Made available in DSpace on 2014-08-20T13:44:33Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 dissertacao_geliandro_anhaia_rigo.pdf: 867122 bytes, checksum: 9eddb4aa6b75043fdee2c817430e86c6 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-02-27 / This study aimed to evaluate the physiological quality of soybean seeds damaged at different levels as well as the effect of seed treatment with fungicide after 150 days of storage. Used - if seeds of the cultivar Turbo. These seeds were harvested and threshed manually to ensure that there were no initial mechanical damage. Damage to seeds used a mechanical damaging, "Impact Test". Seeds were individually exposed on a counter seed round hole for receiving the impact through a 100 g weight at different heights (A1 = A2 = 10 cm and 20 cm), adding three levels of damage without damage, moderately damaged and highly damaged. Done that seeds were packaged in paper bags Derosal Plus fungicide treated and stored in BOD with temperature 22 ° C ± 3 ° C, for further evaluation of vigor at 30, 60, 90, 120 and 150 days of storage. The tests were performed, germination, first count of germination and accelerated aging. Results were subjected to analysis of variance and mean comparison by Scott Knott test at 5% using the statistical program Assistat. Highly damaged soybean seeds by 50% reduces your potential germination in 150 days of storage under controlled conditions of 22 ° C ± 3 ° C and relative humidity of 60%.The fungal treatment with Derosal Plus in soybean seeds reduces the process of deterioration during storage. / O presente trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a qualidade fisiológica de sementes de soja danificadas em diferentes níveis, assim como o efeito do tratamento de sementes com fungicida até 150 dias de armazenamento. Foram utilizadas sementes de soja da cultivar Turbo. Estas sementes foram colhidas e trilhadas manualmente a fim de garantir que não houvesse nenhum dano mecânico inicial. Para danificação das sementes utilizou-se um danificador mecânico, teste do impacto . As sementes foram expostas individualmente sobre um contador de sementes de furo redondo, para receberem o impacto através de um peso 100 g sob diferentes alturas (A1 = 10 cm e A2 = 20 cm), somando-se três níveis de danos: sem dano, mediamente danificadas e altamente danificadas. Feito isso, as sementes foram acondicionadas em sacos de papel tratadas com fungicida Derosal Plus e armazenadas em BOD com temperatura de 22°C ± 3 °C, para posterior avaliação da qualidade fisiológica aos 30, 60, 90, 120 e 150 dias após o armazenamento. Os testes realizados foram germinação, primeira contagem de germinação e envelhecimento acelerado. Os resultados foram submetidos à análise de variância e comparações de média pelo teste de Scott Knott a 5% utilizando o programa estatístico Assistat. Sementes de soja altamente danificadas reduzem em 50% o seu potencial de germinação em 150 dias de armazenamento sob condições controladas de 22 °C ± 3 °C e umidade relativa de 60%. O tratamento fúngico com Derosal Plus em sementes de soja reduz o processo de deterioração das sementes durante o armazenamento.

