With one in two women delivering surgically, Iran has one of the highest rates of cesarean section (CS) worldwide. CS overuse in low-risk pregnancies potentially exposes women to Maternal Near-Miss (MNM) morbidity with minimal health benefits. This thesis studied obstetric care quality and MNM at hospitals with high rates of CS in Tehran, Iran. In Study I, we investigated whether audits of CS indications and feedback influenced CS rates at a general hospital. Subsequent to the audit, a 27% reduction in the risk of primary CS was found. In Study II, characteristics of MNM were investigated at university hospitals between 2012 and 2014. During a 26-month period, 82 MNM cases were identified using the WHO MNM approach. Severe postpartum hemorrhage (35%), severe preeclampsia (32%), and placenta previa including abnormally invasive placenta (10%) were the main three causes of MNM. Iran has a huge influx of migrants from Afghanistan. Women with antepartum CS and those who lacked health insurance, almost all Afghans, had increased risk of MNM. In Study III, audits examined whether MNM care quality differed between 54 Iranians and 22 Afghans and whether near-miss events were preventable. A majority of MNM cases (62%) arrived at hospital in a moribund state and obstetric care was more suboptimal for Afghans than Iranians (adjusted odds ratio 5.1, 95% confidence interval 1.2–22.6). Moreover, MNM was commonly (71%) potentially preventable and professionals with suboptimal practice were involved in 85% of preventable cases. In Study IV, a qualitative interview study was conducted to explore care experiences of Afghan MNM survivors. Discrimination, insufficient medical attention, and ineffective counseling were the main experiences. To a lesser extent, poverty and low education were perceived as contributing factors to delays in accessing care. This thesis emphasizes the importance of high-quality care for preventing undesirable maternal outcomes. The audit method along with interviews was useful to determine quality and equity gaps in care provision. Policymakers and professionals should consider these gaps when structuring programs to reduce adverse maternal outcomes.

Rwanda has made significant progress in decreasing the number of maternal deaths and increasing the number of antenatal care visits and childbirths at health facilities. This thesis seeks to illuminate potential barriers for Rwanda’s goal for maternal survival. The studies explore the bottom-up perspective of policies and practices in regards to maternal care in Kigali. Semi-structured interviews were conducted between 2013 and 2016 with women who nearly died (‘near-miss’) during pregnancy, their partners, and with other recent fathers and community members, as well as healthcare providers who work within abortion care. The framework of naturalistic inquiry guided the study design and data collection. Analysis was conducted using framework analysis, thematic analysis and naturalistic inquiry. The findings identify paradoxical outcomes in the implementation of maternal care policies. Despite recent amendments of the abortion law, safe abortion was identified as being non-accessible. Abortion-related symptoms continue to carry a criminalized and stigmatized label, which encourages risk-taking and clandestine solutions to unwanted pregnancies, and causes care-seeking delays for women with obstetric complications in early pregnancy. Healthcare providers had limited awareness of the current abortion law, and described tensions in exercising their profession due to fear of litigation. The first antenatal care visit appeared to require the accompaniment of a male partner, which underpinned women’s reliance on men in their care-seeking. Men expressed interest in taking part in maternal care, but faced resistance for further engagement from healthcare providers. Giving birth at a health facility was identified as mandatory, yet care was experienced as suboptimal. Disrespect during counseling and care was identified, leading to repeated care-seeking and may underpin the uptake of traditional medicine. An enhanced implementation of the current abortion law is recommended. Reconsideration of policy is recommended to ensure equitable and complete access to antenatal care: women should be able to seek care accompanied by their person of choice. These findings further recommend action for improved policy to better address men’s preferred inclusion in maternal health matters. The findings of this thesis promote continued attention to implementing changes to strengthen quality, and trust, in public maternal care.

