Parmi les différents critères qu'une fonction booléenne doit satisfaire en cryptographie, on s'intéresse à la non-linéarité. Pour une fonction booléenne donnée, cette notion mesure la distance de Hamming qui la sépare des fonctions de degré au plus 1. C'est un critère naturel pour évaluer la complexité d'une fonction cryptographique, celle-ci ne devant pas admettreune approximation qui soit simple, comme par une fonction de degré 1, ou plus généralement une fonction de bas degré. Ainsi, il est important de considérer plus généralement, la non-linéarité d'ordre supérieur, qui pour un ordre donné r, mesure la distance d'une fonction donnée à l'ensemble des fonctions de degré au plus r. Cette notion est également importante pour les fonctions vectorielles, i.e., celles à plusieurs sorties. Quand le nombre de variables est grand, presque toutes les fonctions ont une non-linéarité (d'ordre 1) voisine d'une certaine valeur, assez élevée. Dans un premier travail, on étend ce résultat à l'ordre 2. Cette méthode qui consiste à observer comment les boules de Hamming recouvrent l'hypercube des fonctions booléennes, nous conduit naturellement vers une borne de décodage théorique des codes de Reed-Muller d'ordre 1, coïncidant au même endroit où se concentre la non-linéarité de presque toutes les fonctions ; une approche nouvelle pour un résultat pas entièrement nouveau. On étudie aussi la non-linéarité des fonctions vectorielles. On montre avec une approche différente, que le comportement asymptotique est le même que celui des fonctions booléennes: une concentration de la non-linéarité autour d'une valeur assez élevée. / Among the different criteria that a Boolean function must satisfy in symmetric cryptography, we focus on the nonlinearity of these. This notion measures the Hamming distance between a given function and the set of functions with degree at most 1. It is a natural criterion to evaluate the complexity of a cryptographic function that must not have a simple approximation as by a function of degree 1, or more generally, a function of low degree. Hence, it is important to consider the higher order nonlinearity, which for a given order r, measures the distance between a given function and the set of all functions of degree at most r. This notion is equally important for multi-output Boolean functions. When the number of variables is large enough, almost all Boolean functions have nonlinearities lying in a small neighbourhood of a certain high value. We prove that this fact holds when considering the second-order nonlinearity. Our method which consists in observing how the Hamming balls pack the hypercube of Boolean functions led quite naturally to a theoretical decoding bound for the first-order Reed-Muller code, coinciding with the concentration point of the nonlinearity of almost all functions. This was a new approach for a result which is not entirely new. We also studied the nonlinearity of multi-output functions. We proved with a different approach, that the asymptotic behaviour of multi-output functions is the same as the single-output ones: a concentration of the nonlinearity around a certain large value.

Dans ce travail, nous nous intéressons à la modélisation stochastique continue et à l'identification des propriétés élastiques dans la zone d'interphase présente au voisinage des hétérogénéités dans un nano composite prototypique, composé d'une matrice polymère modèle renforcée par une nano inclusion de silice. Des simulations par dynamique moléculaire (DM) sont tout d'abord conduites afin d'extraire certaines caractéristiques de conformation des chaînes proches de la surface de l'inclusion, ainsi que pour estimer, par des essais mécaniques virtuels, des réalisations du tenseur apparent associé au domaine de simulation. Sur la base des résultats obtenus, un modèle informationnel de champ aléatoire est proposé afin de modéliser les fluctuations spatiales du tenseur des rigidités dans l'interphase. Les paramètres du modèle probabiliste sont alors identifiés par la résolution séquentielle de deux problèmes d'optimisation inverses (l'un déterministe et associé au modèle moyen, l'autre stochastique et lié aux paramètres de dispersion et de corrélation spatiale) impliquant une procédure d'homogénéisation numérique. On montre en particulier que la longueur de corrélation dans la direction radiale est du même ordre de grandeur que l'épaisseur de l'interphase, indiquant ainsi la non-séparation des échelles. Enfin, la prise en compte, par un modèle de matrices aléatoires, du bruit intrinsèque généré par les simulations de DM (dans