The purpose of the current study was to examine the mediating role of anger proneness in explaining the relationship between masculine gender role stress (MGRS) and aggression. Additionally, the moderating effect of anger proneness was also examined. Both physical and verbal forms of aggression were examined in the current model. Participants were 163 male undergraduate students. The criteria proposed by Baron and Kenny (1986) and Holmbeck (1997, 2002) were followed to test for mediational and moderational effects. Hierarchical regression analyses were conducted. Results indicate that anger proneness does mediate the relationship between MGRS and aggression, particularly physical aggression. Tests for moderated effects were not supported. The clinical and theoretical implications of these findings are discussed. / Master of Science

Joniškio šnektos apima Joniškio miestą ir maždaug 15–20 kilometrų plotą į pietus Šiaulių link. Šnektos mažai tyrinėtos. Darbe analizuojami asmenų pavadinimai, aptariama jų daryba. Tyrimo medžiagą sudaro asmenų pavadinimai, išrinkti iš DLKŽe ir skirtingi jų variantai, rasti rengiamo Joniškio šnektų žodyno kartotekoje. Visi asmenų pavadinimai buvo suskirstyti į 5 leksines grupes, kurios pagal leksinių vienetų gausumą išsidėsto tokia tvarka: 1) giminystės asmenų pavadinimų grupė; 2) amžiaus grupė; 3) tam tikro socialinio statuso asmenų pavadinimų grupė; 4) kraujo ryšį nusakančių asmenų pavadinimų grupė; 5) kultūrinio bei tradicinio lygmens grupė. Visi šie pavadinimai darybos aspektu skilo į 4 grupes: priesaginių vedinių, kurių didžiausią dalį sudaro maloninių priesagų vediniai, priešdėlinių ir galūninių vedinių grupę ir dūrinius, kuriuos dažniausiai sudaro du daiktavardžiai. Dažniausiai Joniškio šnektų atstovai vartoja vyriškosios ir moteriškosios lyties asmenų pavadinimus, įvardijančius asmenų giminystę ar amžių. Tačiau kartais joniškiečiai vietoj vyriškosios giminės gramatinės formos vartoja moteriškąją ir atvirkščiai. Visoms leksinėms grupėms būdingi maloninių priesagų vediniai. / Joniškis Subdialects take the town of Joniškis and about 15–20 kilometres area to the south, toward Šiauliai. The subdialects are studied little. In this paper the names of persons are analyzed, their composition is discussed. The research material consists of the names of persons, which are selected from an electronic version of Dictionary of Contemporary Lithuanian Language and different variants of these persons names, which are found in the card file of Dictionary of Joniškis Subdialects. All names of persons were divided into 5 lexical groups, which are graded according to lexical units number in this order: 1) the group of the names of kinship; 2) the group of persons with different age; 3) the names of persons from a certain social status; 4) the group of the names of persons that define ties of blood; 5) the level of culture and traditions. All these names were divided into 4 groups acording to their composition: suffixal derivatives, where the bigest part consists of diminutive suffixes, prefixal and inflectional derivatives and compound words, where the biggest part consists of two nouns. In conclusion, people of Joniškis Subdialects frequently use the names of masculine and feminine gender, which name the kinship or the age of persons. However, sometimes people of Joniškis instead of masculine gender use feminine gender and conversely. In all lexical groups dominate diminutive suffixes.

This study investigated two aspects of masculine gender role strain—gender role conflict and gender role stress—and their relationship to religious orientation, spiritual well-being, and sex-role egalitarianism among Latter-day Saint (LDS or Mormon) men. To investigate these variables, a sample of 201 LDS undergraduate men who were predominantly White/Caucasian and single completed the Gender Role Conflict Scale, Masculine Gender Role Stress Scale, Intrinsic/Extrinsic Religious Orientation Scale-Revised, Spiritual Well-Being Scale, and the Sex-Role Egalitarianism Scale. As predicted, LDS men who reported higher levels of religiosity and spiritual well-being reported lower levels of gender role strain. This study also found that participants who reported more egalitarian sex-role attitudes reported lower levels of gender role strain. Separate stepwise regression analyses found that, of the five predictor variables (intrinsic religiosity, extrinsic religiosity, existential well-being, religious well-being, and sex-role egalitarianism), existential well-being and sex-role egalitarianism were the strongest predictors of variance in gender role conflict and gender role stress. The discussion focuses on explanations of significant findings, limitations, directions for future research, and implications for clinical practice.

The purpose of this study was to examine group perpetrated antigay violence. Specifically, the effects of MGRS, peer dynamics, and increases in negative affect on antigay aggression were examined. The differential utility of aggression toward gay and heterosexual targets in relieving a state of negative affect (e.g., anger, fear) was also evaluated. Participants completed questionnaires that included a measure of MGRS, and then were assigned to one of three group conditions(individual, stranger, and friend). Participants then viewed a video depicting male-male intimacy and competed in the TAP against either a fictitious gay or heterosexual opponent. Results showed a main effect for condition, such that higher levels of aggression were observed in the group, relative to the individual, conditions. Analyses also revealed a significant positive relation between MGRS and aggression among participants competing with a stranger against a heterosexual opponent. Neither condition nor opponent differentially predicted changes in negative affect.