Introdução - O estudo da morbidade materna contribui para um melhor entendimento do quadro da saúde materna, no Brasil, e para o conhecimento dos problemas obstétricos que podem levar (ou não) ao internamento das gestantes. Os dados de morbidade materna são vitais para os gestores de políticas públicas de saúde, os quais precisam saber quantas mulheres necessitam de cuidados obstétricos básicos para tornar a gestação e o parto mais seguros. Objetivos - Estudar a morbidade materna e os conceptos de puérperas numa maternidade da rede pública de João Pessoa, Paraíba, e identificar mulheres com diagnósticos considerados potencialmente graves e sugestivos de morbidade materna near miss. Método - Trata-se de um estudo transversal que fez parte de uma pesquisa maior sobre a morbimortalidade materna. Foi selecionada uma amostra de 414 puérperas por um processo de amostragem aleatória sistemático, cujos dados foram coletados, prospectivamente, de setembro a novembro de 2011, a partir dos prontuários clínicos e entrevistas complementares, numa maternidade pública de referência e acentuada demanda no município. Resultados - Foram estudadas 383 gestações que terminaram em parto e 391 conceptos. Entre as puérperas, predominou a faixa etária dos 20 aos 34 anos, cor parda, baixa escolaridade, baixa renda e sem ocupação formal no mercado de trabalho. Metade delas tiveram parto cesariano e 17 por cento dos recém-nascidos apresentaram problemas de saúde. Foram identificadas as seguintes intercorrências no parto: lacerações do períneo, hematomas, traumatismos, hemorragias e hipertensões. No puerpério, destacaram-se os transtornos hipertensivos, as hemorragias do pós-parto e as infecções. Entre os 64 diagnósticos sugestivos de near miss, estão as síndromes hipertensivas (58 por cento ) e as síndromes hemorrágicas (32,8 por cento ). Na análise comparativa entre os grupos de puérperas com morbidades sugestivas e não sugestivas de near miss, as seguintes variáveis apresentaram diferenças estatisticamente significantes (p<0,001): problemas de saúde na gestação anterior e atual, hipertensão, gestação de risco e uso de anti-hipertensivos. Não foram encontradas diferenças estatísticas entre as características dos neonatos e a morbidade materna, sugestiva ou não de near miss. Conclusão - O estudo permitiu conhecer as características maternas e a prevalência (15,5 por cento ) de morbidades sugestivas de near miss que ocorrem, seja no parto seja no puerpério. Ampliar o conhecimento sobre os aspectos que envolvem a morbidade materna torna-se crucial para o adequado enfrentamento de complicações no ciclo gravídico-puerperal, além de apoiar o Plano de Ação para acelerar a redução da mortalidade materna e morbidade materna grave. / Introduction The study of maternal morbidity contributes to a better understanding of the maternal health scene in Brazil and to the fuller knowledge of obstetric problems that may lead (or not) to the hospitalization of pregnant women. Maternal morbidity data are vital for the administrators of public health policies, who need to know how many women are expected to need basic obstetric care so as to make pregnancy and delivery safer. Objectives To study maternal morbidity and the conceptuses of puerperae in a public maternity hospital in João Pessoa, Paraíba, and identify women with a diagnosis considered potentially threatening and suggestive of being possible near misses. Method - This is a transverse study that is part of a larger project on maternal morbimortality. A sample of 414 puerperae was selected by a process of systematic random sampling, the data on whom were collected, prospectively, from September to November 2011, on the basis of clinical case notes and complementary interviews, at a public maternity hospital of reference in great demand in the municipality. Results - A total of 383 pregnancies which were carried through to delivery and 391 conceptuses were studied. There predominated, among the puerperas: the 20 - 34 year age-group, of brown skin color, low level of schooling, low income and no formal professional occupation. Half of them underwent caesarian section and 17 per cent of the new-born presented health problems. The following incidents were identified during labour: lacerations of the perineum, haematomas, traumatisms, haemorrhages and hypertensions. During the puerperium, hypertensive disorders, post-partum hemorrhage and other puerperal infections were noteworthy. The most frequent mention in the case notes of maternal causes was of hypertensive disturbances of pregnancy. Among the 64 diagnoses suggestive of near-miss, are the hypertensive (58 per cent ) and the haemorrhagic syndromes (32.8 per cent ). In the comparative analysis of the groups of puerperae with morbidities suggestive of near-miss, the following variables presented statistically significant differences (p<0.001): health problems during the previous and present pregnancy, hypertension, risk pregnancy and use of hypertensive medications. No statistical differences between the characteristics of the newborn and those of maternal morbidity (whether suggestive of near miss or not) were found. Conclusion - The study allowed the identification of maternal characteristics and the prevalence (15.5 per cent ) of the morbidities suggestive of maternal near-miss which occur either during labour or puerperium. It is crucial that our knowledge of the aspects of maternal mortality should be expanded so that the complications of the pregnancy-puerperal cycle may be adequately treated and to provide support for the Action Plan to speed up the reduction of maternal mortality and severe maternal morbidity.

