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The energy metabolism of most tumor cells relies on aerobic glycolysis (Warburg effect) characterized by an increased glycolytic flux that is accompanied by the increased formation of the cytotoxic metabolite methylglyoxal (MGO). Consequently, the rate of detoxification of this reactive glycolytic byproduct needs to be increased in order to prevent deleterious effects to the cells. This is brought about by an increased expression of glyoxalase 1 (GLO1) that is the rate-limiting enzyme of the MGO-detoxifying glyoxalase system. Here, we overexpressed GLO1 in HEK 293 cells and silenced it in MCF-7 cells using shRNA. Tumor-related properties of wild type and transformed cells were compared and key glycolytic enzyme activities assessed. Furthermore, the cells were subjected to hypoxic conditions to analyze the impact on cell proliferation and enzyme activities. Our results demonstrate that knockdown of GLO1 in the cancer cells significantly reduced tumor-associated properties such as migration and proliferation, whereas no functional alterations where found by overexpression of GLO1 in HEK 293 cells. In contrast, hypoxia caused inhibition of cell growth of all cells except of those overexpressing GLO1. Altogether, we conclude that GLO1 on one hand is crucial to maintaining tumor characteristics of malignant cells, and, on the other hand, supports malignant transformation of cells in a hypoxic environment when overexpressed.

Chemotherapy is one of the common treatments in cancer therapy. The effectiveness of chemotherapy is limited by several factors one of which is the emergence of multidrug resistance (MDR). MDR is caused by the activity of diverse ATP binding cassette (ABC) transporters that pump drugs out of the cells. There are several drugs which have been used in treatment of cancer. One of them is doxorubicin that intercalates and inhibits DNA replication. However, doxorubicin has been found to cause development of MDR in tumors. It has been reported that there is a correlation between multidrug resistance and invasiveness of cancer cells. Vimentin is a type III intermediate filament protein that is expressed frequently in epithelial carcinomas correlating with invasiveness and also poor prognosis of cancer. There are several studies that have shown the connection between expression level of vimentin and invasiveness. In this study, MCF-7 cell line (MCF-7/S), which is a model cell line for human mammary carcinoma, and doxorubicin resistant MCF-7 cell line (MCF-7/Dox) were used. The resistant cell line was previously obtained by stepwise selection in our laboratory. The main purpose of this study was to investigate changes of metastatic behaviour in MCF-7/Dox cell line, after transient silencing of vimentin gene by siRNA. In conclusion, down-regulation of vimentin gene expression in MCF-7/Dox cell lines was expected to change the characteristics in migration and invasiveness shown by migration and invasion assays.

ABSTRACT MICROARRAY APPLICATIONS FOR DETERMINATION OF THE EFFECTS OF EMODIN ON BREAST CANCER CELL LINES Ekenel Qomi, Emilia M.S., Department of Biotechnology Supervisor: Prof. Dr. Mesude Iscan Co-Supervisor: Assoc. Prof. Dr. Nursen &Ccedil / oruh February 2012, 191 pages Cancer is a genetic disease that is characterized by uncontrolled cells growth. Breast cancer is a type of cancer originating from breast tissue. Some breast cancers are sensitive to hormones such as estrogen which makes it possible to treat them by blocking the effects of these hormones in the target tissues. These require less aggressive treatment than hormone negative cancers. Breast cancers without hormone receptors, are higher-risk, and are treated more aggressively. The aim of our study is to investigate the effect of emodin on MCF-7 which is ER (estrogen receptor) positive, and MDA-MB-231 (ER negative) cancerous cell lines. Emodin which is a phytoestrogen component, extracted from rheum (genus) plant, has been reported to suppress the growth of tumor in some clinical situation, and it&rsquo / s found that emodin induced apoptosis through the decrease of Bcl-2/Bax ratio and the increase of cytoplasm cytochrome c concentration in human breast cancer Bcap-37 cells. Comparing the effect of emodin between ER positive and ER negative cells at the molecular level was investigated by Microarray analysis of gene expressions using Affymetrix Human Genome U133 plus 2.0 Array. The microarray data analysis was performed by using BRB-Array Tools, v.4.2.0. GST and its classes / Alpha, Mu, Pi, Theta, Sigma, Omega, Zeta and Kappa is our interested genes because of its role in regulating susceptibility to cancer, by their ability to metabolize reactive electrophilic intermediates to usually less reactive