Esta pesquisa teve por finalidade estudar concretos permeáveis para uso como camada de revestimento de pavimentos em áreas de veículos leves, por meio da realização de ensaios laboratoriais de caracterização mecânica e hidráulica para três diferentes misturas com variação do diâmetro máximo de agregados graúdos. Além disso, o estudo procurou interpretar o comportamento desse material quando solicitado por cargas de veículos, a partir de análises numéricas utilizando o software EverFE para análise de placas de concreto por elementos finitos. A caracterização mecânica foi realizada com base em ensaios de resistência à tração na flexão, tração indireta por compressão diametral, compressão, módulo de elasticidade estático e módulo de elasticidade dinâmico por equipamento ultrassônico. Para determinação da condutividade hidráulica foi utilizado um permeâmetro de carga constante. As análises mecanicistas envolveram estudos de placas de concreto permeável solicitadas por um eixo simples de rodas duplas com carga de 80 kN e por um eixo simples de roda simples com carga de 22 kN, simulando, nesse caso, um veículo utilitário leve. O material estudado apresentou para um índice de vazios de aproximadamente 0,25, valores de condutividade hidráulica na ordem de 0,14 cm/s, aproximadamente, caracterizando um material com boa drenabilidade. Com relação às características mecânicas, apresentou resistência à tração na flexão de aproximadamente 2,1 MPa e módulo de elasticidade estático na ordem de 15.000 MPa, se aproximando da metade dos valores normalmente observados em concretos convencionais de uso corrente na pavimentação. Por meio da realização das análises mecanicistas, foi possível avaliar que o material estudado apresenta resistência suficiente para ser utilizado como revestimento de pavimentos para áreas de veículos leves. / The main goal of this research was to study the pervious concrete material as the surface layer for light traffic pavement by carrying out a laboratorial analysis in order to better understand the mechanical and hydraulic behavior of three different coarse aggregate gradation mixtures. Besides that, it was applied a Finite Element Analysis in order to identify the pervious concrete behavior when loaded by different vehicle loads by using the EverFE Software The mechanical characterization was developed by evaluating the tests results of flexural strength, split tensile strength, compressive strength, Youngs Modulus and the non-destructive ultrasonic test. The hydraulic conductivity was measured using a constant head permeameter. In order to carry out the mechanistic analysis, it was considered a pervious concrete slab loaded by both an 80 kN dual wheel axle, and, to simulate a light vehicle, a 22 kN single wheel axle. The studied material has shown, considering the void ratio of 0,25, values of hydraulic conductivity around 0,14 cm/s, characterizing a material with good drenability characteristics. Besides that, it presented a flexural strength of 2,1 MPa and Youngs Modulus of 15.000 MPa, reaching the half of the values commonly used in regular concretes for pavements. By using the mechanistic analysis, it was possible to assess that this specific studied pervious concrete has enough strength to be used as the surface layer of pavements loaded by lightweight vehicles.

Em um contexto global de aumento da demanda por produtos agrícolas, especialmente de proteína animal, concomitante às mudanças climáticas e escassez de áreas para expansão agrícola, o processo de intensificação sustentável da pecuária é colocado como um importante \"piloto\" frente às políticas públicas setoriais. O Plano ABC, exemplo deste tipo de política pública, destina recursos através do Programa ABC para a recuperação de pastagens degradadas. A identificação de pastagens degradadas se dá através de indicadores de baixa produtividade da pecuária, principalmente pautados na baixa lotação animal. Esta premissa nem sempre é verdadeira, pois há áreas com baixa capacidade de suporte, em função de limitações físicas, mas que não se encontram necessariamente degradadas. A utilização de modelos biofísicos de crescimento de forragem é uma possível alternativa de abordagem à problemática, que pode auxiliar na identificação espacial de áreas onde a pecuária poderia se intensificar sem implicar em impactos ambientais, de modo a melhor direcionar políticas públicas que busquem estimular este processo. O objetivo deste estudo foi determinar para o estado de São Paulo a eficiência na produção e o yield gap (lacuna de produtividade) explorável da pastagem via modelagem mecanística para identificar as áreas com maior potencial de intensificação da pecuária e compará-las com a