The tension between fashion and sustainability has been recognized, as it has been argued whether fashion can be sustainable. This is due to the several ethical dilemmas the fashion industry is facing, including not only environmental but also social problems. These issues have gained an increasing amount of consumers' attention during the last years. Even if these problems are recognized, consumers are still having an attitude-behaviour gap towards sustainable consumption, where positive attitude does not reflect on actions. Therefore, this study takes a deeper look into the consumption behaviour of sustainable fashion consumers and aims to clarify, what motivates to purchase sustainable fashion products. With the help of a means-end theory, this exploratory research aims to understand consumers' values behind their purchasing behaviour. The empirical data was collected using an existing sustainable fashion company's customer base in the Netherlands, as their customers have already shown interest towards sustainable fashion. This study is based on nineteen qualitative in-depth laddering interviews, lasting around 25 minutes. The data resulted in several means-end chains that presented which attributes, consequences and values motivate and influence on consumers' purchasing of sustainable fashion. After collecting the data, content analysis was conducted and as a result emerged four dominant motivational themes that motivate consumers to buy sustainable fashion products: self-expression, protect the future, contribution as well as help, care and responsibility. These motivational themes show what consumers value when they make sustainable fashion purchases. In the end, the results of this research are contributing to the holistic understanding of sustainable fashion consumption as well as give insights to the under-researched topic of motivations to purchase sustainable fashion. / <p></p><p></p>

Submitted by John Roggan (john.roggan@gmail.com) on 2015-04-10T11:49:45Z No. of bitstreams: 1 John Roggan_Master Thesis_EAESP_2015_Final.pdf: 4583536 bytes, checksum: f553cfd6f640f6182b0ad58632019295 (MD5) / Rejected by Luana Rodrigues (luana.rodrigues@fgv.br), reason: Dear John, Please make the following changes in your thesis: 1) Remove the markers with numbers and letters in the top of the first pages. The counting of pages starts on the first page, however the page numbers should be viewed only from the introduction. 2) There are only 3 field of knowledge of MPGI registered in CAPES (The Government Department responsible for the rules of Masters Programs) and they are: Economia e Finanças Internacionais, Internacionalização de Empresas e Gestão e Competitividade em Empresas Globais. In your case the knowledge field is Gestão e Competitividade em Empresas Globais. Therefore I advise you to put the area recorded in CAPES. After you modify this itens, please submit it again. Best, Luana de Assis Rodrigues Cursos de Pós-Graduação – Post Graduate Program (55 11) 3799-3492 SRA - Secretaria de Registros Acadêmicos on 2015-04-10T15:01:37Z (GMT) / Submitted by John Roggan (john.roggan@gmail.com) on 2015-04-10T15:46:23Z No. of bitstreams: 1 John Roggan_Master Thesis_EAESP_2015_Final.pdf: 4639073 bytes, checksum: ae23669af44d70a83215638ca2806d99 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luana Rodrigues (luana.rodrigues@fgv.br) on 2015-04-13T12:22:04Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 John Roggan_Master Thesis_EAESP_2015_Final.pdf: 4639073 bytes, checksum: ae23669af44d70a83215638ca2806d99 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-04-13T12:22:33Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 John Roggan_Master Thesis_EAESP_2015_Final.pdf: 4639073 bytes, checksum: ae23669af44d70a83215638ca2806d99 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-03-10 / Equity crowdfunding, so financing a project or venture through many small investments of a large group of investors, has received growing attention from the media and scholars. The discussion is about whether crowdfunding could generally transform the way people collect funding for their projects or ventures. Whereas research has so far