and more water soluble glutathione conjugates. And also its have a role in detoxifying the damage caused by oxidative stress which is a result of the radiotherapy. v The differentially expressed genes from emodin treated and untreated control breast cancer cell lines were compared after normalization and filtering and annotated, it was shown that the top 10 highly (significantly) varied genes belong to the biological processes such as (namely) cell cycle, cell division, cell proliferation, mitosis and meiosis, this insure the relation of emodin to the cell growth processes in the cancerous cells. The analysis of the change on the cell growth confirmed the anti-tumor effect of emodin. About the effect of emodin treatment on MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 cancerous cell lines separately / Both cells its significant genes was belong to cell growth biological processes, in MCF-7 cells in-addition other biological processes was shown, for example / stimulus to estradoil response, and the metabolism of xenobiotic by cytochrome p450, so CYP1A1 gene code for a protein which is used in emodin metabolism. The varied gene number was nearly 4400 gene from the scatter plot result in MCF-7 cells while in MDA-MB-231 cells it was nearly 3400 gene, these result insured the effect of emodin as a phytoestrogenic component as MCF-7 cells are ER positive cells, so emodin bind to the ER in MCF-7 cells and affected more gene number than MDA-MB-231. More number of GST enzyme classes changed in MCF-7 cells than MDA-MB-231, and the effect of emodin as anti-cancer showed different change of GST genes between MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231. The results confirmed by network analysis done, to find the most related genes to our top 10 regulated gene list, and these genes were analyzed / most of them where in our gene list, and their regulation after emodin treatment analyzed and the result was supported to emodin as anti-tumor and phytoestrogenic component.

Thesis (MSc (Radiography))--Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2018 / Background: Breast cancer is one of the most commonly diagnosed among woman in South Africa, and a more resilient effort should be focused on treatment improvements. Worldwide, proton therapy is increasingly used as a radiation treatment alternative to photon therapy for breast cancer, mostly to decrease the risk for radiation-induced cardiovascular toxicity. This in vitro study aims to determine a better understanding of the radiosensitivity of both tumour and normal breast cell lines to clinical proton irradiation. In addition, we propose to investigate whether the increase in linear energy transfer (LET) towards the distal part of the proton beam results in an increase in relative biological effectiveness (RBE) for both cell lines. Methods: Malignant (MCF-7) and non-malignant (MCF-10A) breast cells were irradiated at different water equivalent depths in a 200 MeV proton beam at NRF iThemba LABS using a custom-made Perspex phantom: the entrance plateau, 3 points on the Bragg peak, the D80% and the D40%. A cytokinesis-block Micronucleus (CBMN) assay was performed and Micronuclei (MNi) were manually counted in binucleated cells (BNCs) using fluorescent microscopy. Reference dosimetry was carried out with a Markus chamber and irradiations were performed with a clinical proton beam generated at NRF iThemba LABS that was degraded to a R50 (half-value depths) range of 120 mm, with a field size of 10 cm x 10 cm and a 50 mm SOBP. The phantom could be adjusted to accommodate different perspex plates depending on the depth required within the proton beam. Cells were then exposed to 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, 3.0 and 4.0 Gy doses for each cell line independently and for each dose point. Results and Discussion: For the CBMN results, a program was developed on Matlab platform to calculate the 95% confidence ellipse on the co-variance parameters α and β. These values were determined by fitting the linear quadratic dose response curve to the average number of radiation induced MNi per 1000 BN cells. The ellipse region around a coordinate (the average MN frequency) for both MCF-7 and MCF-10A cells at the plateau region was defined by the mean estimate of the α-value and the β-value that were plotted on the X-axis and Y-axis respectively. The ratio of the two parameters, α/β, is a measure of the impact of fractionation to determine the biological effective dose. In fractionated proton therapy, the MCF10A cells will repair less between two fractions compared to the MCF7 cells. This is not an indication of therapeutic gain from a fractioned treatment protocol. For this reason, the hypofractionated stereotactic treatment protocols that can be applied with