Introdução - O estudo da morbidade materna contribui para um melhor entendimento do quadro da saúde materna, no Brasil, e para o conhecimento dos problemas obstétricos que podem levar (ou não) ao internamento das gestantes. Os dados de morbidade materna são vitais para os gestores de políticas públicas de saúde, os quais precisam saber quantas mulheres necessitam de cuidados obstétricos básicos para tornar a gestação e o parto mais seguros. Objetivos - Estudar a morbidade materna e os conceptos de puérperas numa maternidade da rede pública de João Pessoa, Paraíba, e identificar mulheres com diagnósticos considerados potencialmente graves e sugestivos de morbidade materna near miss. Método - Trata-se de um estudo transversal que fez parte de uma pesquisa maior sobre a morbimortalidade materna. Foi selecionada uma amostra de 414 puérperas por um processo de amostragem aleatória sistemático, cujos dados foram coletados, prospectivamente, de setembro a novembro de 2011, a partir dos prontuários clínicos e entrevistas complementares, numa maternidade pública de referência e acentuada demanda no município. Resultados - Foram estudadas 383 gestações que terminaram em parto e 391 conceptos. Entre as puérperas, predominou a faixa etária dos 20 aos 34 anos, cor parda, baixa escolaridade, baixa renda e sem ocupação formal no mercado de trabalho. Metade delas tiveram parto cesariano e 17 por cento dos recém-nascidos apresentaram problemas de saúde. Foram identificadas as seguintes intercorrências no parto: lacerações do períneo, hematomas, traumatismos, hemorragias e hipertensões. No puerpério, destacaram-se os transtornos hipertensivos, as hemorragias do pós-parto e as infecções. Entre os 64 diagnósticos sugestivos de near miss, estão as síndromes hipertensivas (58 por cento ) e as síndromes hemorrágicas (32,8 por cento ). Na análise comparativa entre os grupos de puérperas com morbidades sugestivas e não sugestivas de near miss, as seguintes variáveis apresentaram diferenças estatisticamente significantes (p<0,001): problemas de saúde na gestação anterior e atual, hipertensão, gestação de risco e uso de anti-hipertensivos. Não foram encontradas diferenças estatísticas entre as características dos neonatos e a morbidade materna, sugestiva ou não de near miss. Conclusão - O estudo permitiu conhecer as características maternas e a prevalência (15,5 por cento ) de morbidades sugestivas de near miss que ocorrem, seja no parto seja no puerpério. Ampliar o conhecimento sobre os aspectos que envolvem a morbidade materna torna-se crucial para o adequado enfrentamento de complicações no ciclo gravídico-puerperal, além de apoiar o Plano de Ação para acelerar a redução da mortalidade materna e morbidade materna grave. / Introduction The study of maternal morbidity contributes to a better understanding of the maternal health scene in Brazil and to the fuller knowledge of obstetric problems that may lead (or not) to the hospitalization of pregnant women. Maternal morbidity data are vital for the administrators of public health policies, who need to know how many women are expected to need basic obstetric care so as to make pregnancy and delivery safer. Objectives To study maternal morbidity and the conceptuses of puerperae in a public maternity hospital in João Pessoa, Paraíba, and identify women with a diagnosis considered potentially threatening and suggestive of being possible near misses. Method - This is a transverse study that is part of a larger project on maternal morbimortality. A sample of 414 puerperae was selected by a process of systematic random sampling, the data on whom were collected, prospectively, from September to November 2011, on the basis of clinical case notes and complementary interviews, at a public maternity hospital of reference in great demand in the municipality. Results - A total of 383 pregnancies which were carried through to delivery and 391 conceptuses were studied. There predominated, among the puerperas: the 20 - 34 year age-group, of brown skin color, low level of schooling, low income and no formal professional occupation. Half of them underwent caesarian section and 17 per cent of the new-born presented health problems. The following incidents were identified during labour: lacerations of the