L'objectif de ce travail est la caractérisation de l’endommagement thermique et mécanique dans le mortier par les ondes acoustiques non linéaires. La corrélation entre les paramètres acoustiques linéaires et non-linéaires étudiée est basée sur les essais expérimentaux et la modélisation. Pour l’endommagement thermique, des éprouvettes cylindriques ont été préparées et caractérisées par l'étude de la porosité et la saturation. Ensuite, l'acoustique linéaire et l’acoustique non linéaire (génération d'harmoniques) ont été appliquées afin de quantifier l’endommagement. Les essais acoustiques linéaires ont prouvé que les vitesses transversales, longitudinales et le module d'Young du mortier diminue en fonction de la température. Les essais acoustiques non linéaires ont montré l'augmentation du bêta fonction de la température. Pour l’endommagement mécanique, le phénomène d'autocicatrisation est suivi par la perméabilité et les essais acoustiques. Les essais de perméabilité ont montré que le débit d'air et la taille de la fissure diminue rapidement au cours du premier mois, puis lentement durant le reste du processus d'autocicatrisation. D'autre part, les tests acoustiques non linéaires ont montré que « alpha » et « bêta » diminuent durant le processus de l’autocicatrisation qui signifie que les paramètres non linéaires sont un bon indicateur pour caractériser ce phénomène. A partir des résultats expérimentaux, une corrélation polynomiale de 2ème degré a été établie entre les paramètres non linéaires et l’index d’endommagement. Les résultats de ce travail représentent un bon départ pour étudier le phénomène de l'autocicatrisation par les ondes acoustiques non linéaires / The objective of this work is the characterization of heat and mechanical damage in the mortar by the nonlinear acoustic waves. The correlation between non-linear/linear acoustic parameters and damage in mortar is studied based on experiments and modelling. For the heat damage, cylindrical specimens were prepared and were characterized by studying the porosity and saturation. Indeed, the linear acoustic (UPV) and non-linear acoustic (Higher harmonic generation) were applied to characterize the damage. The linear acoustic tests have shown that velocities and modulus of Young of the mortar decreases in function of the temperature. The non-linear acoustic tests have shown that beta increases in function of the temperature.For the mechanical damage. The self-healing phenomenon was characterized by the permeability and the acoustic tests. Indeed, the permeability tests have shown that the airflow and the crack size decreases quickly in the first month then slowly for the rest of the self-healing process. On the other hand, the non-linear acoustic tests shown that the alpha and beta decreases according to the self healing process which means that the nonlinear parameters are a good indicators to characterize the self-healing. Moreover, the analysis of the experimental results indicates that the frequency resonant technique is more efficient to characterize the defects in the mortar than the higher harmonic generation. A polynomial correlations of a 2nd degree was established between the nonlinear parameters and the index damage. The findings of this work should be most appropriate as a foundation for the study of the self healing by the nonlinear acoustic waves

Cette étude novatrice consiste à mettre en oeuvre dans un même protocole expérimental, trois techniques de caractérisation non destructive en simultané : l’émission acoustique, la thermographie infrarouge et les ultrasons pour la caractérisation de l’endommagement des matériaux Composites à fibres continues et à Matrice Polymère (CMP) à plis croisés [0/90]S. Chaque technique a permis demontrer sa potentialité à révéler l’endommagement dépendant de ses spécificités intrinsèques. L'émission acoustique a été utilisée sous sa forme classique et couplée avec une classification de données obtenue par les k-means et la carte de Kohonen. La thermographie infrarouge a été étudiée selon ses deux formes passive et active, les méthodes ultrasonores ont été exploitées en termes d’amplitude et de vitesse des ondes longitudinales et des ondes de Lamb respectivement. Il a été montré que l’approche multitechnique adoptée dans ce travail est très intéressante pour obtenir un diagnostic complet sur l’état de santé du matériau au repos et sous différents niveaux de chargement mécanique en traction. Il s’est avéré aussi que l’aspect « complémentarité » entre les trois techniques était plus envisageable que celui de la « redondance ». La fusion des données a été utilisée pour avoir une prise de décision fiable, complète et plus crédible sur les différents mécanismes d’endommagement susceptibles d’apparaître dans un matériau CMP. Ceci n’a été possible que pour les deux techniques d’imagerie, le C-scan ultrasonore et la thermographie infrarouge. En conclusion, les résultats montrent que ces trois techniques sont potentiellement capables de qualifier l’état d’endommagement du matériau, mais qu’elles ne le quantifient pas de la même manière / This innovative study consists to implement in the same experimental procedure three non destructive techniques simultaneously: acoustic emission, infrared thermography and ultrasonic waves for the characterization of damage in cross ply Polymer Composite Materials (PCM) [0/90]S. Each technique has demonstrated its potential to reveal the damage that depends on its intrinsic characteristics. Acoustic