The aim of this thesis is to develop a flow solver that has the ability to obtain an accurate numerical solution fast and efficiently with minimum user intervention. In this study, a two-dimensional viscous, laminar, incompressible flow solver based on Least-Squares Spectral Element Method (LSSEM) is developed. The LSSEM flow solver can work on hp-type nonconforming grids and can perform p-type adaptive refinement. Several benchmark problems are solved in order to validate the solver and successful results are obtained. In particular, it is demonstrated that p-type adaptive refinement on hp-type non-conforming grids can be used to improve the quality of the solution. Moreover, it is found that mass conservation performance of LSSEM can be enhanced by using p-type adaptive refinement strategies while keeping computational costs reasonable.

Les calottes polaires, ou inlandsis, sont parmi les principaux contributeurs à la montée des océans. Ces systèmes dynamiques gagnent de la masse par accumulation de neige, et en perdent par fonte au contact de l’océan et à la surface, ainsi que par le vêlage d’icebergs. Depuis plus de trois décennies, les observations ont montré que les calottes polaires de l’Antarctique et du Groenland perdent plus de masse qu’ils n’en gagnent. L’évolution des glaciers suite à ce déséquilibre de masse est devenue aujourd’hui l’une des problématiques les plus importantes des implications du changement climatique. Le Groupe d’experts intergouvernemental sur l’évolution du climat (GIEC) a identifié la contribution des glaciers comme l’un des facteurs clés d’incertitude de prédiction de l’élévation du niveau des mers. La modélisation numérique est le seul outil efficace pour répondre à cette question. Cependant, modéliser l’écoulement de glace à l’échelle du Groenland ou de l’Antarctique représente un défi à la fois scientifique et technique. Deux aspects clés de l’amélioration de la modélisation des glaciers sont abordés dans cette thèse. Le premier consiste à déterminer certaines propriétés non mesurables de la glace par méthode inverse. La friction ou la rigidité des barrières de glace, sont des paramètres qui ne peuvent être mesurés directement et doivent donc être déduits à partir d’observations par télédétection. Nous appliquons ici ces inversions pour trois modèles d’écoulement de glace de complexité croissante: le modèle bidimensionnel de MacAyeal/Morland, le modèle dit d’ordre supérieur de Blatter/Pattyn et le modèle full-Stokes. Les propriétés ainsi calculées sont ensuite utilisées pour initialiser des modèles grande-échelle et pour déterminer le degré de complexité minimum nécessaire pour reproduire correctement la dynamique des glaciers. Le second aspect abordé dans ce travail est l’amélioration de la consistance des données pour la modélisation numérique. Les données disponibles sont souvent issues de campagnes de mesures s’étalant sur plusieurs années et dont résolutions spatiales varient, ce qui rend leur utilisation pour des simulations numériques difficiles. Nous présentons ici un algorithme basé sur la conservation de la masse et les méthodes inverses pour construire des épaisseurs de glace qui sont consistantes avec les mesures de vitesse. Cette approche empêche la redistribution artificielle de masse qu’engendrent généralement les autres méthodes de cartographie de l’épaisseur de glace, ce qui améliore considérablement l’initialisation des modèles d’écoulement de glace. Les avancées présentées ici sont des étapes importantes afin de mieux caractériser de manière précise les glaciers et de modéliser leur évolution de manière réaliste. / Ice sheets are amongst the main contributors to sea level rise. They are dynamic systems; they gain mass by snow accumulation, and lose it by melting at the ice-ocean interface, surface melting and iceberg calving at the margins. Observations over the last three decades have shown that the Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets have been losing more mass than they gain. How the ice sheets respond to this negative mass imbalance has become today one of the most urgent questions in understanding the implications of global climate change. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) has indeed identified the contribution of the ice sheets as a key uncertainty in sea level rise projections. Numerical modeling is the only effective way of addressing this problem. Yet, modeling ice sheet flow at the scale of Greenland and Antarctica remains scientifically and technically very challenging. This thesis focuses on two major aspects of improving ice sheet numerical models. The first consists of determining non-observable ice properties using inverse methods. Some parameters, such as basal friction or ice shelf hardness, are difficult to measure and must be inferred from remote sensing observations. Inversions are developed here for three ice flow models of increasing complexity: MacAyeal/Morland’s shelfy-stream model, Blatter/Pattyn’s higher order model and the full-Stokes model. The inferred parameters are then used to initialize large-scale ice sheet models and to determine the minimum level of complexity required to capture ice dynamics correctly. The second aspect addressed in this work is the improvement of dataset consistency for ice sheet modeling. Available datasets are often collected at different epochs and at varying spatial resolutions, making them not readily usable for numerical simulations. We devise here an algorithm based on the conservation of mass principle and inverse methods to construct ice thicknesses that are consistent with velocity measurements. This approach therefore avoids the artificial mass redistributions that occur in existing algorithms for mapping ice thickness, hence considerably improving ice sheet model initialization. The advances made here are important steps towards the ultimate objective of accurate characterization of ice sheets and the realistic modeling of their evolution.