la procédure de calibration) est discutée / This work is concerned with the stochastic modeling and identification of the elastic properties in the so-called interphase region surrounding the inclusions in nanoreinforced composites. For the sake of illustration, a prototypical nanocomposite made up with a model polymer matrix filled by a silica nanoinclusion is considered. Molecular Dynamics (MD) simulations are first performed in order to get a physical insight about the local conformation of the polymer chains in the vicinity of the inclusion surface. In addition, a virtual mechanical testing procedure is proposed so as to estimate realizations of the apparent stiffness tensor associated with the MD simulation box. An information-theoretic probabilistic representation is then proposed as a surrogate model for mimicking the spatial fluctuations of the elasticity field within the interphase. The hyper parameters defining the aforementioned model are subsequently calibrated by solving, in a sequential manner, two inverse problems involving a computational homogenization scheme. The first problem, related to the mean model, is formulated in a deterministic framework, whereas the second one involves a statistical metric allowing the dispersion parameter and the spatial correlation lengths to be estimated. It is shown in particular that the spatial correlation length in the radial direction is roughly equal to the interphase thickness, hence showing that the scales under consideration are not well separated. The calibration results are finally refined by taking into account, by means of a random matrix model, the MD finite-sampling noise

Made available in DSpace on 2016-01-26T18:56:31Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Amarildo Francisquini Junior.pdf: 564110 bytes, checksum: befabef04744e9660b9302be2bdafb12 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-03-04 / The objective was to evaluate the effect of splitting N coverage on productivity and physiological quality of seeds of tropical forage cultivars grown for seed production . In the first experiment was used for fodder Panicum maximum cv . Mombasa and led at the Farm Canelão Ranchi (SP). Experiment II the forage used was Urochloa humidicola cv. Llanero, and was conducted on the farm Paradise Resort , St. Anastasius (SP ). The experimental design was adopted in a randomized complete block design with four replications. The treatments consisted of five methods for managing 150 kg ha- 1 of N in forage grass 0-0 (control); 150-0 ; 0-150 ; 100-50 and 50-100 kg ha- 1 of N. We evaluated purity analysis , germination, seed viability tetrazolium , dry matter production and leaf analysis . The data were submitted to ANOVA and mean values compared by Tukey test at 5 % using the statistical program SISVAR . In the first experiment , the macronutrient content , treatments 150-0 , and 100-50 0-150 kg ha- 1 of N different ( p < 0.05 ) the control ( 0-0 kg ha -1 N). The purity results , viability and germination showed no difference ( p> 0.05). We observed the increased productivity (p < 0.05) in treatment 0-150 ; 100-50 and 50-100 kg ha -1 N , compared to the control treatment (0-0 kg ha -1 N). For dry matter of shoots , treatment 150-0 kg ha -1 N obtained a production increase (p < 0.05 ) compared to control (0-0 kg ha -1 N). For the reason productivity by dry matter for the experiment I was no significant difference for the treatment ( 0-150 kg ha -1 N ) compared to control (0-0 kg ha -1 N ) , however this did not differ from other treatments 150-0 ; 100-50 and 50-100 kg ha -1 N, for the second trial there was no significant correlation between productivity by dry matter. In this context, it can be concluded that the nitrogen fertilization installment of the forage grown for the purpose of seed production, should be performed with even greater in pre- boot stage for cv. Mombasa, as for cv. Llanero fertilization should preferably be positioned at the initial stage of the vegetative growth of plants. / O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar a interferência do fracionamento da adubação nitrogenada de cobertura, sobre a produtividade e qualidade fisiológica de sementes em cultivares de forrageiras tropicais. No Experimento I foi utilizado a forrageira Panicum maximum cv. Mombaça e conduzido na Fazenda Canelão Rancharia (SP). O Experimento II a forrageira utilizada foi Urochloa humidicola cv. Llanero, e foi conduzido na fazenda Estância Paraíso, Santo Anastácio (SP). Adotou-se o delineamento experimental em blocos completos casualizados, com quatro