perineum, haematomas, traumatisms, haemorrhages and hypertensions. During the puerperium, hypertensive disorders, post-partum hemorrhage and other puerperal infections were noteworthy. The most frequent mention in the case notes of maternal causes was of hypertensive disturbances of pregnancy. Among the 64 diagnoses suggestive of near-miss, are the hypertensive (58 per cent ) and the haemorrhagic syndromes (32.8 per cent ). In the comparative analysis of the groups of puerperae with morbidities suggestive of near-miss, the following variables presented statistically significant differences (p<0.001): health problems during the previous and present pregnancy, hypertension, risk pregnancy and use of hypertensive medications. No statistical differences between the characteristics of the newborn and those of maternal morbidity (whether suggestive of near miss or not) were found. Conclusion - The study allowed the identification of maternal characteristics and the prevalence (15.5 per cent ) of the morbidities suggestive of maternal near-miss which occur either during labour or puerperium. It is crucial that our knowledge of the aspects of maternal mortality should be expanded so that the complications of the pregnancy-puerperal cycle may be adequately treated and to provide support for the Action Plan to speed up the reduction of maternal mortality and severe maternal morbidity.

Submitted by Maria Creuza Silva (mariakreuza@yahoo.com.br) on 2014-10-03T17:49:42Z No. of bitstreams: 1 TESE Elsa Jacinto. 2014.pdf: 1738962 bytes, checksum: 82ca23f0f1c93d9a758beb2e1f4aec45 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Maria Creuza Silva (mariakreuza@yahoo.com.br) on 2014-10-07T14:07:04Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 TESE Elsa Jacinto. 2014.pdf: 1738962 bytes, checksum: 82ca23f0f1c93d9a758beb2e1f4aec45 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-07T14:07:04Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 TESE Elsa Jacinto. 2014.pdf: 1738962 bytes, checksum: 82ca23f0f1c93d9a758beb2e1f4aec45 (MD5) / Introdução: Morbidade Materna Grave (MMG) é um quadro clínico observado em mulheres no ciclo gravídico-puerperal, composto por condições graves a extremamente graves, que ao sobreviverem são conhecidos por near miss materno; estes últimos são identificados por sinais de disfunção orgânica subsequentes a condições ameaçadoras da vida. As evidências vêm mostrando a carga da pandemia do HIV/AIDS sobre as condições clínicas de pacientes portadoras de outras doenças. Objetivos: estimar a incidência da razão de resultado materno grave e investigar os fatores associados à MMG em Maputo. Métodos: estudo caso-controle realizado na Cidade de Maputo, Moçambique, no período de Março a Novembro de 2012. As participantes elegíveis para o grupo de casos foram mulheres residentes em Maputo com MMG, segundo a definição da OMS. Os controles foram pacientes admitidas nos mesmos hospitais e no mesmo período, seguindo os mesmos critérios para a seleção dos casos, à excepção da condição clínica exigida para estes. Para o cálculo do tamanho da amostra utilizou-se o programa Epi Info, considerando-se um poder do estudo de 80%, um alfa=0,05, nível de confiança=0,95, relação caso/controle 1:2 e Odds Ratio (OR) esperada de 1,5, obtendo-se uma amostra com 485 casos e 970 controles. A exposição foi a infeção pelo HIV/AIDS, sendo utilizadas variáveis sócio-demográficas, clínico-assistenciais e comportamentais, como o uso de álcool e fumo. Os dados coletados de morbidade materna grave e near miss materno foram extrapolados para o período de doze meses por Regressão Linear Simples, utilizando-se termos quadrático e cúbico e calculados os indicadores. Para a diferença entre proporções utilizou-se o teste 2 de Pearson. A medida de associação entre HIV/AIDS e MMG (desfecho) foi a OR e seus intervalos de confiança a 95% por Regressão Logistica não condicional. Nas análises foi utilizado o pacote estatístico STATA versão 10.0. Resultados: A Razão de Resultado Materno Grave foi de 1,7/1.000 NV, Razão de NMM 0,4/1.000 NV, Razão near miss/morte materna de 28:100, Indice de Mortalidade de 78,3% e Razão de mortalidade materna de 133/100.000 NV. As principais causas de MMG foram as doenças hipertensivas (69,7%) seguidas das hemorrágicas (19,0%); entre as near miss