The purpose of this study was to examine group perpetrated antigay violence. Specifically, the effects of MGRS, peer dynamics, and increases in negative affect on antigay aggression were examined. The differential utility of aggression toward gay and heterosexual targets in relieving a state of negative affect (e.g., anger, fear) was also evaluated. Participants completed questionnaires that included a measure of MGRS, and then were assigned to one of three group conditions(individual, stranger, and friend). Participants then viewed a video depicting male-male intimacy and competed in the TAP against either a fictitious gay or heterosexual opponent. Results showed a main effect for condition, such that higher levels of aggression were observed in the group, relative to the individual, conditions. Analyses also revealed a significant positive relation between MGRS and aggression among participants competing with a stranger against a heterosexual opponent. Neither condition nor opponent differentially predicted changes in negative affect.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / This research proposes a reception study over masculinity representations in Brazilian advertisements transmitted over free-to-air television and its role in distinct class men's gender identity formation. We did align to the Cultural Studies strand, especially, to Jesús Martín-Barbero's Latin American theoretical and methodological mediation perspectives. Still in theoretical terms we do emphasize on the discussions referring to male gender's social construction and, in a complementary way, on the articulation with the contemporary notion of social class. Methodologically, we did perform a reception study with 10 different age, civil state and profession men, who do reside in Santa Maria, classified as high and popular classes by Quadros and Antunes' definition (2001). The data collection techniques used in this study were the questionnaire, which consisted of a pilot study with 40 instruments, and a semi structured in depth interview. Besides that, for the reception exam over the masculine gender we did mark out a corpus of advertisements (beer, car, technology, bank and clothing/hygiene products) defined by the results of the questionnaires and used as responsible support to stimulate debate with the receptors. We did analyze the mediations of sociality, rituality and tecnicity (MARTÍN-BARBERO, 2006) in the advertising speech's appropriation relations (negotiation or resistance) concerning to the masculinity representations, defined by beauty, sexuality, work and family categories. As a result of this work, the advertising shows up as an important source of patterns and references to contemporary subjects to live the masculinity; at the same way contributing to the relativization of the traditional masculine pattern, related to machism and patriarchy that hegemonically vigorates until a few decades ago. At last, the construction of gender identities based on beauty, sexuality, work and family, from the readings and the ways of using the advertising speech is made in a differenced way by the cleavages of social classes. / A presente pesquisa propõe um estudo de recepção das representações sobre a masculinidade nos anúncios publicitários brasileiros veiculados na televisão aberta e o seu papel na formação da identidade de gênero de homens pertencentes a classes distintas. Alinhamo-nos à vertente dos estudos culturais, especialmente, à perspectiva teórico-metodológica latino-americana das mediações de Jesús Martín- Barbero. Ainda em termos teóricos, nossa ênfase está centrada nas discussões referentes à construção social do gênero masculino e, de forma complementar, na articulação com a noção contemporânea de classe social. Metodologicamente, realizamos um estudo de recepção com dez homens residentes em Santa Maria/RS com idades, estado civil, profissões variadas e classificados, a partir da definição de Quadros e Antunes (2001), em classes populares e altas. As técnicas de coletas de dados empregadas neste estudo foram o questionário, que se caracterizou com um estudo piloto com quarenta instrumentos, e a entrevista semiestruturada em profundidade. Além disso, para o exame da recepção sobre o gênero masculino delimitamos um corpus de anúncios publicitários (cerveja, carro, tecnologia, banco, tecnologia e vestuário/produtos de higiene), definidos com base nos resultados dos questionários e usados como suportes responsáveis para o estímulo do debate com os receptores. Analisamos as mediações da socialidade, ritualidade e tecnicidade (MARTÍN-BARBERO, 2006) nas relações de apropriação (negociação ou resistência) do discurso publicitário no que diz respeito às representações de masculinidade, aqui, definida pelas categorias de beleza, sexualidade, trabalho e família. Como resultado deste trabalho, a publicidade aparece como uma importante fonte de padrões e referências para que os sujeitos contemporâneos vivenciem a masculinidade; da mesma forma que contribui, inclusive, para a relativização do padrão masculino tradicional, relacionado ao machismo e ao patriarcado, que vigorou hegemônico até poucas décadas atrás. Por fim, a construção das identidades de gênero baseada na beleza, na sexualidade, no trabalho e na família, a partir das leituras e dos modos de usos do discurso publicitário, é feita de forma diferenciada a partir das clivagens de classes sociais.

No description available.

Given the strong emphasis on plurality, which is so characteristic of current masculinity studies, the relationship between masculinity as a concept and its plural forms has to be rethought. If we conceive of masculinity as having a largely discursive and narrative structure and accept that narrative is an ontological condition of social life which exemplarily manifests itself in literature and the arts, it is precisely here that a plethora of narratives of masculinity becomes ‘visible’, with the performative function of narrative allowing for a variety of new masculine gender identities and subject positions that only become available through their conception in literature/the arts.