repetições. Os tratamentos foram constituídos por cinco formas de manejo da dose de 150 kg ha-1 de N na gramínea forrageira 0-0 (testemunha); 150-0; 0-150; 100-50 e 50-100 kg ha-1 de N. Os parâmetros avaliados foram análise de pureza, germinação, viabilidade das sementes em tetrazólio, produção de matéria seca e diagnose foliar. Os dados foram submetidos à Análise de Variância e os valores médios comparados através do teste Tukey a 5%, utilizando-se o programa estatístico SISVAR. No experimento I, os teores de macronutrientes, os tratamentos 150-0, 0-150 e 100-50 kg ha-1 de N diferiram (p<0,05) da testemunha (0-0 kg ha-1 de N). Os resultados de pureza, viabilidade e germinação não apresentaram diferença (p>0,05). Observou-se a maior produtividade (p<0,05) nos tratamentos 0-150; 100-50 e 50-100 kg ha-1 de N, em relação ao tratamento testemunha (0-0 kg ha-1 de N). Para matéria seca da parte aérea, o tratamento 150-0 kg ha-1 de N obteve um aumento de produção (p<0,05) em relação à testemunha (0-0 kg ha-1 de N). Neste contexto, pode se concluir que o parcelamento de adubação nitrogenada na forrageira cultivada com o propósito de produção de sementes, deve ser realizado com maiores proporções na fase de pré-emborrachamento para cv. Mombaça, já para cv. Llanero adubação deve ser posicionada preferencialmente na fase inicial do crescimento vegetativo das plantas.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-07-18T17:51:13Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Amarildo Francisquini Junior.pdf: 564110 bytes, checksum: befabef04744e9660b9302be2bdafb12 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-03-04 / The objective was to evaluate the effect of splitting N coverage on productivity and physiological quality of seeds of tropical forage cultivars grown for seed production . In the first experiment was used for fodder Panicum maximum cv . Mombasa and led at the Farm Canelão Ranchi (SP). Experiment II the forage used was Urochloa humidicola cv. Llanero, and was conducted on the farm Paradise Resort , St. Anastasius (SP ). The experimental design was adopted in a randomized complete block design with four replications. The treatments consisted of five methods for managing 150 kg ha- 1 of N in forage grass 0-0 (control); 150-0 ; 0-150 ; 100-50 and 50-100 kg ha- 1 of N. We evaluated purity analysis , germination, seed viability tetrazolium , dry matter production and leaf analysis . The data were submitted to ANOVA and mean values compared by Tukey test at 5 % using the statistical program SISVAR . In the first experiment , the macronutrient content , treatments 150-0 , and 100-50 0-150 kg ha- 1 of N different ( p < 0.05 ) the control ( 0-0 kg ha -1 N). The purity results , viability and germination showed no difference ( p> 0.05). We observed the increased productivity (p < 0.05) in treatment 0-150 ; 100-50 and 50-100 kg ha -1 N , compared to the control treatment (0-0 kg ha -1 N). For dry matter of shoots , treatment 150-0 kg ha -1 N obtained a production increase (p < 0.05 ) compared to control (0-0 kg ha -1 N). For the reason productivity by dry matter for the experiment I was no significant difference for the treatment ( 0-150 kg ha -1 N ) compared to control (0-0 kg ha -1 N ) , however this did not differ from other treatments 150-0 ; 100-50 and 50-100 kg ha -1 N, for the second trial there was no significant correlation between productivity by dry matter. In this context, it can be concluded that the nitrogen fertilization installment of the forage grown for the purpose of seed production, should be performed with even greater in pre- boot stage for cv. Mombasa, as for cv. Llanero fertilization should preferably be positioned at the initial stage of the vegetative growth of plants. / O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar a interferência do fracionamento da adubação nitrogenada de cobertura, sobre a produtividade e qualidade fisiológica de sementes em cultivares de forrageiras tropicais. No Experimento I foi utilizado a forrageira Panicum maximum cv. Mombaça e conduzido na Fazenda Canelão Rancharia (SP). O Experimento II a forrageira utilizada foi Urochloa humidicola cv. Llanero, e foi conduzido na fazenda Estância Paraíso, Santo Anastácio (SP). Adotou-se o delineamento experimental em blocos completos casualizados, com quatro repetições. Os tratamentos foram constituídos por cinco formas de manejo da dose de 150 kg ha-1 de N na gramínea forrageira 0-0 (testemunha); 150-0; 0-150; 100-50 e 50-100 kg ha-1 de N. Os parâmetros avaliados foram análise de pureza, germinação, viabilidade das