focused on exploring, why crowdinvestors are motivated to fund ventures, this study focuses on what motivates entrepreneurs to crowdfund. To do so, the study researched the motivation of 11 entrepreneurs to use German equity crowdfunding platforms. Because existing research on the motivation of entrepreneurs stayed largely superficial, this study uses a research approach novel in the field of venture financing, the means-end approach. With this approach the entrepreneurs’ reasoning to use equity crowdfunding was explored holistically, uncovering the entire thought processes leading to the decision to crowdfund. One of the findings is that entrepreneurs use equity crowdfunding to successfully collect funds from rather emotionally investing crowdinvestors to finance their ventures’ future growth and to signal investment viability to follow-up investors. Furthermore, entrepreneurs expect crowdinvestors to be engaged in and help the venture with marketing and feedback. Crowdfunding also allows entrepreneurs to keep decision-making power over the venture better than by using traditional sources of funding. The findings indicate that crowdfunding attracts entrepreneurs who could not secure funding from other sources of capital as well as entrepreneurs who see the additional benefits it can provide over other sources. / Equity crowdfunding, ou financiamento de um projeto ou empreendimento através de diversos pequenos investimentos ou um grande grupo de investidores, tem recebido uma crescente atenção da mídia e acadêmicos. A discussão questiona se crowdfunding pode de uma forma geral transformar a maneira como as pessoas captam capital para os seus negócios. Enquanto que pesquisas tem até então focado em explorar porque crowdinvestors têm motivação em financiar empreitadas, este estudo foca em revelar o que motiva empreendedores a procurar soluções de crowdfund. Para isso, o estudo investigou a motivação de 11 empreendedores que usaram plataformas alemãs de crowdfunding. Como estudos existentes sobre a motivação de empreendedores são na sua grande maioria superficiais, este estudo utiliza uma nova abordagem de pesquisa na área de financiamento de projetos, a abordagem de means-end. Sob essa abordagem a forma de pensar dos empreendedores em relação ao uso de equity crowdfunding foi estudada de forma holística, revelando todo o processo de raciocínio até a decisão final de optar por uma estratégia de crowdfunding. Uma das descobertas é que empreendedores usam equity crowdfunding para arrecadar fundos de crowdinvestors consideravelmente não-racionais (emocionais) para financiar o crescimento futuro de seus negócios e também sinalizar viabilidade de investimento para futuros investidores. Além disso, empreendedores esperam que crowdinvestors sejam engajados e ajudem tanto a promover o negócio como a dar feedback. Crowdfunding também possibilita que empreendedores mantenham o poder de decisão sobre a empresa mais facilmente se comparado a outras fontes tradicionais de financiamento. As descobertas indicam que crowdfunding atrai empreendedores que não conseguiriam arrecadar investimentos a partir de outras fontes de capital assim como empreendedores que entendem os benefícios adicionais que esta oferece em relação à outras fontes.

我國早期發展之都市地區，隨時間經歷，無可避免地產生各種都市問題，因而有實施都市更新之必要。於現行法制下，除由政府主辦都市更新外，私人亦得自行實施都市更新，且一般認為政府應幫助私人進行都市更新，原因在於若無政府公權力介入，強迫相關權利人參與，將導致更新時程嚴重拖延，都市更新條例25條之1即明定得由實施者申請徵收少數不願參與都市更新者之土地或合法建築物。然而，政府公權力介入之程度與時機為何，亦應審慎考量。 由私人興辦都市更新事業，或許除了「私益」外，亦產生「公共利益」，惟此「公共利益」是否大至足以剝奪私人所有權之「私益」，則有待商榷。因而，政府有無權力為了辦理都市更新，以強制手段要求私人參與，甚至徵收不願參與更新者之財產，不無疑問。申言之，主要之問題在於都市更新是否具備足夠之公共利益，而具有剝奪私有財產之正當性；亦即運用徵收方式為辦理都市更新之私人實施者取得其無法以協議方式取得同意之土地，手段(徵收)是否適當，且目的(都市更新)有足以剝奪私人土地之正當性，有釐清及解決之必要。為探討此問題，本文由實施都市更新歷史悠久之美國加以取材，欲透過美國相關法制之研究，找出國內值得學習與借鏡之處。 本文第二章主要針對我國與美國關於都市更新及土地徵收法制之相關法制加以探討，並歸納我國與美國採徵收手段辦理都市更新時之相關規定。 研究發現我國與美國除更新、徵收程序之差異外，對於得以發動徵收之要件，我國係以「公共利益」稱之，美國則以「公共使用」加以規範，而判斷得否發動徵收之機構，於我國為內政部土地徵收審議委員會，美國則係由司法機關進行判斷。是故，第三章接著介紹美國採徵收手段之都市更新相關裁判概況與主要爭議問題點，並於第二至六節分別探討採徵收手段之都市更新相關判決之主要案例，最後於第七節將二至六節各判決案例中美國法院對於公共使用之判斷標準加以綜合分析。 第四章則對於我國以徵收方式實施都市更新之規範加以檢討，接著以第三章美國相關判決對公共利益之判斷基準為視點，探討我國之採徵收手段實施更新制度之適當性，以及得以徵收實施更新之情形為何。最後，第五章針對我國現行以徵收作為都市更新手段之規範提出改進方向，以提供都市更新條例及土地徵收條例修法之參考。