emission has been used in its classical form and coupled with a data classification obtained by k-means and Kohonen map. Infrared thermography has been studied using both passive and active forms, ultrasonic methods have been used by exploiting amplitude and velocity of longitudinal and Lamb waves respectively. It has been shown that the adopted multi-technique approach is veryinteresting to obtain a full diagnostic of the health state of the material before and after uniaxial mechanical loading. The “complementarity” aspect between the three used techniques is showed more interesting that “redundancy” aspect. The data fusion theory was used to have a reliable, comprehensive and credible decision about the different damage mechanisms may appear in PCM material. This has been possible only for the two imaging techniques, ultrasonic C-scan and infrared thermography. All in all, the results show that these three techniques are potentially able to describe the damage state of the material, but they don’t quantify it with the same manner

[pt] As coquinas carbonáticas são rochas sedimentares constituídas principalmente por conchas e detritos. Elas apresentam diferentes características de textura que são afetadas pela sedimentação e diagênese, influenciando no arranjo de poros, e consequentemente, na permeabilidade. É necessário o entendimento do efeito da variação das tensões efetivas nessas formações rochosas e como problemas de dano mecânico irão afetar na produção e injeção de poços de sistemas de produção de petróleo e gás. Nesta tese, amostras de coquinas sintéticas foram confeccionadas e, com o auxílio de técnicas de microtomografia de raios-x (microCT), modelagem de rede de poros (PNM) e ensaios in situ, a influência da microestrutura dessas rochas na variação de suas propriedades devido a tensões de compressão confinada foi avaliada. O uso de microCT permitiu a análise da estrutura interna das amostras para a discriminação de poros. Uma célula para ensaios mecânicos, acoplável ao tomógrafo e capaz de aplicar tensões de compressão confinada, auxiliou no estudo da alteração da microestrutura das coquinas sob tensão. As amostras foram tomografadas em 3 condições: sem carregamento, com carregamento e após despressurização. PNM foi utilizada para simulação de transporte bifásico nas coquinas, além de relacionar dados como número de conectividade de poros, tortuosidade, permeabilidade, porosidade, diâmetro dos poros e capilares. Os resultados obtidos demonstram que a aplicação de tensões de compressão confinada resulta na redução da porosidade e permeabilidade das coquinas. A redução da porosidade total do estágio final em relação às condições iniciais das amostras foi de 87,5 por cento, 70,0 por cento e 85,9 por cento para CP1, CP2 e CP3, respectivamente. Já a permeabilidade absoluta em condições iniciais apresentou valores de 33,10, 11,60 e 22,90 mD para CP1, CP2 e CP3, respectivamente, reduzindo a zero com o aumento dos estágios de pressão, impossibilitando as coquinas de permear fluidos em seus interiores. Em relação aos estudos da literatura, a fabricação de coquinas sintéticas mostrou-se eficiente em termos de reprodutibilidade para coquinas carbonáticas autênticas, apresentando propriedades geomecânicas semelhantes. / [en] Carbonate coquinas are sedimentary rocks composed mainly of shells and fragments. They present different texture characteristics that are affected by sedimentation and diagenesis, influencing the pore arrangement and, consequently, the permeability. It is necessary to understand the effect of variations in effective stresses on these rock formations and how mechanical damage problems will affect the production and injection of wells in oil and gas production systems. In this thesis, samples of synthetic coquinas were made, and with the help of x-ray microtomography, pore network modeling techniques, and in situ tests, the influence of the microstructure of these rocks on the variation of their properties due to confined compression stresses was evaluated. The use of x-ray microtomography allowed the analysis of the samples internal structure for the discrimination of pores. Using a cell for mechanical tests, coupled with the tomograph and able to apply confined compressive stresses, helped study changes in the coquinas’ microstructure under tension. The samples were scanned under three conditions: without loading, with stress loading, and after depressurization. Pore network modeling was used to simulate single-phase transport in the coquinas, as well as for relating data such as pore connectivity number, tortuosity, permeability, porosity, pore, and capillary diameter. The results obtained demonstrate that the application of confined compressive stresses results in the reduction of porosity and permeability of the coquinas. The reduction of total porosity in the final stage relative to the initial conditions of the samples was 87.5 percent, 70.0 percent, and 85.9 percent for CP1, CP2, and CP3, respectively. Meanwhile, the absolute permeability under initial conditions presented values of 33.10, 11.60, and 22.90 mD for CP1, CP2, and CP3, respectively, which reduced to zero with the increase of pressure stages, making it impossible for the coquinas to permeate fluids within their interiors. Compared to literature studies, the production of synthetic coquinas proved to be efficient in terms of reproducibility for authentic carbonate coquinas, presenting similar geomechanical properties.