materno foram as hemorrágicas (64,3%) e entre as mortes maternas foi a AIDS (50,0%). Foram fatores associados a um maior risco da gravidade o antecedente de aborto (OR=2,2; IC=1,4 -3,7); HIV positivo (OR=2,5; IC=1,9 – 3,3), puérpera (OR=2,7; IC=2,1 – 3,6), parto cesáreo (OR=14,9; IC=7,3 – 30,4) e tempo de trajeto entre casa e hospital superior a 30 minutos (OR=2,1; IC=1,4 – 3,2). A procura direta do hospital de referência atuou como fator protetor OR=0,6; IC=0,5 – 0,8. A associação entre a infeção por HIV e morbidade materna grave foi de OR=2,7 (IC=2,1 – 3,5). A Fração Atribuível Populacional ao HIV foi de 21,3% Conclusões: A morbidade materna grave é cerca de três vezes maior nas grávidas ou puérperas infectadas pelo vírus do HIV/AIDS do que nas não infectadas. A Razão de Resultado Materno Grave em Maputo é relativamente elevada, sendo as principais causas as doenças hemorrágicas e a infeção pelo HIV/AIDS. Os fatores associados estão relacionados sobretudo aos antecedentes reprodutivos das mulheres, orientando para uma maior atenção ao grupo de maior risco, pelo uso de normas e procedimentos padronizados. / Introduction: Severe Maternal Morbidity (SMM) is a clinical condition of women in their pregnancy and childbirth, composed of conditions ranging from severe to extreme severity, which are known when survive by maternal near miss (MNM); these cases are identified by signs of organ dysfunction subsequent to life-threatening conditions. Furthermore, surveys have shown evidence of the burden of the HIV / AIDS pandemic on the clinical condition of patients with other diseases. Objectives: To estimate the incidence of Severe Maternal Outcome Ratio (SMOR) and investigate factors associated with SMM in Maputo. Methods: case-control study conducted in Maputo, Mozambique, from March to November 2012. Eligible participants for the group of cases were resident women living with SMM, according to the WHO definition. Controls were patients admitted to the same hospitals during the same period, using the same criteria for selection of cases, with the exception of the clinical condition for these. To calculate the sample size we used the Epi Info program, considering a study power of 80%, an alpha = 0.05, confidence level = 0.95, compared case / control 1:2 and an expected odds ratio (OR) of 1.5. 485 cases and 970 controls were obtained. The exposure was the infection with HIV / AIDS; socio-demographic, clinical, healthcare and behaviour variables such as smoking e alcool utilization being used. The data for SMM and MNM were extrapolated to the period of twelve months by Simple Linear Regression with quadratic and cubic terms and calculated indicators. For the difference between proportions used the 2 test of Pearson. The measure of association between HIV / AIDS and SMM (outcome) was the OR and confidence intervals at 95% by unconditional Logistic Regression. For the analysis STATA version 10.0 was used. Results: SMOR was 1,7/1.000 LB, MNM Ratio 0,4/1.000 LB, maternal near miss/maternal death ratio of 28:100, mortality index of 78.3% and maternal mortality ratio of 133/100.000 LB. The main causes of SMM were hypertensive disorders (69,7%) followed by bleeding disorders (19.0%); among maternal near miss were bleeding (64.3%) and among maternal deaths were AIDS (50,0%). Factors associated with an increased risk of severity were history of abortion (OR = 2.2, CI = 1.4 - 3.7), HIV positive (OR = 2,5, CI = 1.9 to 3.3), pospartum period (OR = 2.7, CI = 2.1 to 3.6), caesarean delivery (OR = 14.9, CI = 7.3 to 30.4) and time between home and hospital exceeding 30 minutes (OR = 2.1, CI = 1.4 to 3.2) .The association between HIV infection and severe maternal morbidity was OR = 2.7 CI =( 2.1 to 3.5). The direct search of the reference hospital acted as a protective factor OR = 0.6; CI = 0.5 to 0.8. The Population Attributable Fraction of HIV was 21.3%. Conclusions: Severe maternal morbidity is about three times higher in pregnant or postpartum HIV / AIDS infected women than in uninfected. SMOR is high in Maputo and the main causes are bleeding disorders and infection by HIV / AIDS. Associated factors are mainly related to reproductive history of women, requiring greater attention to the high risk group, by the use of standards and standardized procedures.

