesis (EMH). We</p><p>investigate the size effect in the situation of a passive strategy with different indices (Russell Indices and</p><p>S&P Indices) from 1995 to 2005.</p><p>The introduction gives to the reader the background he needs to understand the methodology and the</p><p>approach of the issue by the authors. Key concepts are defined such as EMH, passive strategy.</p><p>The second part exposes the methodology the authors choose and the methodology of exploited indices.</p><p>The research consist on measuring the risk adjusting excess returns by comparing the market index</p><p>return (S&P 500 or Russell 3000) and the Small and Mid Caps indices (S&P Small Cap 600, S&P Mid</p><p>Cap 400, Russell Mid Cap and Russell 2000) over the period. Indeed the methodology of indices is</p><p>exposing in details to understand in which extent the study can be influence by the construction of</p><p>indices.</p><p>Then in part 3 the authors describe theories that are possible explanations for the size effect. Then it is</p><p>understandable that the size anomaly is the result of a set of factors that generate abnormal returns.</p><p>These theories help the authors to come up with a model that gives an overview of the research.</p><p>After having explained their research method and reveal their empirical findings. The authors</p><p>demonstrate that excess returns can be earned by investing in small and mid caps indices even after</p><p>controlling for risk. The risk adjusting excess returns their findings can potentially be explained by the</p><p>other factors depicted in the theoretical part. E/P ratios, Trading Costs, January effect, Overreaction are</p><p>possible reasons to explain the size anomaly. They also find an instability and/or reversal of the size</p><p>effect consistent with one of the theories. However the authors find data with non statistic significance,</p><p>so I accept the null hypothesis that the excess returns of small and mid caps indices are equal to zero.</p><p>The paper ends with a discussion about the limitations of the study and possible further researches. The</p><p>authors conclude that even if the existence of a size effect is obvious for some years and horizons of</p><p>investment, the passive strategy appears to be an unsuited method to take advantage of the small effect</p><p>since the results reject the null hypothesis. The authors clarify the fact that before investing in small and</p><p>mid caps, one has to be aware of all the factors that can influence his investment (beside risk) because</p><p>the size effect is a set of factors.</p><p>Key words: Efficient Market Hypothesis, Abnormal returns, Size effect (anomaly), Passive strategy,</p><p>Market Index, S&P indices, Russell indices</p>

This study deals with one of the efficient market hypothesis’ anomaly. The research aims at proving the existence of a size anomaly by answering the question: can you outperform the market by investing in small and mid caps? It is in fact a questioning of the well-know efficient market hypothesis (EMH). We investigate the size effect in the situation of a passive strategy with different indices (Russell Indices and S&amp;P Indices) from 1995 to 2005. The introduction gives to the reader the background he needs to understand the methodology and the approach of the issue by the authors. Key concepts are defined such as EMH, passive strategy. The second part exposes the methodology the authors choose and the methodology of exploited indices. The research consist on measuring the risk adjusting excess returns by comparing the market index return (S&amp;P 500 or Russell 3000) and the Small and Mid Caps indices (S&amp;P Small Cap 600, S&amp;P Mid Cap 400, Russell Mid Cap and Russell 2000) over the period. Indeed the methodology of indices is exposing in details to understand in which extent the study can be influence by the construction of indices. Then in part 3 the authors describe theories that are possible explanations for the size effect. Then it is understandable that the size anomaly is the result of a set of factors that generate abnormal returns. These theories help the authors to come up with a model that gives an overview of the research. After having explained their research method and reveal their empirical findings. The authors demonstrate that excess returns can be earned by investing in small and mid caps indices even after controlling for risk. The risk adjusting excess returns their findings can potentially be explained by the other factors depicted in the theoretical part. E/P ratios, Trading Costs, January effect, Overreaction are possible reasons to explain the size anomaly. They also find an instability and/or reversal of the size effect consistent with one of the theories. However the authors find data with non statistic significance, so I accept the null hypothesis that the excess returns of small and mid caps indices are equal to zero. The paper ends with a discussion about the limitations of the study and possible further researches. The authors conclude that even if the existence of a size effect is obvious for some years and horizons of investment, the passive strategy appears to be an unsuited method to take advantage of the small effect since the results reject the null hypothesis. The authors clarify the fact that before investing in small and mid caps, one has to be aware of all the factors that can influence his investment (beside risk) because the size effect is a set of factors. Key words: Efficient Market Hypothesis, Abnormal returns, Size effect (anomaly), Passive strategy, Market Index, S&amp;P indices, Russell indices