protons could be to the befit of the breast cancer patient. The above argument is based only on the radiosensitivity of the two cell lines exposed in the plateau region. Further analysis of the 95% confidence ellipse of both cell lines also showed a clear increase of the alpha value toward the distal portion of the beam and indicates an increase in energy transfer in this region. The gradual increase in α and β parameters with depth for protons for both cells is of clinical importance, since it implicates a non-homogeneous dose within the targeted area and an unwanted high dose behind the targeted area. Distal energy modulation could be investigated especially with larger breast tumours. RBE was calculated as the ratio of the dose at the different positions to the dose at the entrance plateau position (reference) to obtain an equal level of biological effect. A statistically significant difference in radiosensitivity could be observed between malignant and non-malignant cells at all positions (p<0.05). The variation in RBE was between 0.99 to 1.99 and 0.92 to 1.6 for the MCF-7 and MCF10A cell respectively. Conclusions: There is a variation in RBE along the depth-dose profile of a clinical proton beam. In addition, there is difference in radiosensitivity between the cancerous cells and the normal breast cells. While this study highlights a variation in sensitivity between cells it could be used by the modelling community to further develop biologically motivated treatment planning for proton therapy.

The energy metabolism of most tumor cells relies on aerobic glycolysis (Warburg effect) characterized by an increased glycolytic flux that is accompanied by the increased formation of the cytotoxic metabolite methylglyoxal (MGO). Consequently, the rate of detoxification of this reactive glycolytic byproduct needs to be increased in order to prevent deleterious effects to the cells. This is brought about by an increased expression of glyoxalase 1 (GLO1) that is the rate-limiting enzyme of the MGO-detoxifying glyoxalase system. Here, we overexpressed GLO1 in HEK 293 cells and silenced it in MCF-7 cells using shRNA. Tumor-related properties of wild type and transformed cells were compared and key glycolytic enzyme activities assessed. Furthermore, the cells were subjected to hypoxic conditions to analyze the impact on cell proliferation and enzyme activities. Our results demonstrate that knockdown of GLO1 in the cancer cells significantly reduced tumor-associated properties such as migration and proliferation, whereas no functional alterations where found by overexpression of GLO1 in HEK 293 cells. In contrast, hypoxia caused inhibition of cell growth of all cells except of those overexpressing GLO1. Altogether, we conclude that GLO1 on one hand is crucial to maintaining tumor characteristics of malignant cells, and, on the other hand, supports malignant transformation of cells in a hypoxic environment when overexpressed.

Vitamin A metabolites and retinoids may slow the progression of breast cancer and elicit anti-neoplastic properties similar to those of omega-3 fatty acids. Studies using animal models show a decrease in the incidence, growth and metastisis of mammary tumors in the presence of specific fatty acids. This effect is also seen with use of retinoids, specifically all-trans retinoic acid (AtRA). Thus, fatty acids may also alter retinoid homeostasis in mammary carcinoma cells (MCF-7s). The potential for inter/co dependency among fatty acids and retinoids is considerable, and here it has been hypothesized that a decrease in cancer progression will occur in the presence of both compounds. MCF-7’s were seeded in a 48 well plate at 5,000 cells per well. After 24 hr, cells were treated with either 1 µM AtRA alone, fatty acids alone, or AtRA + fatty acids. Fatty acid treatments (Linoleic, and Linolenic) were administered at 2.5 uM concentrations. Each fatty acid treatment was also combined with 1 µM AtRA to determine if there is a synergistic effect on slowing cell growth. Both culture media and treatments were changed at 24 hour intervals over a 3 day trial. When compared to the controls, cells treated with 1 µM AtRA or 2.5 µM Linolenic acid both inhibited cell growth. Interestingly, when combined with Linolenic acid, AtRA treatment resulted in a significant (nearly 50%) additional growth inhibition when compared to treatment with AtRA alone. Our results suggest that AtRA and Linolenic acid have a inter/co dependency that significantly inhibits breast cancer cell growth in vitro by 73.4 % compared to control, and 49.7% compared to AtRA alone over 72 hours. We conclude that AtRA and linolenic acid have a combined effect in breast cancer cell proliferation in-vitro and their role in dietary prevention warrants further investigation.