sementes em tetrazólio, produção de matéria seca e diagnose foliar. Os dados foram submetidos à Análise de Variância e os valores médios comparados através do teste Tukey a 5%, utilizando-se o programa estatístico SISVAR. No experimento I, os teores de macronutrientes, os tratamentos 150-0, 0-150 e 100-50 kg ha-1 de N diferiram (p<0,05) da testemunha (0-0 kg ha-1 de N). Os resultados de pureza, viabilidade e germinação não apresentaram diferença (p>0,05). Observou-se a maior produtividade (p<0,05) nos tratamentos 0-150; 100-50 e 50-100 kg ha-1 de N, em relação ao tratamento testemunha (0-0 kg ha-1 de N). Para matéria seca da parte aérea, o tratamento 150-0 kg ha-1 de N obteve um aumento de produção (p<0,05) em relação à testemunha (0-0 kg ha-1 de N). Neste contexto, pode se concluir que o parcelamento de adubação nitrogenada na forrageira cultivada com o propósito de produção de sementes, deve ser realizado com maiores proporções na fase de pré-emborrachamento para cv. Mombaça, já para cv. Llanero adubação deve ser posicionada preferencialmente na fase inicial do crescimento vegetativo das plantas.

La propulsion des véhicules électriques hybrides parallèles est généralement assurée par un moteur à combustion interne combiné à une machine électrique réversible. Les flux de puissance entre ces deux organes de traction sont déterminés par un algorithme de supervision, qui vise à réduire la consommation de carburant et éventuellement les émissions de certains polluants. Dans la littérature, la théorie de la commande optimale est maintenant reconnue comme étant un cadre puissant pour l’élaboration de lois de commande pour la gestion énergétique des véhicules full-hybrides. Ces stratégies, dénommée « Stratégies de Minimisation de la Consommation Equivalente » (ECMS) sont basée sur le principe du Maximum de Pontryagin. Pour démontrer l’optimalité de l’ECMS, on doit supposer que les limites du système de stockage ne sont pas atteintes durant le cycle de conduite. Il n’est plus possible de faire cette hypothèse lorsque l’on considère les véhicules micro et mild hybrides étudiés dans cette thèse car la variable d’état atteint généralement plusieurs fois les bornes. Des outils mathématiques adaptés à l’étude des problèmes de commande avec contraintes sur l’état sont présentés et appliqués à deux problèmes en lien avec la gestion énergétique. Le premier problème consiste à déterminer le profil optimal de la tension aux bornes d’un pack d’ultra-capacités. Le second problème se concentre sur un système électrique intégrant deux stockeurs. L’accent est mis sur l’étude des conditions d’optimalités valables lorsque les contraintes sur l’état sont actives. Les conséquences de ces conditions pour la commande en ligne sont mises en avant et exploitées afin de concevoir une commande en temps réel. Les performances sont évaluées à l’aide d’un prototype. Une comparaison avec une approche de type ECMS plus classique est également présentée. / Parallel hybrid electric vehicles are generally propelled by an internal combustion engine, which is combined to a reversible electric machine. The power flows between these two traction devices are determined by a supervisory control algorithm, which aims at reducing the fuel consumption and possibly some polluting emissions. In the literature, optimal control theory is now recognized as a powerful framework for the synthesis of energy management strategies for full hybrid vehicles. These strategies are referred to as “Equivalent Consumption Minimization Strategies” (ECMS) and are based on the Pontryagin Maximum Principle. To demonstrate the optimality of ECMS, it must be assumed that the storage system limits are not reached during the drive cycle. This hypothesis cannot be made anymore when considering the micro and mild hybrid vehicles studied in this thesis because the state variable generally reaches several times the boundaries. Some mathematical tools suitable for the study of state constrained optimal control problems are introduced and applied to two energy management problems. The first problem consists in determining the optimal profile of the voltage across a pack of ultra-capacitors. The second problem focuses on a dual storage system. The stress is put on the study of the optimality conditions holding in case of active state constraints. Some consequences of these conditions for the online control are pointed out are exploited for the design of a real-time controller. Its performances are assessed using a demonstrator vehicle. A comparison with a classical ECMS-based approach is also provided.

