Neste trabalho procuramos realizar uma apresentação autocontida sobre os conceitos da teoria algébrica de formas quadráticas e sobre os anéis graduados que surgiram no desenvolvimento desta teoria. Iniciamos procurando esclarecer o sentido da equivalência entre as várias acepções do conceito de forma quadrática. Após a apresentação de ingredientes e resultados geométricos, fazemos um extrato da teoria dos anéis de Witt, conceito que originou a moderna teoria algébrica de formas quadráticas. Disponibilizamos os elementos fundamentais para a formulação das teorias de cohomologia, nos concentrado no desenvolvimento da teoria de cohomologia profinita e, sobretudo, galoisiana. Descrevemos os funtores K0, K1 e K2 da K-teoria clássica e também a K-teoria de Milnor, que é mais adequada para formular questões sobre formas quadráticas. Finalizamos o trabalho com a apresentação de alguns conceitos da Teoria dos Grupos Especiais, uma codificação em primeira-ordem da teoria algébrica das formas quadráticas e exemplificamos sua importância, fornecendo um extrato da prova realizada por Dickmann-Miraglia da conjectura de Marshall sobre assinaturas, que se baseia fortemente nesta teoria. / In this work I try to provide a self-contained presentation on the concepts of algebraic theory of quadratic forms and on the graded rings that have emerged in the development of this theory. I started trying to clarify the meaning of \"equivalence\"between the various meanings of the concept of quadratic form. After the presentation of geometrical ingredients and results, we make an extract of the theory of Witt rings, a concept that originated the modern algebraic theory of quadratic forms. It is provided the key elements for the formulation of cohomology theories, focusing on the development of profinite cohomology theory and, especially, on galoisian cohomology. Are described the functors K0, K1 and K2 of classical K-theory and also the Milnor K-theory, which is more appropriate to formulate questions about quadratic forms. The dissertation is finished with the presentation of some concepts of the Theory of Special Groups, a first-order encoding of algebraic theory of quadratic forms, and with an example its importance by providing an extract of proof by Dickmann-Miraglia of the Marshalls conjecture on signatures, which relies heavily on this theory.

This diploma work is concerned with the analysis of Czechoslovak economy in years 1945 -- 1947, where is focusing on the most important economical and political revisions and their relation to the transition of the democratic society of Czechoslovakia to the socialistic society. This period represent very important part of Czechoslovak history that merit particular attention. With the analysis of chosen economical revisions it would like to come to the answer on the question, whether the process of socialization of Czechoslovak society started in 1948 or in the period of years 1945 - 1947. The diploma work is analyzing the most important problems of that period and trying to advert to different possibilities of the economical and political process. The goal of the work is not a deep assay of revisions but just the fact of connectivity of these revisions to the transition of the whole Czechoslovak society.

The thesis deals with importance of European Recovery Program (Marshall plan) for Irish economy. The aim is to analyse whether the Marshall plan aid was in the case of Ireland rather a political decision or an economic necessity. In the first half of 20th century the economic and political development was adherent to Great Britain, although Ireland was anxious to break this bound since the foundation of the Free State. Second World War neutrality and disputable survey of post-war Irish economy caused bitter relationships with the United States and therefore even harder communication in the case of Marshall plan. Prevailing and historically determinated Irish isolationism and nationalism, trading orientation mainly on Great Britain, undeveloped economy and scepticism about the leading role of the United States in post-war world and economic integration of Europe in consequence led to the fact that Ireland was one of least developed countries in western Europe in the beginning of 1960s, even though it adopted the Marshall plan.

In the world there are adverse climates, climates that hinder the good construction and paving of roads, generating insecurity among the locals and visitors. This over time affects the economy of a country, as a road boosts tourism, transport and commerce. Therefore, a mixture was designed to mitigate a problem in the placement of hot asphalt mixture at temperatures below zero degrees Celsius. That is, a conventional mix design was proposed, but with different types of filler (lime, Portland cement type I and silica) tested with the Marshall and Lottman method which are governed according to the EG-2013 standards [1] and parameters established in the Asphalt Institute [2]. To find the optimum, it was tested with 5.0%, 5.5% 6.0% and 6.5% asphalt cement. Then with the results obtained a comparative analysis was performed. Finally, specimens without any additives were made, the specimens once prepared at 140°C were subjected to freezing, resulting in the three types of filler, that the hot asphalt mixture with incorporation of Portland cement type I to a 5, 90% of asphalt cement is the optimum since, subject to extreme temperatures below 0°C they comply with the parameters required in the standards.