This study focuses ontransient heat flow behavior in which centralizing energy on themetal makes metal surface come to aheat molten state with centralized heat source . This flow field is two-dimensional transient model, using Phase-field method and Two-phase flow to simulatemetal surface. In this study is under considerations of the mass conservation equation, momentum equation, energy equation and the level-set equation, regardless of the impact due to the concentration diffusion. At last it will show the flow of the molten zone caused by temperature, and the flows in molten zone forced by thermocapillary which is caused byvariation of temperature.

The thesis deals with the construction of an adaptive 1D and 2D mesh in the framework of the cell- centered finite volume scheme. The adaptive strategy is applied to the numerical solution of problems governed by the Euler equations, which is a hyperbolic system of PDE's. The used algorithm is applicable to nonstationary problems and consists of three independent parts, which are cyclically repeated. These steps are PDE evolution, then mesh adaptation and recovery of numerical solution from the old mesh to the newly adapted mesh. Owing to this the algorithm can be used also for other hyperbolic systems. The thesis is focused on the development of our mesh adaptation strategy, based on the anisotropic mesh adaptation, which preserves the geometric mass conservation law in each computational step. The proposed method is suitable to solve problems with moving discontinuities. Several test problems with moving discontinuity are computed to compare our algorithm with Moving Mesh algorithms.

The main purpose of this study is to develop a flow solver that employs triangular grids to solve two-dimensional, viscous, laminar, steady, incompressible flows. The flow solver is based on Least Squares Spectral Element Method (LSSEM). It has p-type adaptive mesh refinement/coarsening capability and supports p-type nonconforming element interfaces. To validate the developed flow solver several benchmark problems are studied and successful results are obtained. The performances of two different triangular nodal distributions, namely Lobatto distribution and Fekete distribution, are compared in terms of accuracy and implementation complexity. Accuracies provided by triangular and quadrilateral grids of equal computational size are compared. Adaptive mesh refinement studies are conducted using three different error indicators, including a novel one based on elemental mass loss. Effect of modifying the least-squares functional by multiplying the continuity equation by a weight factor is investigated in regards to mass conservation.

This thesis discusses and develops one approach to solve parabolic partial differential equations with random input data. The stochastic problem is firstly transformed into a parametrized one by using finite dimensional noise assumption and the truncated Karhunen-Loeve expansion. The approach, Monte Carlo discontinuous Galerkin (MCDG) method, randomly generates $M$ realizations of uncertain coefficients and approximates the expected value of the solution by averaging M numerical solutions. This approach is applied to two numerical examples. The first example is a two-dimensional parabolic partial differential equation with random convection term and the second example is a benchmark problem coupling flow and transport equations. I first apply polynomial kernel principal component analysis of second order to generate M realizations of random permeability fields. They are used to obtain M realizations of random convection term computed from solving the flow equation. Using this approach, I solve the transport equation M times corresponding to M velocity realizations. The MCDG solution spreads toward the whole domain from the initial location and the contaminant does not leave the initial location completely as time elapses. The results show that MCDG solution is realistic, because it takes the uncertainty in velocity fields into consideration. Besides, in order to correct overshoot and undershoot solutions caused by the high level of oscillation in random velocity realizations, I solve the transport equation on meshes of finer resolution than of the permeability, and use a slope limiter as well as lower and upper bound constraints to address this difficulty. Finally, future work is proposed.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Este trabalho apresenta uma família de novos métodos numéricos euleriano-lagrangeanos localmente conservativos para leis de conservação hiperbólicas escalares. Estes métodos não utilizam soluções analíticas de problemas de Riemann e são bastante precisos na captura de saltos nas soluções. Estes métodos foram introduzidos, implementados computacionalmente e testados para leis de conservação em uma e duas dimensões espaciais. Foram consideradas as equações de Burgers e Buckley-Leverett. Nossos experimentos numéricos indicaram que os métodos são pouco difusivos e que as soluções não apresentam oscilações espúrias.