This thesis within economics is examining the impact that remittances could have on the level of new small and medium sized enterprise start-ups. Remittances could be seen as a capital flow and would therefore increase the level of new SME start-ups but is this really the case? A model is developed with a panel data set over 45 countries all across the globe over a two year period. Six businesses environment variables are included in the regressions to see how the businesses environment affects the level of new SME start-ups. This model is also used when testing if the relationship between remittances and the level of new SMEs are stronger in the middle income countries than in the lower income countries. The descriptive statistics shows that both remittances and the number of new SME`s have increased from 2003 to 2005. The level of new SME`s have increased with a larger percentage share in the middle income countries relative to low income countries. The results from this thesis are somewhat difficult to interpret. Although there seems to be the case that remittances are not affecting the level of new SME start-ups when including all the countries in the same regression. As the countries are divided into two groups one can see a stronger relationship between remittances and the level of new SME started in the low income countries than in the middle income countries. One can also see that credit right and the cost of starting a new business is strongly related to the level of new SME.

nÃo hà / This work analyzes the level of financial integration of an economic bloc entitled, on an ad hoc way, BRIC, composed by emerging economies with common and growth patterns, where more than 40% of the population live in one quarter of the worldâs territory. Following methodologically Vahid and Engle (1993), the results suggest that financial markets are determined by domestic economic fundamentals in periods of global economic stability, while in crisis periods, the cycles have greater importance in the composition of the returns of the indices analyzed, indicating a higher influence of financial risk. The individual cycles, as well as the individual trends are robustly correlated. These evidences are not trivial since Brazil is a market economy, with high level of inequality, poverty, democracy and urbanization, Russia is a an exsuperpower socialist, with high per capita income and human capital levels, India is a rural society with strong cultural and religious aspects, while China is a communist dictatorship with a high degree of trade openness and high levels of international reserves. The Indian financial market, which has been undergoing reforms since 1991, is such that the SENSEX-30 index plays important role in terms of predictability of others, as well as its tendency is the only individual to be significant in the exercise of causality Granger in the first common trend, the unique related to a promising scenario. / Este trabalho analisa o nÃvel de integraÃÃo financeira de um bloco econÃmico intitulado, de forma ad hoc, BRIC, composto por emergentes com padrÃes comuns e potenciais de crescimento, os quais dispÃem de um quarto do territÃrio mundial, onde residem mais de 40% da populaÃÃo. Seguindo metodologicamente Vahid e Engle (1993), os resultados sugerem que estes mercados financeiros sejam determinados por fundamentos econÃmicos domÃsticos em perÃodos de estabilidade econÃmica global, enquanto em perÃodos turbulentos, hà uma maior relevÃncia dos ciclos na composiÃÃo dos retornos dos Ãndices analisados, sinalizando uma maior influÃncia de fatores de risco financeiros. Em termos individuais, os ciclos, assim como as tendÃncias dos quatro emergentes sÃo robustamente correlacionados entre si. Estas evidÃncias nÃo sÃo triviais tratando-se se o Brasil de uma economia de mercado desigual, pobre, democrÃtica, fortemente urbanizada, a RÃssia de uma antiga superpotÃncia, exâadepta do socialismo que se destaca pela renda per capita e pelo capital humano, a Ãndia de uma sociedade rural, com forte traÃo cultural e religioso e a China de um comunismo ditatorial com elevado grau de abertura comercial e elevados nÃveis de reservas internacionais. O mercado financeiro indiano, o qual tem passado por reformas na desde 1991, à tal que, o Ãndice SENSEX-30 exerce relevante papel em termos de previsibilidade dos demais, assim como sua tendÃncia individual, a qual à a Ãnica a ser significativa no exercÃcio de causalidade de Granger na primeira tendÃncia comum, a Ãnica que està associada a um cenÃrio promissor.