geografia de aplicação do crédito agrícola do Programa ABC para recuperação de pastagens degradadas. O estudo foi organizado da seguinte forma: a primeira parte (Capítulo 2) apresenta uma discussão acerca das áreas de pastagem com maior potencial de incremento de produtividade com base nas simulações no CROPGRO Perennial Forage para crescimento da pastagem de modo a definir a eficiência produtiva e os yield gaps da pastagem para o estado de São Paulo; a segunda parte (Capítulo 3) traz a análise de desempenho do Programa ABC em relação à aplicação desse recurso para recuperação de pastagem degradada (RPD), ou seja, avaliar se o crédito está sendo aplicado em regiões de maior potencial para incremento de produtividade, com base nos valores de yield gap explorável encontrados anteriormente. A eficiência média atual da produção de pastagens (razão entre produtividade real e produtividade atingível) encontrada via simulação no estado de São Paulo foi de 46,4% e um yield gap médio explorável de 5,8 Mg.ha-1.ano-1 de biomassa úmida. Estes resultados indicam que há um significativo espaço para incremento de produtividade das pastagens neste estado. A priorização de áreas de maior yield gap para intensificação pode contribuir para a redução da pressão por abertura de novas áreas de pastagem em locais com baixo potencial produtivo, áreas estas que podem ser ocupadas para produção agrícola ou para a regularização ambiental, evitando a expansão do desmatamento. O presente estudo buscou contribuir, através de resultados em escala estadual, para futuros estudos em escala nacional, mostrando que o uso de modelos mecanísticos como o CROPGRO Perennial Forage podem ser instrumentos de grande utilidade na avaliação e no direcionamento de políticas públicas condizentes com a construção de diretrizes para o desenvolvimento rural sustentável. / In a global context of increasing demand for agricultural resources, especially animal protein, combined with climate change and scarcity of areas for agricultural expansion, the process of sustainable intensification of livestock farming is placed as an important public policie issue. The ABC Plan, an example of this type of public policy, allocates resources through the ABC Program for the recovery of degraded pastures. The identification of degraded pastures occurs through indicators of low productivity of livestock, mainly based on low animal stocking (UA.ha-1). This premise is not always true, as there are areas with low support capacity , due to physical limitations, but that are not necessarily degraded. The use of biophysical models of forage growth is an alternative approach to this problem, which may help in the spatial identification of areas where livestock could be intensified without environmental impacts, in order to guide public policies seeking to stimulate this process . The objective of this study was to determine pasture yield efficiency and yield gap for São Paulo State , using models to identify areas with the greatest potential for livestock intensification and compare them with the geography of the ABC program application. The study was organized as follows: the first part (Chapter 2) presents a discussion about pasture areas with the greatest potential for productivity increase, based on simulations in CROPGRO Perennial Forage for the growth of Brachiaria brizantha cv Marandu in order to define the productive efficiency and the yield gaps of the pasture for São Paulo State; the second part (Chapter 3) presents the performance analysis of the ABC Program in relation to the application of this resource for degraded pasture recovery (RPD), i.e., to evaluate if the credit is being applied in regions with greater potential for productivity increase, based on the explorable yield gap values previously found. The current average efficiency of pasture production (ratio between real productivity and attainable productivity) found by simulation in São Paulo State was 46.4% and an average yield gap of 5.8 Mg.ha-1.year-1 . These results indicate that there is a significant space to increase pasture productivity in this State. Prioritization of areas with a higher yield gap for intensification may contribute to the reduction of pressure for opening new pasture areas in areas with low productive potential, areas that can be occupied for agricultural production or for environmental regulation, avoiding the expansion of deforestation.The present study sought to contribute, through statewide results, to future studies on a national scale, showing that the use of mechanistic models, such as CROPGRO Perennial Forage, can be very useful for evaluating and directing public policies aimed at rural sustainable development.