Abstract : The objective of this work is the characterization of heat and mechanical damage in the mortar by the nonlinear acoustic waves. The correlation between non-linear/linear acoustic parameters and damage in mortar is studied based on experiments and modelling. Experimental measurements of non-linear acoustic parameters as a function of temperature and crack size were performed on mortar. The velocities showed a decrease when increasing the degradation and the non-linear parameters showed an increase when increasing the damage. For the heat damage, cylindrical specimens were prepared and were characterized by studying the porosity and saturation. Then, the temperature controls the degradation. Indeed, the linear acoustic (UPV) and non-linear acoustic (Higher harmonic generation) were applied to characterize the damage. The linear acoustic tests have shown that the longitudinal, transverse velocities and modulus of Young of the mortar decreases in function of the temperature. The non-linear acoustic tests have shown that beta increases in function of the temperature. For the mechanical damage and the self-healing, an annular specimens were prepared and cracked by controlling the size of each crack. Then the self-healing phenomenon was characterized by the permeability and the acoustic tests. Indeed, the permeability tests have shown that the airflow and the crack size decreases quickly in the first month then slowly for the rest of the self-healing process. On the other hand, the non-linear acoustic tests shown that the alpha and beta decreases according to the self-healing process which means that the nonlinear parameters are good indicators to characterize the self-healing. Moreover, the analysis of the experimental results indicates that the frequency resonant technique is more efficient to characterize the defects in the mortar than the higher harmonic generation. From the experimental tests and to get a general result independent for our case study, the nonlinear parameters were related to a damage index. A polynomial correlations of a 2nd degree was established between the nonlinear parameters and the index damage. A numerical model based on the finite element volume was proposed to establish a correlation between the crack size and the airflow. The numerical results were compared with the results of the permeability tests and shown a good agreement. The findings of this work should be most appropriate as a foundation for the study of the self-healing by the nonlinear acoustic waves. / Résumé : L'objectif de ce travail est la caractérisation de l’endommagement thermique et mécanique dans le mortier par les ondes acoustiques non linéaires. La corrélation entre les paramètres acoustiques linéaires et non linéaires est basée sur les essais expérimentaux et la modélisation. Des mesures expérimentales des paramètres acoustiques non linéaires en fonction de la taille de la fissure et la température ont été effectuées sur mortier. Les vitesses ont montré une diminution et les paramètres non linéaires ont montré une augmentation en augmentant le degré de fissuration. Pour l’endommagement thermique, des éprouvettes cylindriques ont été préparées et ont été caractérisées par l'étude de la porosité et de la saturation. L'acoustique linéaire (UPV) et l’acoustique non linéaire (génération d'harmoniques) ont été appliquées afin de quantifier l’endommagement. Les essais acoustiques linéaires ont montré que les vitesses transversales, longitudinales et le module d'Young du mortier diminuent en fonction de la température. Les essais acoustiques non linéaires ont montré l'augmentation du bêta est fonction de l’endommagement thermique. Pour l’endommagement mécanique et l'autocicatrisation, des anneaux de mortier ont été préparés et fissurés en contrôlant la taille de chaque fissure. Ensuite, le phénomène d'autocicatrisation est suivi par la perméabilité et des essais acoustiques. Les essais de perméabilité ont montré que le débit d'air et la taille de la fissure diminuent rapidement au cours du premier mois, puis lentement durant le reste du processus d'autocicatrisation. D'autre part, les tests acoustiques non linéaires ont montré que « alpha » et « bêta » diminuent durant le processus de l’autocicatrisation, ce qui signifie que les paramètres non linéaires sont des bons indicateurs pour caractériser ce phénomène. En outre, l'analyse des résultats expérimentaux indique que la technique de résonance de fréquence est plus efficace pour caractériser les défauts dans le mortier que la génération d'harmoniques plus élevés. À partir des essais expérimentaux et dans le but d'obtenir un résultat plus général indépendant de notre cas d’étude, les paramètres non linéaires ont été liés à un index d’endommagement. Une corrélation polynomiale de 2e degré a été établie entre les paramètres non linéaires et l’index d’endommagement. Un modèle numérique basé sur la méthode des volumes finis a été proposé afin d'établir une corrélation entre la taille de la fissure et le flux d'air. Les résultats numériques ont été comparés avec les résultats des tests de perméabilité et montré un bon accord. Les résultats de ce travail représentent un bon départ pour étudier le phénomène de l'autocicatrisation par les ondes acoustiques non linéaires.