Técnicas de injeção de traçadores são bastante utilizadas nos estudos de escoamentos em meios porosos heterogêneos, principalmente em problemas relacionados à simulação numérica de escoamentos miscíveis em reservatórios de petróleo e à dispersão de contaminantes em aqüíferos. Neste trabalho apresentamos novos algoritmos para a aproximação numérica do problema de injeção de traçadores. Apresentaremos desenvolvimentos recentes do método Forward Integral-Tube Tracking (FIT) que foi originalmente apresentado em Aquino et al. (2007a). O FIT é um método lagrangeano localmente conservativo utilizado na resolução de problemas de transporte linear. Este método não faz o uso de soluções de problemas de Riemann e baseia-se na construção dos tubos integrais introduzidas em Douglas Jr. et al. (2000b). Além disso, ele possui excelente eficiência computacional e é virtualmente livre de difusão numérica. Resultados numéricos são apresentados com o objetivo de comparar a precisão das soluções fornecidas por novas implementações do método FIT na resolução do problema do traçador em reservatórios de petróleo. / The injection of tracers are used in the investigation of flows in heterogeneous porous media, in studies related to the simulation of miscible dispacements in petroleum reservoirs and the dispersion of contaminants in aquifers. In this work we present new algorithms for the numerical approximation of tracer injection problems. We discuss recent developments of the Forward Integral-Tube Tracking (FIT) scheme which was introduced in Aquino et al. (2007a). The FIT is a locally conservative lagrangian scheme for the approximation of the linear transport problems. This scheme does not use analytic solutions of Riemann problems and is based on the construction of the integral tubes introduced in Douglas Jr. et al. (2000b). The FIT scheme is computationally very eficient and is virtually free of numerical diffusion. Numerical results are presented to compare the accuracy of the solutions provided by new implementation of the FIT scheme for the injection of tracers in petroleum reservoirs.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Este trabalho apresenta uma família de novos métodos numéricos euleriano-lagrangeanos localmente conservativos para leis de conservação hiperbólicas escalares. Estes métodos não utilizam soluções analíticas de problemas de Riemann e são bastante precisos na captura de saltos nas soluções. Estes métodos foram introduzidos, implementados computacionalmente e testados para leis de conservação em uma e duas dimensões espaciais. Foram consideradas as equações de Burgers e Buckley-Leverett. Nossos experimentos numéricos indicaram que os métodos são pouco difusivos e que as soluções não apresentam oscilações espúrias.

Técnicas de injeção de traçadores são bastante utilizadas nos estudos de escoamentos em meios porosos heterogêneos, principalmente em problemas relacionados à simulação numérica de escoamentos miscíveis em reservatórios de petróleo e à dispersão de contaminantes em aqüíferos. Neste trabalho apresentamos novos algoritmos para a aproximação numérica do problema de injeção de traçadores. Apresentaremos desenvolvimentos recentes do método Forward Integral-Tube Tracking (FIT) que foi originalmente apresentado em Aquino et al. (2007a). O FIT é um método lagrangeano localmente conservativo utilizado na resolução de problemas de transporte linear. Este método não faz o uso de soluções de problemas de Riemann e baseia-se na construção dos tubos integrais introduzidas em Douglas Jr. et al. (2000b). Além disso, ele possui excelente eficiência computacional e é virtualmente livre de difusão numérica. Resultados numéricos são apresentados com o objetivo de comparar a precisão das soluções fornecidas por novas implementações do método FIT na resolução do problema do traçador em reservatórios de petróleo. / The injection of tracers are used in the investigation of flows in heterogeneous porous media, in studies related to the simulation of miscible dispacements in petroleum reservoirs and the dispersion of contaminants in aquifers. In this work we present new algorithms for the numerical approximation of tracer injection problems. We discuss recent developments of the Forward Integral-Tube Tracking (FIT) scheme which was introduced in Aquino et al. (2007a). The FIT is a locally conservative lagrangian scheme for the approximation of the linear transport problems. This scheme does not use analytic solutions of Riemann problems and is based on the construction of the integral tubes introduced in Douglas Jr. et al. (2000b). The FIT scheme is computationally very eficient and is virtually free of numerical diffusion. Numerical results are presented to compare the accuracy of the solutions provided by new implementation of the FIT scheme for the injection of tracers in petroleum reservoirs.