The English diction texts by Madeleine Marshall and Kathryn LaBouff are two ofthe most acclaimed manuals on singing in this language. Differences in style between the two have separated proponents to be primarily devoted to one or the other. An in-depth study, comparing the precepts of both authors, and applying their principles, has resulted in an understanding of their common ground, as well as the need for the more comprehensive information, included by LaBouff, on singing in the dialect of American Standard, and changes in current Received Pronunciation, for British works, and Mid-Atlantic dialect, for English language works not specifically North American or British. Chapter 1 introduces Marshall and The Singer’s Manual of English Diction, and LaBouff and Singing and Communicating in English. An overview of selected works from Opera America’s resources exemplifies the need for three dialects in standardized English training. Chapter 2 reviews notational and diction resources, and use of the International Phonetic Association’s alphabet (IPA). Chapter 3 directly compares Marshall and LaBouff’s views of the importance of the unstressed syllable, often schwa [ә] or open I [ɪ], as vital to allowing the audience to understand the flow of the sung text, and contrasts their differences regarding < r >. Chapter 4 discusses observations in applying the tenets with singers, focusing on three arias coached for this dissertation. Chapter 5 states conclusions and opportunities for further research. Figures include materials from the Juilliard School Archives. Appendices include interviews.

In the 1928 romance novel, Dark Princess, W. E. B. Du Bois used the form of a love letter to ask "the first question of our world-work: What are you and I trying to do in this world?" Structured around this vexed notion of "world-work," "'Our World-Work': Gender and Labor in African Diasporic Literatures" takes seriously this communal question of what “you and I”—or we—are "trying to do." I extend Du Bois’s idea to locate the boundaries of the "we" in the face of variations in labor and gender. Thinking world and work together, I consider the grounds of collective narration and social organization on a broad scale, one structured by gender even as anti-sexism is evoked, such as in the case of Du Bois, who is often called a feminist by contemporary scholars. "'Our World-Work'" covers a range of twentieth-century writing, focusing on how figures and figurations of the "black woman," often at the site of the domestic, came to embody some of the urgent issues raised by the globalization of capital. Reading multi-genre works by Du Bois, Alice Childress, Ousmane Sembène, Paule Marshall, and others, "'Our World-Work'" explores how black writers and intellectuals were thinking, writing, and critiquing the world—and worlds—through their encounters with labor and gender during the middle of the last century. Attention to gender in this dissertation illuminates how modes of affiliation also contain exclusions. "'Our World-Work'" contributes to scholarship on accounts of worlding, intervening in critical debates around race, gender, and labor in the fields of black, feminist, postcolonial, and comparative literary studies.

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(in English) This diploma thesis deals with the influence of the United States of America on Italy during the years 1945 and 1948. One of the factors that played an important role in this issue was the Cold War, since it had an immense impact on American foreign policy as well as the changing relationship between Italy and the USA. With regard to American foreign policy, Italy was not really in the centre of its attention after the Second World War. This, however, changed after the relationship between the USSR and USA had deteriorated in 1946 and 1947, which brought a shift in the American stance towards the Apennine peninsula. The strength of the Communist party of Italy was a major cause for concern to the American administration worrying about the spread of communism in Western Europe. The thesis puts special emphasis on 'the Propaganda Battle' led by the American administration, namely the Ambassador in Rome James Dunn, and the newly established CIA. This 'battle' is viewed especially from a cultural perspective, as the communist propaganda campaigns focused mainly on film industry, the radio and newspapers. Key words (in English) Italy, the United States of America, 1948, Communist Party of Italy, Marshall plan, CIA

The purpose of this study is to provide a historiographical and musical analysis examining the jazz ride cymbal pattern, from its inception on woodblock, small accessory cymbals, hand cymbal mechanisms and brushes through what becomes known as the modern-day ride cymbal pattern. This research examines a wide array of drummers and bandleaders, with the objective of identifying the earliest recordings of this important addition to jazz drumming, and popular music history while analyzing the ride cymbal pattern's evolution through definitive recordings. The study begins with the earliest known recordings that clearly display the pattern as it is played on any of the instruments mentioned above. The research concludes with the jam sessions of the early 1940s at Minton's Playhouse, where the pioneer of bebop drumming, Kenny Clarke, experimented with altering the pattern. At this point, the pattern reach its final level of maturity and has since experienced no subsequent major modification. The historical and geographical analysis uses relevant literature from the field of jazz history in order to interpret and evaluate the impact of the the overall trajectory of the music and players. By surveying newspaper and magazine articles, archival interviews, and photographic sources, combined with audio and film analysis, it is clear that drummers navigated a path to the maturation of the pattern.

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