Introduction: Preeclampsia (PE) is characterized by the occurrence of gestational hypertension and proteinuria. Cytokines as IL-1 can cause an exaggerated inflammatory process causing oxidative stress and endothelial damage. In PE, and considering the ethnic variation, these cytokines are encoded through their encoding gene: among them the IL1B gene. Objectives: In order to investigate the association of polymorphisms in the IL1B gene in women with preeclampsia and the influence of possible maternal, environmental and genetic risk factors, a case-control study was conducted in two reference maternity hospitals in the state of Sergipe. Methods: An interview was done and the DNA of 456 volunteers collected for analysis. The predominance of melanoderma and feoderma individuals is emphasized here: few studies with this population are found in the literature regarding IL1B and PE. The genetic analysis aimed the representation of the gene integrally and for this purpose four tagSNPs for IL1B gene were analyzed: rs1143643, rs1143633, rs1143634 and rs1143630. The analysis of the association between the haplotypes and p values were calculated using the THESIAS software. Chi square test, Fisher test, Odds Ratio, confidence interval and multivariate logistic regression were performed. Results: Factors such as rs1143630 polimorphisms, obesity, primiparity, cesarean delivery and low level of consciousness at the time of admission to the health service were related to PE. Suggestive evidence of association between "T" allele in rs1143630 and preeclamptic women was observed. Conclusions: Clinical factors and IL1B polimorphisms were associated with severe preeclampsia. In many aspects, avoid maternal deaths related with preeclampsia is one of the most important and urgent challenges of obstetrics today. / Introdução: Pré-eclâmpsia (PE) é uma doença caracterizada pela ocorrência de hipertensão e proteinúria na gestação. Algumas citocinas como a IL-1 podem causar um processo inflamatório exagerado, causando lesão endotelial e estresse oxidativo. Na PE, e considerando-se a variação étnica, citocinas são codificadas através de seu gene codificador, entre eles o gene IL1B. Objetivos: Com o objetivo de investigar a associação entre polimorfismos no gene IL1B em mulheres com PE e a influência de possíveis fatores de risco maternos e ambientais, realizou-se um estudo do tipo caso-controle em duas maternidades de referência no estado de Sergipe. Métodos: Uma entrevista foi realizada e o DNA de 456 voluntárias foi coletado para análise. Ressalta-se aqui a predominância de indivíduos melanodermas e feodermas: poucos estudos com esta população são encontrados na literatura utilizando essa população em particular relacionando o gene IL1B e PE. A análise genética objetivou a representação do gene integralmente e para tanto quatro tagSNPs do gene IL1B foram analisados, sendo eles: rs1143643, rs1143633, rs1143634 e rs1143630. A análise da associação entre os haplótipos e valores de P foram calculados usando o software THESIAS. Teste de qui-quadrado, Teste de Fisher, Odds Ratio, intervalo de confiança e regressão logística foram realizados. Resultados: Fatores como polimorfismos do rs1143630, obesidade, primiparidade, parto cesáreo e baixo nível de consciência no momento da admissão no serviço de saúde relacionaram-se à PE. Foi identificada evidência sugestiva da associação do alelo “T” no rs1143630 no grupo de mulheres com PE. Conclusão: Fatores clínicos e polimorfismos do gene IL1B estiveram associados à ocorrência de pré-eclâmpsia. Em muitos aspectos, combater morte materna causada por pré-eclâmpsia é um dos desafios mais importantes e urgentes da obstetrícia na atualidade.