Ionized calcium (Ca2+), acting as an intracellular messenger, controls numerous biological processes that are essential for life. However, it is also able to convey signals that result in cell death. The fidelity of Ca2+ as a universal second messenger therefore depends on mechanisms that specifically and dynamically regulate its levels within a cell, as well as maintain resting intracellular Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]i) very low. One such mechanism for Ca2+ signaling and homeostasis is the plasma membrane Ca2+-ATPase (PMCA), which is a primary active Ca2+ transporter that translocates Ca2+ from a low intracellular Ca2+ environment to a high extracellular environment. There are four mammalian PMCA isoforms (PMCA1-4), which are differentially expressed depending on tissue or cell type. PMCA isoforms possess different sensitivities to biochemical regulation of Ca2+ efflux activity and are also able to subtly alter the dynamics of Ca2+ signals. These properties suggest that the PMCA is not merely a trivial mechanism for Ca2+ extrusion but is influential in contributing to the Ca2+ signaling requirements and unique physiology of different cells. The indispensable nature of Ca2+ signaling in organs such as the brain, heart and skeletal muscle has been the studied extensively but little is known about the roles and regulation of Ca2+ in the mammary gland. This is despite the fact that the mammary gland is a site of extensive Ca2+ flux during lactation. However, cumulating evidence indicates that upregulation of PMCA2 expression in the mammary gland is a major mechanism for milk Ca2+ enrichment. Therefore, the PMCA is likely to be an important mediator of bulk Ca2+ homeostasis in the mammary gland. Studies in other model systems also suggest that PMCAs may regulate other cellular processes such as cell proliferation, differentiation and apoptosis that are required for normal mammary gland physiology. These basic cellular processes are also disturbed in breast cancer and hence deregulation of PMCA expression in the mammary gland may have pathophysiological consequences. Previous studies show that PMCA1 expression is greater in tumorigenic MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 human breast cancer cells compared to non-tumorigenic MCF-10A human breast epithelial cells. Furthermore, the expression of PMCA1b and PMCA4b is lower in human skin and lung fibroblasts neoplastically transformed by simian virus 40, compared to non-transformed counterparts. It is therefore hypothesized that regulation of PMCA isoform expression is disrupted in breast cancer and that inhibition of PMCA expression in an in vitro model of breast cancer has important effects in modulating intracellular Ca2+ homeostasis, cell proliferation, differentiation and apoptosis. This thesis describes the use of real time RT-PCR to compare PMCA isoform mRNA expression in tumorigenic and non-tumorigenic mammary gland epithelial cells. It demonstrates that particular breast cancer cell lines overexpress PMCA2, an isoform with restricted tissue distribution and which is present in abundant amounts in the lactating rat mammary gland. Thus, some breast cancers may be characterized by the overexpression of Ca2+ transporters that are normally upregulated during the physiological course of lactation. The pathophysiological significance of PMCA2 overexpression in breast cancer is uncertain and future investigations should look at whether levels of PMCA isoform expression correlate with malignancy, prognosis or survival. To address the second hypothesis of this thesis, a stable MCF-7 Tet-off human breast cancer cell line able to conditionally express PMCA antisense was generated. This strategy was necessary due to the current lack of specific pharmacological inhibitors of the PMCA. This thesis shows that PMCA antisense expression significantly inhibits PMCA protein expression, while subtly affecting PMCA-mediated Ca2+ efflux without causing cell death. However, it also reveals that inhibition of PMCA expression has major effects in mediating cell proliferation and cell cycle progression. Moderate changes in PMCA expression and PMCA-mediated Ca2+ transport result in dramatic consequences in MCF-7 cell proliferation. These studies not only support the supposition that modulation of Ca2+ signaling is a viable therapeutic approach for breast cancer but also suggest that PMCAs are possible drug targets. Alternatively, inhibitors of the PMCA may act as adjuvants to augment the efficacy of other anti-neoplastic agents like tamoxifen that have been shown to modulate Ca2+ signaling. Since the discovery of a new family of primary active Ca2+ transporters, which are related to PMCAs, the opportunities in this field of research are very promising.