Submitted by Johnny Rodrigues (johnnyrodrigues@ufcg.edu.br) on 2018-07-01T14:30:28Z No. of bitstreams: 1 JOSÉ RAMOS DE QUEIRÓZ - DISSERTAÇÃO PPGEA 2011..pdf: 10586067 bytes, checksum: 59de6a3167d2dba506f41cae2f3984bb (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-07-01T14:30:28Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 JOSÉ RAMOS DE QUEIRÓZ - DISSERTAÇÃO PPGEA 2011..pdf: 10586067 bytes, checksum: 59de6a3167d2dba506f41cae2f3984bb (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-09 / O objetivo deste trabalho foi desenvolver um equipamento que simule os danos mecânicos nas diversas etapas do processo de beneficiamento e avalie em cada etapa, as alterações da qualidade fisiológica (germinação e vigor, massa da matéria seca) das sementes de feijão carioca e também as alterações de suas características físicas (pureza física, massa de milsementes, massa específica aparente, porosidade e danos mecânicos). Inicialmente, fez-se um teste em uma UBS (Unidade de Beneficiamento de Sementes) através do qual foram levantados os parâmetros: distância, velocidade e tempo de duração do processo de beneficiamento na UBS para viabilizar a construção do simulador. As etapas estudadas foram recepção, prelimpeza, secagem nas temperaturas de 25, 35 e 45°C, limpeza, seleção e tratamento fúngico/ensaque. Concluiu-se, neste trabalho, que a qualidade fisiológica das sementes de feijão não é alterada significativamente da etapa de recepção até o momento anterior à secagem. Após a secagem a semente de feijão sofre perda significativa de sua qualidade fisiológica, embora não seja até a etapa final de beneficiamento. A perda de germinação e o vigor foram em média de 11,55 e 23,78 pontos percentuais, respectivamente; no entanto, as sementes apresentam no final do processo poder germinativo acima do mínimo indicado para sua comercialização (86 a 82,67%). / The objective of this project was to develop equipment that simulates the mechanical damages in various beneficiai processing steps and evaluates in each step the physiological quality changes (germination and vigor) of the seeds of carioca beans as well as the changes of their physical characteristics (purity fisic, mass of one thousand seeds, apparent specific mass, porosity and mechanical damages). First, a test was done in one SPU (Seeds Processing Unit) through which parameters were inventoried: distance, speed and time processing duration in the SPU to make possible the construction of the Simulator. The steps studied were pre- cleanliness, drying under temperatures of 25, 35 and 45°C cleanliness, selection and treatment of fungus and bagging. One concluded that the physiological quality of the bean seeds is not significant from the time when it gets to the SPU until prior to the time of drying. After drying the bean seed suffers important loss of its physiologic quality, although does not change up to the final beneficiai process step. The loss of germination and vigor carne at a rate of 11.55% and 23.78% respectively; but the seeds presented germination strength above the minimum indicated to commercialize them (86% to 82.67%).