Introduction: Preeclampsia (PE) is characterized by the occurrence of gestational hypertension and proteinuria. Cytokines as IL-1 can cause an exaggerated inflammatory process causing oxidative stress and endothelial damage. In PE, and considering the ethnic variation, these cytokines are encoded through their encoding gene: among them the IL1B gene. Objectives: In order to investigate the association of polymorphisms in the IL1B gene in women with preeclampsia and the influence of possible maternal, environmental and genetic risk factors, a case-control study was conducted in two reference maternity hospitals in the state of Sergipe. Methods: An interview was done and the DNA of 456 volunteers collected for analysis. The predominance of melanoderma and feoderma individuals is emphasized here: few studies with this population are found in the literature regarding IL1B and PE. The genetic analysis aimed the representation of the gene integrally and for this purpose four tagSNPs for IL1B gene were analyzed: rs1143643, rs1143633, rs1143634 and rs1143630. The analysis of the association between the haplotypes and p values were calculated using the THESIAS software. Chi square test, Fisher test, Odds Ratio, confidence interval and multivariate logistic regression were performed. Results: Factors such as rs1143630 polimorphisms, obesity, primiparity, cesarean delivery and low level of consciousness at the time of admission to the health service were related to PE. Suggestive evidence of association between "T" allele in rs1143630 and preeclamptic women was observed. Conclusions: Clinical factors and IL1B polimorphisms were associated with severe preeclampsia. In many aspects, avoid maternal deaths related with preeclampsia is one of the most important and urgent challenges of obstetrics today. / Introdução: Pré-eclâmpsia (PE) é uma doença caracterizada pela ocorrência de hipertensão e proteinúria na gestação. Algumas citocinas como a IL-1 podem causar um processo inflamatório exagerado, causando lesão endotelial e estresse oxidativo. Na PE, e considerando-se a variação étnica, citocinas são codificadas através de seu gene codificador, entre eles o gene IL1B. Objetivos: Com o objetivo de investigar a associação entre polimorfismos no gene IL1B em mulheres com PE e a influência de possíveis fatores de risco maternos e ambientais, realizou-se um estudo do tipo caso-controle em duas maternidades de referência no estado de Sergipe. Métodos: Uma entrevista foi realizada e o DNA de 456 voluntárias foi coletado para análise. Ressalta-se aqui a predominância de indivíduos melanodermas e feodermas: poucos estudos com esta população são encontrados na literatura utilizando essa população em particular relacionando o gene IL1B e PE. A análise genética objetivou a representação do gene integralmente e para tanto quatro tagSNPs do gene IL1B foram analisados, sendo eles: rs1143643, rs1143633, rs1143634 e rs1143630. A análise da associação entre os haplótipos e valores de P foram calculados usando o software THESIAS. Teste de qui-quadrado, Teste de Fisher, Odds Ratio, intervalo de confiança e regressão logística foram realizados. Resultados: Fatores como polimorfismos do rs1143630, obesidade, primiparidade, parto cesáreo e baixo nível de consciência no momento da admissão no serviço de saúde relacionaram-se à PE. Foi identificada evidência sugestiva da associação do alelo “T” no rs1143630 no grupo de mulheres com PE. Conclusão: Fatores clínicos e polimorfismos do gene IL1B estiveram associados à ocorrência de pré-eclâmpsia. Em muitos aspectos, combater morte materna causada por pré-eclâmpsia é um dos desafios mais importantes e urgentes da obstetrícia na atualidade.