Απο τις απαρχές της μελέτης του PAR1, είχε βρεθεί οτι βρίσκεται σε στενή συνάφεια με τον καρκίνο, με ποικιλία πειραμάτων που έγιναν σε καρκινικές σειρές και σε διάφορα πειραματικά μοντέλα ζώων. Οι σκοποί της παρούσας εργασίας μπορούν να συνοψιστούν ως εξης: Η διερεύνηση της έκφρασης του υποδοχέα 1 της θρομβίνης (PAR1) σε καρκινικές σειρές προερχόμενες από ανθρώπινους όγκους και συγκεκριμένα: Στις σειρές από καρκίνο του προστάτη PC3 και LNCaP και στις σειρές από καρκίνο του μαστού MDA-231 και MCF-7. Η διερεύνηση της λειτουργικότητας του παραπάνω υποδοχέα στις προαναφερθείσες σειρές και το αποτέλεσμα της αναστολής του υποδοχέα στην επιβίωση και στον πολλαπλασιασμό των μελετώμενων κυττάρων. Η διερεύνηση της ενεργοποίησης της ΜΑΡ κινάσης μέσω του PAR1. Και τελικά, η διερεύνηση της έκφρασης του PAR-1 σε ασθενείς που χειρουργήθηκαν για καρκίνο του πνεύμονα στην Παν/μιακη Καρδιοθωρακοχειρουργική κλινική της Πάτρας, απο τον Καθηγητή Κο Δ. Δουγένη και την ομάδα του. Ο ανταγωνιστής του PAR-1, SCH 79797, προκάλεσε μείωση του κυτταρικού πολλαπλασιασμού των προαναφερθέντων καρκινικών σειρών, όπως μελετήθηκε με τη μέθοδο ΜΤΤ και την ενσωμάτωση ραδιενεργού θυμιδίνης. Αυτή η μη ειδική ανταπόκριση όλων των μελετώμενων σειρών στον SCH, αποδόθηκε κατόπιν στο γεγονός ότι αυτοί οι ανταγωνιστές δεν ήταν απολύτως εκλεκτικοί για τον PAR-1 όπως πιστευόταν, όταν σχεδιάστηκαν. Ο συγκεκριμένος ανταγωνιστής επιλέχθηκε μεταξύ των λίγων, της μοναδικής κατηγορίας που υπήρχε, όταν ξεκίνησαν τα πειράματα. Η θρομβίνη υπερδιπλασίασε τον πολλαπλασιασμό της σειράς PC3 και δεν είχε κανένα αποτέλεσμα στον πολλαπλασιασμό της σειράς MDA-231. Το τελευταίο συμφωνεί και με προηγούμενη έρευνα όπου καταδείχθηκε ότι η θρομβίνη δεν επηρεάζει τον πολλαπλασιασμό, αλλά μειώνει τη μεταστατικότητα της σειράς MDA-231 (Kamath et al., 2001). Η αύξηση του πολλαπλασιασμού των καρκινικών κυττάρων του προστάτη PC3, από τη θρομβίνη γίνεται μέσω ενεργοποίησης του υποδοχέα της PAR-1, και μέσω ενεργοποίησης της ΜΑΡ κινάσης, όπως φάνηκε από τα πειράματα στα οποία χρησιμοποιήθηκε ο ειδικός αγωνιστής του PAR1, το εξαπεπτίδιο SFLLRN. Από κάποια πρώτα ενδεικτικά πειράματα φαίνεται ότι η ενεργοποίηση της ΜΑΡΚ λαμβάνει χώρα μέσω διενεργοποίησης του EGFR, κάτι που έχει αποδειχθεί για άλλους GPCRs. Η έκφραση του PAR1 όπως μελετήθηκε με RT-PCR, σε δείγματα ασθενών που χειρουργήθηκαν για κακοήθεις όγκους στους πνεύμονες, ανιχνεύθηκε σε όλα τα δείγματα καρκινικού ιστού. Η υψηλότερη έκφραση του PAR1 ανιχνεύθηκε στον ασθενή με μελάνωμα και στον ασθενή του υψηλότερου σταδίου. Φυσικά ο αριθμός των ασθενών που μελετήθηκαν δεν αρκεί για εξαγωγή συμπερασμάτων, αλλά τα παραπάνω αποτελέσματα συμφωνούν με τα γνωστά ως σήμερα ευρήματα για τον PAR1. Παραμένει