La réponse thermique, électrochimique et mécanique d'un électrolyseur de la vapeur d'eau à haute température (EVHT) a été analysée dans ce travail. Pour ce faire, une approche de modélisation multi-physique et multi-échelle a été employée : • Un modèle local, à l'échelle de la microstructure des électrodes, a été utilisé pour analyser le comportement électrochimique apparent des électrodes de la cellule d'électrolyse étudiée. Le fonctionnement du système au sein d'un empilement de plusieurs cellules a ensuite été analysé grâce à un modèle thermoélectrochimique à l'échelle macroscopique de l'EVHT. Un élément de validation expérimentale du modèle accompagne les résultats. • Un modèle thermomécanique pour le calcul de l'état de contrainte de l'EVHT a été développé. Celui-ci tient compte des phénomènes physiques intrinsèques à la cellule et à son fonctionnement sous courant à hautes températures et à ceux imputables aux interactions mécaniques entre la cellule et son environnement. Les données manquantes nécessaires à l'exécution des modèles ont été obtenues par la caractérisation et par des calculs d'homogénéisation de la microstructure tridimensionnelle des électrodes. Par ailleurs le comportement viscoplastique du matériau de la cathode a été mis évidence par des essais de fluage en flexion quatre points. L'étude a permis de définir un domaine de fonctionnement optimal garantissant des performances électrochimiques élevées avec des niveaux de température acceptables. Des propositions visant à réduire l'endommagement mécanique du système ont également été produites. / The thermal, electrochemical and mechanical response of a high temperature steam electrolyzer (HTSE) has been analyzed in this work. To this end, a multi-physics and multi-scale modelling approach has been employed: • A local model, at the microstructure scale of the electrodes, has been used to analyze the apparent electrochemical behavior of the electrodes related to the studied electrolysis cell. System operation, in a stack of several cells, has been then analyzed using a thermoelectrochemical model at the macroscopic scale of the HTSE. An element of experimental validation of the model comes with the results. • A thermomechanical model for the calculation of the stress state of the HTSE has been developed. In this model, the intrinsic physical phenomena of the cell, of its operation under current at high temperatures and those ascribable to the mechanical interactions between the cell and its environment have been considered. The unknown data required for the models have been obtained by the characterization and homogenization calculations of the three-dimensional microstructure of the electrodes. Besides, the viscoplastic behavior of the cathode material has been determined by a four-point bending creep test. The study made it possible to define an optimal operating zone, ensuring both high electrochemical performances and acceptable temperature levels. Proposals aiming to reduce the mechanical damage of the system have been also produced.

Submitted by Maria Beatriz Vieira (mbeatriz.vieira@gmail.com) on 2017-03-03T15:30:24Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) dissertacao_shirlei_uhde.pdf: 798758 bytes, checksum: 087cc2c455112b068e7753167b47f0d8 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Aline Batista (alinehb.ufpel@gmail.com) on 2017-03-09T17:59:02Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 dissertacao_shirlei_uhde.pdf: 798758 bytes, checksum: 087cc2c455112b068e7753167b47f0d8 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Aline Batista (alinehb.ufpel@gmail.com) on 2017-03-09T18:00:44Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 dissertacao_shirlei_uhde.pdf: 798758 bytes, checksum: 087cc2c455112b068e7753167b47f0d8 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-03-09T18:00:51Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 dissertacao_shirlei_uhde.pdf: 798758 bytes, checksum: 087cc2c455112b068e7753167b47f0d8 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-11-17 / Sem bolsa / O presente trabalho teve como objetivo fazer um levantamento da qualidade fisiológica de sementes de soja, das categorias S1 e S2, analisadas no Laboratório de Analises de Sementes da Dimicron Química do Brasil Ltda., usando o teste de tetrazolio, para caracterizar as características fisiológicas: viabilidade, vigor, danos mecânicos, danos por umidade, danos por percevejos, causas da perda da viabilidade, classificação do vigor, relacionar nível de sementes de mais alto vigor Para o trabalho, foram coletados os dados das analises das safras 