Submitted by Ana Lúcia Torres (bfmhuap@gmail.com) on 2017-11-13T14:19:06Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Dissertacao Josy Pinho.pdf: 1226133 bytes, checksum: eb4114659ac7eea459d334e4f15bb04f (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Ana Lúcia Torres (bfmhuap@gmail.com) on 2017-11-13T14:19:16Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Dissertacao Josy Pinho.pdf: 1226133 bytes, checksum: eb4114659ac7eea459d334e4f15bb04f (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-11-13T14:19:16Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Dissertacao Josy Pinho.pdf: 1226133 bytes, checksum: eb4114659ac7eea459d334e4f15bb04f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017 / Viva Rio / Objetivo: Análise da morbidade materna grave (near miss materno), por meio de revisão sistemática de estudos no Brasil. Métodos: Foram examinados estudos que relataram dados quantitativos, causas e fatores associados à morbidade materna grave (near miss materno). A busca foi feita pelos sites MEDLINE e LILACS, sendo as palavras-chave: maternal near miss or severe maternal morbidity and Brazil. Foram extraídos dados utilizando-se um protocolo pré-definido (autor, ano, desenho do estudo, população estudada, cenário e contexto, análise estatística, critérios de near miss e resultados). A razão de near miss e os indicadores derivados foram descritos ou estimados, quando não relatados. Resultados: Identificamos 55 estudos, a maioria de desenho transversal (32). Predominaram estudos (40) de base hospitalar (local ou nacional); outros usaram sistemas de informação de saúde ou pesquisas nacionais de saúde. Diferentes definições e terminologias para “near miss” foram adotadas. A Razão de near miss materno variou de 2,4/ 1000 NV a 188,4/ 1000 NV, dependendo dos critérios e do cenário epidemiológico. O índice de mortalidade near miss materno variou entre 3,3% e 32,2%. Doenças hipertensivas e hemorrágicas foram as morbidades mais comuns. As causas indiretas vêm aumentando nos últimos anos. A ausência de cuidados pré-natais e outras demoras nos cuidados de saúde foram associados ao near miss, como também fatores sociodemográficos (cor da pele não branca, adolescência/ idade≥35 anos, baixo nível de escolaridade). Conclusão: O near miss materno no Brasil está associado a iniquidades e demoras na assistência à saúde. Existem grandes diferenças entre as regiões e de acordo com a classificação/ definição usada nos estudos. Os casos de near miss devem ser monitorados rotineiramente em unidades de saúde. Pesquisas futuras sobre casos de near miss materno devem usar os critérios da OMS e expandir o conceito de morbidade materna / Objective: Analysis of severe maternal morbidity (maternal near miss), through systematic review of studies in Brazil. Methods: We examined studies that reported quantitative data, causes, and associated factors on severe maternal morbidity (maternal near miss). The search was through MEDLINE and LILACS, and keywords were: maternal near miss or severe maternal morbidity and Brazil. We extracted data, using a pre-defined protocol (author, year, study design, population studied, setting and context, statistical analysis, criteria of near miss, and results). Near miss ratios, and near miss indicators were described or estimated, when not reported. Results: We identified 55 studies, mainly cross-sectional (32). Most of them (35) were health facility-based (local or national); others used health information systems or national health surveys. Different definitions and terminologies for maternal near miss were adopted. Near miss ratio ranged from 2,4/1000 LB to 188,4/1000 LB, depending on criteria and epidemiological scenario. Mortality index for maternal near miss ranged from 3.3%-32.2%. Hypertensive diseases and hemorrhage were the commonest morbidities. Indirect causes have been increasing in last years. Absence of prenatal care and other delays in health care were associated with near miss, as sociodemographic factors (skin color, adolescence and age > 35 years, low educational level). Conclusion: Maternal near miss in Brazil is associated with health iniquities and delays in health care. Large differences exist between regions and depending on the classification/setting of the studies. Near miss cases should be surveyed routinely in health facilities. Future research on maternal near misses should use WHO criteria and expand the concept of maternal morbidity