να διευκρινιστεί η σημασία της αυξημένης έκφρασης του PAR1 σε ασθενείς με κακοήθεις όγκους στους πνεύμονες, αφού πρώτα επιβεβαιωθεί αυτή η αυξημένη έκφραση σε μεγαλύτερο αριθμό ασθενών. / From the onset of studies of PAR1, it has been concluded that this receptor is closely related to cancer. This relationship has been established after various experiments in cancer cell lines and in experimental animal models. The purposes of the present study can be summarized as follows: To explore the expression of PAR1 in cell lines established from human solid tumors and specifically PC3 and LNCaP from prostate cancer and MDA-231 and MCF-7 from breast cancer. To explore the suppression of PAR1 to the above cell lines in cell division. To determine if the activation of PAR1 to the above cell lines leads to MAPK phosphorylation. And ultimatilly, to explore the expression of PAR1 in patients that have been operated for tumor in lungs in Patras University Hospitall by Dr. D. Dougenis and colleagues. It was found that PAR1 is strongly expressed in highly metastatic cell lines PC3 and MDA-231, opposite to the cells LNCaP and MCF-7 that have lower metastatic capacity. The finding for the breast cancer cells MDA-231 and MCF-7 was according to published results (Kamath et al., 2001). PAR1 selective antagonist SCH 79797, reduced cell survival and DNA synthesis to all the above mentioned cell lines, independently of PAR1 expression. These non-specific results contributed to the recent fact that these antagonists were not PAR1 selective finally. Thrombin caused more than 100% induction of DNA synthesis in PC3 cells and had no effect in MDA-231 cells in accordance with published results that thrombin reduces the metastatic capacity of MDA-231 cells (Kamath et al., 2001). This effect of thrombin in PC3 cells, is mediated by activation of PAR1 as it was shown with the use of the selective agonist peptide SFLLRN. The activation of PAR1 by thrombin in PC3 cells leads to MAPK activation as it was shown by Western analysis. Furthrmore, preliminary experiments indicate that MAPK phosphorylation after PAR1 activation may be result of EGFR transactivation. In the sample tissues from patients, PAR1 expression was detected in all cancers with different ODs. The number of the samples is not enough to lead to conclusions, but there are some important observations. The highest level of PAR1 expression as was detected by RT-PCR were found to the sample tissues of the patient diagnosed for melanoma and of the patient with the most advanced stage of lung cancer. More patients shoulde be examined and more experiments to be done in order to proceed to conclusions for the significance of PAR1 in lung cancer.

