This report investigates how the construction and query time of multiple spatial partitioning data structures is impacted by spatial distribution of and number of agents in a crowd simulation. In addition a method is investigated for updating the data structures less frequently at the cost of increasing the radius queried, without affecting the correctness of the queries. The data structures are tested in a simulation using a Boids model and update and query times are measured. It is found that the performance of the grid is better than the quad tree and the kd- tree for low number of agents, but deteriorates more quickly when the number of agents increase. It is also found that this approach can decrease the sum of time spent updating and the time spent querying in the simulation. The effectiveness of this method is highly dependent on the update of the data structure. / Denna rapport undersöker hur konstruktion och grannsökning av flera datastrukturer för spatial partitionering påverkas av spatial fördelning av simuleringens agenter och antal agenter i simuleringen. Dessutom undersöks en metod för att uppdatera datastrukturerna mindre ofta, på bekostnad av att utöka grannsökningens radie, utan att påverka grannsökningens korrekthet. Datastrukturerna testas i en simulering baserad på Boids och uppdaterings- och frågetider för datastrukturerna mäts. Det visar sig att prestandan av grid är bättre än prestandan av quad tree och kd- tree för ett litet antal agenter, men att prestandan för grid försämras snabbare när antalet agenter ökar. Dessutom visar sig denna metod kunna ge en minskning i den totala tiden som går åt till att göra grannsökningar och uppdateringar av datastrukturen. Hur effektiv denna metod är beror i hög grad på hur lång uppdateringstiden är för den använda datastrukturen.

Inledning: Bandy är en vinterlagsport som innehåller både fysiska och tekniska krav. Till författarnas kännedom finns begränsat med vetenskaplig forskning om bandyspelares fysiska krav under match. Syfte: Syftet med denna studie var att beskriva manliga elitbandyspelares rörelseprofiler utifrån total distans, maximal hastighet, medelhastighet, speltid, hastighetszoner och acceleration under matchsituation mellan olika spelarpositioner. Metod: Datainsamlingen utfördes med tio hertz GPS-enheter på ett elitserielag i bandy från mellersta Sverige under säsongen 2014/15. Sex till åtta manliga elitbandyspelare studerades under elva matchtillfällen. Data analyserades både deskriptivt och genom envägs variansanalys (ANOVA) för att se signifikanta skillnader mellan spelarpositioner. Resultat: Mätningarna visade att spelarpositionen halv uppnådde den längsta totala distansen. Anfall hade den högsta medelhastigheten och utförde flest antal accelerationer per spelad minut. Spelarpositionen libero, back och halv hade den högsta speltiden och det var signifikanta skillnader till mittfält och anfall. Libero och back hade i de två långsammaste hastighetszonerna högst procent av total distans och utförde flest antal aktioner. Halv, mittfält och anfall hade i de två snabbaste hastighetszonerna högst procent av total distans och utförde flest antal aktioner. Slutsats: Detta indikerade att halv, mittfält och anfall hade likande resultat och hade de största fysiska kraven under match jämfört mot libero och back. / Introduction: Bandy is a team winter sport that contains both physical and technical demands. To the authors knowledge there is a limited scientific research on bandy player’s physical demands during the matches. The Aim: The aim of this study was to describe the male elite bandy players movement profiles based on total distance, maximum velocity, mean velocity, game time, velocity zones and acceleration during the match between different playing positions. Method: Data was collected with ten hertz GPS-units in an elite league team in bandy from middle of Sweden during the season 2014/15. Six to eight male elite bandy players were examined during eleven matches. Data were analyzed both descriptive and with one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) to see significant differences between playing positions. Results: The measurements showed that the playing position half preformed the longest total distance. Forward preformed the highest mean velocity and performed the most number of accelerations per played minute. The playing positions libero, back and half had the highest game time and had significant differences to midfield and forward. Libero and back had the highest percent of the total distance, and performed the highest number of efforts in the two slowest velocity zones. Half, midfield and forward had the highest percent of the total distance and performed the highest number of efforts in the two fastest velocity zones. Conclusion: This indicated that half, midfield and forward had similar results and had the highest physical demands during the game compared to libero and back.

Aim  The purposes of this study were to investigate if the load-velocity (L-V) profile parameters – force capacity and efficiency - differ between swimmers of different performance level, and to investigate if efficiency is the key performance indicator between international elite and national elite level swimmers.  Method  Fifty-four swimmers (27 female and 27 male) of either regional level, national elite or international elite level, participated in this study. The swimmers performed three 25 m semi- tethered maximum effort swims with ascending loads (1 kg, 5% and 10% of body mass). Mean velocity during three stroke cycles mid-effort was calculated and plotted as a function of the external added load. A linear regression was established, expressing the relationship between load and velocity, with the intercepts between the axes and the regression line being defined as the theoretical maximum velocity (V0) and load (force capacity, L0). The slope of the regression line (slopeLV) serves as an index of efficiency. Results A statistically significant difference was found between the three performance levels for all L- V profile variables for front crawl: V0 (F [2, 51] = 7.76, p<0.001), L0 (F [2, 51] = 5.18, p=0.009), and slopeLV (F [2, 51] = 3.36, p=0.043). A paired t-test revealed no difference in slopeLV between matched international elite and national elite level swimmers (t [9] = 1.42, p=0.188), but a near significant difference in L0 (t [9] = 2.11, p=0.064) . Both slopeLV and L0 for front crawl had a strong correlation with personal best in 100 m front crawl (PB100). Conclusion Efficiency was not found to be the key performance indicator between matched international elite and national elite swimmers in this study, and neither was force capacity. Nevertheless, a significant difference in all front crawl L-V profile parameters was found between performance level groups, but post hoc analyses indicated no difference between adjacent performance levels neither in L0 nor slopeLV. There was however a strong correlation between both slopeLV, and L0, to the swimmers’ PB100. All these findings imply that efficiency and force capacity seem to be of equal importance for high performance, but swimmers use different strategies to reach the high swim velocity. / Longitudinal development of performance determining factors in swimming (NIH)