This thesis explores the practical application of Physical Layer Security (PLS) inMultiple-Input Multiple-Output (MIMO) systems, particularly focusing on ShortPacket Communication (SPC). The aim is to enhance the security of wireless com-munications against eavesdropping threats. By employing advanced techniques suchas Maximum Ratio Transmission (MRT) and Maximum Ratio Combining (MRC),along with Beamforming, the study demonstrates how these methods can signifi-cantly strengthen the signal integrity in MIMO systems.In developing a comprehensive system model that integrates PLS into MIMO,the research provides a dual approach of evaluation. Rigorous theoretical analy-sis coupled with MATLAB simulations are utilized to validate the effectiveness ofthe proposed model. These methods not only underscore the feasibility of PLSin real-world applications but also highlight the potential improvements in wirelesscommunication security, offering a valuable contribution to the field.

The Maximum Likelihood Degree (ML degree) of a statistical model is the number of complex critical points of the likelihood function. In this thesis we study this on Colored Gaussian Graphical Models, classifying the ML degree of colored graphs of order up to three. We do this by calculating the rational function degree of the gradient of the log- likelihood. Moreover we find that coloring a graph can lower the ML degree. Finally we calculate solutions to the homaloidal partial differential equation developed by Améndola et al. The code developed for these calculations can be used on graphs of higher orders. / Maximum likelihood-graden (ML-graden) för en statistisk modell är antalet komplexa kritiska punkter för likelihoodfunktionen. I denna avhandling studerar vi detta på färgade Gaussiska grafiska modeller och klassificerar ML-graden för färgade grafer av ordning upp till tre. Detta görs genom att beräkna den rationella funktionsgraden för gradienten av logaritmen av likelihoodfunktionen. Dessutom finner vi att ML-graden av en graf kan minskas genom att färgläggas. Slutligen beräknar vi lösningar till den homaloidala partiella differentialekvationen utvecklad av Améndola et al. Den kod som utvecklats för dessa beräkningar kan användas på grafer av högre ordning.

There are rural residents of Central Appalachia that collect their drinking water from roadside springs despite having access to in-home piped point-of-use (POU) water. Residents have cited perceptions about water availability/quality as primary motivators for collecting drinking water from roadside springs. Water from roadside springs has been found to contain total coliform and E. coli, suggesting that consumers may be at an increased risk of contracting gastrointestinal illnesses. This research effort seeks to better understand roadside spring usage in Central Appalachia, by exploring motivations influencing potable water source selection and comparing household and spring water quality to Safe Drinking Water Act recommendations. Households were recruited from communities surrounding springs in three states (Kentucky, Virginia, and West Virginia). 24 tap water samples were collected from participating households and paired with samples from six roadside springs. Samples were analyzed for fecal indicator bacteria and inorganic ions. Study participants also completed short surveys to inventory their perceptions of their household drinking water. The majority of participants did not trust their home tap water, indicating water aesthetics as primary motivators for distrust of their homer water source. Statistical comparisons indicated that 10 water quality constituents (Cd, F, NO3-, Cu, Pb, Ag, Mn, Zn, Na, and Sr) were significantly higher in tap water samples and four constituents (total coliform, U, Al, and SO2-4) were significantly higher in spring samples. These results suggest that residents might be exposed to different risks based on their drinking water source and that water quality solutions must be devised case-by-case. / Master of Science / Some rural residents of Central Appalachia collect their drinking water from roadside springs, despite having access to piped drinking water at their homes. Water collected from roadside springs can contain harmful bacteria, suggesting that people may risk exposure to illness when consuming spring water. Through a household water quality study, this research effort aims to compare roadside spring and in-home tap water quality in order to determine what contaminants are present at each source, and why residents are choosing spring water over tap water. Households were recruited from communities surrounding roadside springs in three states (Kentucky, Virginia, and West Virginia). A total of 24 tap water samples were collected from participating households, and compared with samples from six nearby roadside springs. Samples were analyzed for bacteria, metals, and nutrients. Study participants were also asked to complete short surveys to better understand their perceptions of their drinking water sources. The majority of participants did not trust their home tap water, citing aesthetic concerns as the primary reason behind their distrust. When comparing roadside spring and home samples, 10 contaminants (Cd, F, NO3-, Cu, Pb, Ag, Mn, Zn, Na, and Sr) had greater concentrations in home tap water samples and four (total coliform, U, Al, and SO2- 4) had greater concentrations in spring samples. While home water samples had higher levels of metals, roadside spring samples had higher levels of bacteria, suggesting that residents might be exposed to different risks based on water source and that water quality solutions must be developed case-by-case.