Magister Scientiae (Medical Bioscience) - MSc(MBS) / Purpose: Breast cancer is one of the most frequent and fatal diseases women all around the globe are challenged with today. In women, breast cancer has the highest mortality rate of all cancers and the incidence rate is on the increase. It is estimated that by the year 2025, 19.3 million women will become a victim of this grave health problem. This disease is a result of the formation of malignant tumours caused by genetic alterations that are involved in the proliferation of cells, cellular differentiation and the disturbance in homeostasis which subsequently leads to the abnormal multiplication and growth of cells. Breast cancer is considered a multifactorial disease with various risk factors such as age, radiation exposure, hormone therapy, oral contraceptives, dietary factors, environmental exposure and genetic predispositions. Breast cancers can be subdivided and classified based on their cellular surface receptors such as Estrogen Receptors, Progesterone Receptors and Human Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor 2. Of the various subtypes, the triple-negative breast cancer subtype which is negative for all 3 surface receptors and presents as the most aggressive form of breast cancer with a poor prognosis. Between 10-20% of all breast cancer cases are classified as triple-negative breast cancer. Due to the hormonal status of triple-negative breast cancer, treatment options are limited and thus of great concern. Chemotherapy remains the most common treatment modality, but prognosis is poor with relapse within years ultimately leading to poor survival outcome. Due to this lack of effective treatment plans, an alternative treatment with minimal side effects and better survival remains an imperative area to explore. A wide scope of literature highlights red palm oil and its health benefits, with its growth inhibitory potential drawing great attention. Red palm oil, extracted from the Elaeis guineensis palm tree is red in colour due to the abundance of carotenoids, tocotrienols and tocopherols found in the oil. Various compounds make up the oil such as lycopene, carotenes, vitamin E and coenzyme Q10. Most studies have researched the effects of vitamin E extracted from the oil as a contributor to its growth inhibitory activity. This study focuses on the effects of the commercial red palm oil as a whole with all its compounds on the proliferation of breast cancer cells as well as the effect it has on various genes associated with breast cancer. Method: This study investigated the effect of red palm oil concentrations (1, 10, 100, 500 and 1000 μg/ml) on breast cancer cells—MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 with comparison to a non-cancerous cell line—MCF-12A for 24-, 48- and 72-hour treatment periods. The parameter investigated was cell proliferation through the CCK-8 cell proliferation assay and the morphology following red palm oil treatment was observed and captured. Additionally, this study also investigated the effect of red palm oil on the expression of Human Mammaglobin (hMAM) and Maspin genes through the PCR assay and results visualised through agarose gel electrophoresis. Data was statistically analysed using GraphPad version 6.0 software. Results: Following treatment of red palm oil, no apparent changes in the cell morphology was observed despite using variable treatment concentrations over variable times for MCF-7, MDA-MB-231 and MCF-12A cells relative to their respective controls. Immortalised MCF-12A cells showed a significant increase in proliferation with the varying treatment concentrations, but more prominently with the highest concentration at 24, 48 and 72 hours. MCF-7 cells showed significant decreases at 24 and 72 hours. Decreased proliferation was observed at all dosages used, particularly at 10, 100, and 500 μg/ml. Furthermore, MDA-MB-231 cells demonstrated a gradual increase in cell proliferation for the 3 selected time periods in the varying concentrations. Additionally, red palm oil did not alter the gene expression of Maspin at any of the varying treatments for MDA-MB-231 nor MCF-7 cells. However, changes in hMAM gene expression were observed at treatment concentration of 100 μg/ml in MDA-MB-231 cells that were incubated for 24 and 48 hours. However, the hMAM expression was not affected in treated MCF-7 cells. Conclusion: Red palm oil, as an alternative dietary oil, seems to have potential growth inhibitory properties as demonstrated by the change in the cell proliferation of the MCF-7 cells. Literature show that various individual compounds extracted from red palm oil have anti-proliferative and inhibitory effects on breast cancer cells making them good candidates for therapy. However, this study concludes that red palm oil as a whole component would not be a suitable therapeutic agent for highly aggressive triple-negative breast cancer.