2008/2009, 2009/2010, 2010/2011 e 2011/2012, referente às informações obtidas dos testes de tetrazólio aplicados nas amostras de lotes de sementes das categorias S1 e S2 que foram analisadas. Foram examinados os resultados de 481 lotes analisados, sendo 309 lotes da categoria S1 e 172 lotes da categoria S2. Os parâmetros empregados para avaliar a qualidade fisiológica das sementes foram: viabilidade (TZ 1-5), vigor (TZ 1-3), danos mecanicos (TZ 1-8), danos por umidade (TZ 1-8), danos por percevejo (TZ 1-8). Os resultados obtidos permitem concluir que: As maiores percentagens de lotes de alto vigor foram obtidas nas safras de 2008/2009 e 2009/2010, para ambas classes de sementes. Os danos mecânicos e de umidade são os mais freqüentes em sementes de soja. / This study aimed to survey the physiological quality of soybean seeds, S1 and S2 categories analyzed in LABORATORY analysis of seeds of Dimicron Chemistry of Brazil Ltda., Using the tetrazolium test to characterize the features physiological: feasibility, force, mechanical damage, moisture damage, bedbugs for damages, loss of viability of the causes of force classification, relate highest level of seed vigor for work, we collected data from the analysis of crops 2008/2009, 2009/2010, 2010/2011 and 2011/2012, referring to the information obtained from tetrazolium tests applied in samples of seed lots of S1 and S2 categories that were analyzed. We examined the results of 481 lots, with 309 lots category S1 and S2 172 lots category. The parameters used to evaluate the physiological quality of seeds were: viability (TZ 1-5), vigor (TZ 1-3), mechanical damage (TZ 1-8), moisture damage (TZ 1-8), damages for bug (TZ 1-8). The results showed that: The highest percentages of lots of high vigor were obtained for crop years 2008/2009 and 2009/2010, for both seed classes. Mechanical damage and humidity are the most frequent in soybean seeds.

<div>Laser-to-composite interactions are becoming increasingly common in diverse applications such as diagnostics, fabrication and machining, and weapons systems. Lasers are capable of not only performing non-contact diagnostics, but also inducing seemingly imperceptible structural damage to materials. In safety-critical venues like aerospace, automotive, and civil infrastructure where composites are playing an increasingly prominent role, it is desirable to have means of sensing laser exposure on a composite material. Self-sensing materials may be a powerful method of addressing this need. Herein, we present an exploratory study on the potential of using changes in electrical measurements as a way of detecting laser exposure to a carbon nanofiber (CNF)-modified glass fiber/epoxy laminate. CNFs were dispersed in liquid epoxy resin prior to laminate fabrication via hand layup. The dispersed CNFs form a three-dimensional conductive network which allows for electrical measurements to be taken from the traditionally insulating glass fiber/epoxy material system. It is expected that damage to the network will disrupt the electrical pathways, thereby causing the material to exhibit slightly higher resistance. To test laser sensing capabilities, a resistance baseline of the CNF-modified glass fiber/epoxy specimens was first established before laser exposure. These specimens were then exposed to an infra-red laser operating at 1064 nm, 35 kHz, and pulse duration of 8 ns. The specimens were irradiated for a total of 20 seconds (4 exposures each at 5 seconds). The resistances of the specimens were then measured again post-ablation. In this study, it was found that for 1.0 wt.% CNF by weight the average resistance increased by about 18 percent. However, this values varied for specimens with different weight fractions. This established that the laser was indeed causing damage to the specimen sufficient to evoke a change in electrical properties. In order to expand on this result, electrical impedance tomography (EIT) was employed for localization of laser exposures of 1, 3, and 5 seconds on a larger specimen, a 3.25” square plate. EIT was used to measure the changes in conductivity after each exposure. EIT was not only successful in detecting damage that was virtually imperceptible to the human-eye, but it also accurately localized the exposure sites. The post-ablation conductivity of the exposure sites decreased in a manner that was comparable to the resistance increase obtained during prior testing. Based on this preliminary study, this research could lead to the development of a real-time exposure detection and tracking system for the measurement, fabrication, and defense industries.</div>