LOPES, Marcos Neves. Trocas gasosas e morfofisiologia em capim-massai sob pastejo e adubado com nitrogênio. 2012. 118 f . : Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal do Ceará, Centro de Ciências Agrárias, Departamento de Zootecnia, Fortaleza-CE, 2012 / Submitted by Nádja Goes (nmoraissoares@gmail.com) on 2016-08-05T13:24:36Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2012_dis_mnelopes.pdf: 1790717 bytes, checksum: e9b44956a50e16fb297f5ebb123ee326 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Nádja Goes (nmoraissoares@gmail.com) on 2016-08-05T13:24:56Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2012_dis_mnelopes.pdf: 1790717 bytes, checksum: e9b44956a50e16fb297f5ebb123ee326 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-05T13:24:56Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2012_dis_mnelopes.pdf: 1790717 bytes, checksum: e9b44956a50e16fb297f5ebb123ee326 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012 / Objetivou-se avaliar as trocas gasosas, o fluxo de biomassa, a estrutura e os componentes da biomassa no pré e pós-pastejo e a dinâmica de perfilhamento em capim-massai submetido a crescentes doses de nitrogênio (controle - sem nitrogênio; 400; 800 e 1200 kg•ha-1•ano-1) e sob lotação rotativa com ovinos, num delineamento inteiramente casualizado com medidas repetidas no tempo. A dose de nitrogênio para cada tratamento foi dividida em duas parcelas, sendo a primeira metade aplicada logo após a saída dos animais do piquete e a segunda metade aplicada na metade do período de descanso, de acordo com cada dose avaliada. O período de descanso adotado foi de aproximadamente 1,5 novas folhas por perfilho, conforme determinação em pré-ensaio quando do início da instalação do experimento, propiciando um intervalo de 22; 18; 16 e 13 dias para as doses de nitrogênio de 0,0 – controle; 400; 800 e 1200 kg•ha-1•ano-1, respectivamente. A técnica de “mob-grazing” foi usada para a realização dos pastejos, empregando-se grupos de animais para desfolhações rápidas (duração de 7 a 11 horas). À medida que os animais pastejavam, a altura do pasto foi monitorada com auxílio de uma régua, até que o dossel atingisse a altura residual preconizada de aproximadamente 15 cm, correspondendo ao IAF residual de saída dos animais do piquete de aproximadamente 1,5. As variáveis: condutância estomática, taxa de fotossíntese foliar, concentração interna de CO2, relação fotossíntese/transpiração, índice relativo de clorofila e índice de suficiência de nitrogênio responderam de forma linear crescente ao incremento nas doses de nitrogênio. Verificou-se aumento de 92,3% na taxa de fotossíntese para a dose de nitrogênio de 1200 kg•ha-1•ano-1 em relação à ausência de nitrogênio. A temperatura da folha e a relação fotossíntese/condutância foram reduzidas com o aumento nas doses de nitrogênio. A adubação nitrogenada proporcionou resposta quadrática com ponto de máxima sobre a taxa de transpiração foliar e produção de biomassa de forragem total. A taxa de alongamento foliar respondeu crescentemente às doses de nitrogênio (N) e o ciclo de pastejo 4 revelou valor inferior em relação aos três primeiros. A taxa de alongamento das hastes respondeu de forma linear crescente com as doses de N, porém não foi influenciada pelos ciclos de pastejo. As taxas de senescência foliar anterior e posterior não foram influenciadas pela adubação nitrogenada, nem tampouco foram alteradas com os ciclos sucessivos de pastejo. A taxa de aparecimento foliar e o filocrono foram influenciados somente pela adubação nitrogenada, revelando resposta linear crescente e decrescente, respectivamente, com as doses de N. Constatou-se resposta quadrática com ponto de máximo para o comprimento médio das folhas com a elevação nas doses de N e o ciclo de pastejo 4 apresentou menor valor para a referida variável. Para cada quilograma de N•ha-1•ano-1, observou-se incrementos de 0,161 e 0,1604 kg•ha-1•dia-1 na taxa de produção de forragem e de acúmulo de forragem, respectivamente. Constatou-se resposta quadrática para as variáveis: biomassa de forragem verde, de lâmina foliar verde, de colmo verde, densidade total de forragem, altura do dossel e relação material vivo/material morto, alcançando valores máximos (5172,9; 4146,3; 1033,9 kg•ha-1•ciclo-1; 179,1 kg•ha-1•cm-1; 36,8 cm; 4,0; respectivamente) nas doses de N de 896; 933,9; 797; 879,2; 751,4 e 1161 kg•ha-1•ano-1, respectivamente. Para tais variáveis, verificou-se oscilação entre os ciclos de pastejo estudados. Elevação nas doses de nitrogênio proporcionou resposta crescente sobre as variáveis: densidade populacional de perfilhos residual, biomassa de forragem total residual, de forragem verde residual, de forragem morta residual, densidade total de forragem residual e densidade de forragem verde residual. Verficou-se resposta quadrática para a biomassa de colmo verde residual e densidade de colmo verde residual, alcançando valores máximos (1.014,4 kg•ha-1•ciclo-1 e 67,9 kg•ha-1•cm-1, respectivamente) nas doses de nitrogênio de 881 e 872,1 kg •ha-1•ano-1, respectivamente. Observou-se resposta quadrática para a relação lâmina foliar/colmo residual e índice de qualidade da biomassa residual, alcançando valores mínimos (0,75; 23%, respectivamente) nas doses de nitrogênio de 707,6 e 679,3 kg•ha-1•ano-1, respectivamente. Os ciclos de pastejo exerceram alterações sobre a maioria das variáveis analisadas no pós-pastejo, exceto para a biomassa de forragem verde residual, relação material vivo/material morto residual e densidade de forragem verde residual. As taxas de aparecimento, sobrevivência e mortalidade de perfilhos, biomassa do perfilho e relação perfilhos vegetativos/perfilhos mortos responderam crescentemente às doses de nitrogênio, com as duas primeiras taxas e a biomassa do perfilho variando entre os períodos de avaliação. Constatou-se resposta quadrática para a taxa de florescimento de perfilhos, densidade populacional de perfilhos vegetativos e densidade populacional de perfilhos reprodutivos, alcançando valores máximos (0,051 perf•100 perf-1•dia-1; 4818 e 35 perf•m-2, respectivamente) nas doses de nitrogênio de 613,5; 993,5 e 623,9 kg•ha-1•ano-1, respectivamente. Para a taxa de florescimento e densidade populacional de perfilhos reprodutivos, verificou-se oscilação entre os períodos de avaliação. A adubação nitrogenada proporciona respostas positivas sobre as trocas gasosas e morfofisiologia do capim-massai, podendo-se utilizar uma dose de nitrogênio de até 934 kg•ha-1•ano-1. Os ciclos de pastejo modificam as características morfofisiológicas da referida forrageira em pequena magnitude, quando se adota um manejo rigoroso do pastejo. / To evaluate the gas exchange, the biomass flow, the biomass components before and after grazing and the tillering dynamics in massai grass under increasing nitrogen fertilization levels (control - without nitrogen fertilizer; 400; 800 and 1200 kg•ha-1•year-1) under rotational stocking with sheeps in a completely randomized design with measurements repeated in time, this research was carried out. The level of nitrogen for each treatment was divided into two parcels, the first half applied immediately after the animals leave the paddock and the second half applied in rest period half, according to each level assessed. The rest period was set at approximately 1.5 new leaf blades per tiller, as determined in pre-testing when the starting of the experiment, providing a period of 22, 18, 16 and 13 days for the nitrogen levels of 0.0 - control, 400, 800 and 1200 kg•ha-1•year-1, respectively. The technique of "mob-grazing" was used for the realization of grazing, using groups of animals for rapid defoliation (duration from 7 to 11 hours). With the animals grazing, the sward height was monitored with a ruler until they reach the recommended residual canopy height of approximately 15 cm, corresponding to the residual LAI of approximately 1.5. The variables: stomatal conductance, leaf photosynthesis rate, leaf carbon dioxide concentration, photosynthesis/transpiration ratio, chlorophyll relative index and nitrogen sufficiency index revealed positive linear response to the nitrogen fertilization. The nitrogen level 1200 kg•ha- 1 •year-1 presented increment of 92.3% on leaf photosynthesis rate in relation to the control. The leaf temperature and photosynthesis / conductance ratio were reduced with increasing of N levels. The leaf transpiration and total herbage biomass revealed quadratic response with maximum point with increasing of levels N. The leaf elongation rate was increased with the nitrogen levels and the grazing cycle 4 showed lower value in relation to the others. The culm elongation rate was increased with N levels, however it was not influenced by the grazing cycles. The leaf senescence rates before and after grazing were not influenced by nitrogen and were not altered by the grazing cycles. The leaf appearance rate and phylochron showed increasing and decreasing linear response, respectively, with N levels. The leaf average length revealed quadratic response with maximum point with N levels and grazing cycle 4 showed the lowest value for that variable. For each kg N•ha-1•year-1 was observed increments of 0.161 and 0.1604 kg•ha-1•day-1 for the herbage production and herbage accumulation rates, respectively. There was quadratic response for green forage biomass, green leaf biomass, green culm biomass, forage total density, canopy height and alive/senescent material ratio reaching maximum values (5172.9, 4146.3, 1033.9 kg•ha-1•cycle-1; 179.1 kg•ha-1•cm-1, 36.8 cm, 4.0, respectively) for nitrogen levels of 896; 933.9; 797; 879.2; 751.4 and 1161 kg•ha-1•year-1, respectively. For such variables was observed differences between the grazing cycles studied. The N levels provided increment to the variables: residual tiller population density, residual total herbage biomass, residual green herbage biomass, senescent herbage biomass, residual total herbage density and residual green herbage density. It was observed quadratic response for residual green stem herbage biomass and residual green stem density, reaching maximum values (1,014.4 kg•ha-1•cycle-1 and 67.9 kg•ha-1•cm-1, respectively) for the N levels of 881 and 872.1 kg•ha-1•year-1, respectively. It was observed quadratic response for the leaf/culm residual ratio and residual biomass quality index, reaching minimum values (0.75; 23%, respectively) for the nitrogen fertilization levels of 707.6 and 679.3 kg•ha-1•year-1, respectively. The grazing cycles influenced the most variables analysed after grazing, except for the residual green herbage biomass, the residual alive/senescent relation and the residual green herbage density. The tiller appearance rate, survival rate and mortality rate, tiller biomass and vegetative tillers/senescent tillers relation was increased with the nitrogen fertilization levels, with the first two rates and tiller biomass ranging between the evaluation periods. There was quadratic response for tillers flowering rate, vegetative tillers population density and reproductive tillers population density reaching maximum values (0.051 tillers•100 tillers-1•day-1; 4818 and 35 tillers•m-2, respectively) for nitrogen fertilization levels of 613.5; 993.5 and 623.9 kg•ha-1•year-1, respectively. For the flowering rate and reproductive tillers population density was observed zifferences between the evaluation periods. The nitrogen fertilization promotes positive responses on gas exchange and morphophysiology of massai grass, recomending aplication of this nutrient up to 934 kg•ha-1•year-1. The grazing cycles promote little changes in the morphophysiological traits of massai grass, when a rigorous grazing management is adopted.

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