Em um contexto global de aumento da demanda por produtos agrícolas, especialmente de proteína animal, concomitante às mudanças climáticas e escassez de áreas para expansão agrícola, o processo de intensificação sustentável da pecuária é colocado como um importante \"piloto\" frente às políticas públicas setoriais. O Plano ABC, exemplo deste tipo de política pública, destina recursos através do Programa ABC para a recuperação de pastagens degradadas. A identificação de pastagens degradadas se dá através de indicadores de baixa produtividade da pecuária, principalmente pautados na baixa lotação animal. Esta premissa nem sempre é verdadeira, pois há áreas com baixa capacidade de suporte, em função de limitações físicas, mas que não se encontram necessariamente degradadas. A utilização de modelos biofísicos de crescimento de forragem é uma possível alternativa de abordagem à problemática, que pode auxiliar na identificação espacial de áreas onde a pecuária poderia se intensificar sem implicar em impactos ambientais, de modo a melhor direcionar políticas públicas que busquem estimular este processo. O objetivo deste estudo foi determinar para o estado de São Paulo a eficiência na produção e o yield gap (lacuna de produtividade) explorável da pastagem via modelagem mecanística para identificar as áreas com maior potencial de intensificação da pecuária e compará-las com a geografia de aplicação do crédito agrícola do Programa ABC para recuperação de pastagens degradadas. O estudo foi organizado da seguinte forma: a primeira parte (Capítulo 2) apresenta uma discussão acerca das áreas de pastagem com maior potencial de incremento de produtividade com base nas simulações no CROPGRO Perennial Forage para crescimento da pastagem de modo a definir a eficiência produtiva e os yield gaps da pastagem para o estado de São Paulo; a segunda parte (Capítulo 3) traz a análise de desempenho do Programa ABC em relação à aplicação desse recurso para recuperação de pastagem degradada (RPD), ou seja, avaliar se o crédito está sendo aplicado em regiões de maior potencial para incremento de produtividade, com base nos valores de yield gap explorável encontrados anteriormente. A eficiência média atual da produção de pastagens (razão entre produtividade real e produtividade atingível) encontrada via simulação no estado de São Paulo foi de 46,4% e um yield gap médio explorável de 5,8 Mg.ha-1.ano-1 de biomassa úmida. Estes resultados indicam que há um significativo espaço para incremento de produtividade das pastagens neste estado. A priorização de áreas de maior yield gap para intensificação pode contribuir para a redução da pressão por abertura de novas áreas de pastagem em locais com baixo potencial produtivo, áreas estas que podem ser ocupadas para produção agrícola ou para a regularização ambiental, evitando a expansão do desmatamento. O presente estudo buscou contribuir, através de resultados em escala estadual, para futuros estudos em escala nacional, mostrando que o uso de modelos mecanísticos como o CROPGRO Perennial Forage podem ser instrumentos de grande utilidade na avaliação e no direcionamento de políticas públicas condizentes com a construção de diretrizes para o desenvolvimento rural sustentável. / In a global context of increasing demand for agricultural resources, especially animal protein, combined with climate change and scarcity of areas for agricultural expansion, the process of sustainable intensification of livestock farming is placed as an important public policie issue. The ABC Plan, an example of this type of public policy, allocates resources through the ABC Program for the recovery of degraded pastures. The identification of degraded pastures occurs through indicators of low productivity of livestock, mainly based on low animal stocking (UA.ha-1). This premise is not always true, as there are areas with low support capacity , due to physical limitations, but that are not necessarily degraded. The use of biophysical models of forage growth is an alternative approach to this problem, which may help in the spatial identification of areas where livestock could be intensified without environmental impacts, in order to guide public policies seeking to stimulate this process . The objective of this study was to determine pasture yield efficiency and yield gap for São Paulo State , using models to identify areas with the greatest potential for livestock intensification and compare them with the geography of the ABC program application. The study was organized as follows: the first part (Chapter 2) presents a discussion about pasture areas with the greatest potential for productivity increase, based on simulations in CROPGRO Perennial Forage for the growth of Brachiaria brizantha cv Marandu in order to define the productive efficiency and the yield gaps of the pasture for São Paulo State; the second part (Chapter 3) presents the performance analysis of the ABC Program in relation to the application of this resource for degraded pasture recovery (RPD), i.e., to evaluate if the credit is being applied in regions with greater potential for productivity increase, based on the explorable yield gap values previously found. The current average efficiency of pasture production (ratio between real productivity and attainable productivity) found by simulation in São Paulo State was 46.4% and an average yield gap of 5.8 Mg.ha-1.year-1 . These results indicate that there is a significant space to increase pasture productivity in this State. Prioritization of areas with a higher yield gap for intensification may contribute to the reduction of pressure for opening new pasture areas in areas with low productive potential, areas that can be occupied for agricultural production or for environmental regulation, avoiding the expansion of deforestation.The present study sought to contribute, through statewide results, to future studies on a national scale, showing that the use of mechanistic models, such as CROPGRO Perennial Forage, can be very useful for evaluating and directing public policies aimed at rural sustainable development.

Studies in grassland management and ecology have always been challenging because of the large amount and great variation of the entities representing and affecting the system. Despite that, we were able to progress significantly in range experimentation in the Campos, in Southern Brazil. Along past thirty years, a large amount of data and information was generated, from vegetation production to components of intake. In an attempt to integrate the information available, seeking for a deeper understanding of the functioning of native grasslands, we propose adapting a mechanistic vegetation model, aggregated of a spatialized grazing component to create PampaGraze. This model was developed for temperate perennial grasslands, and was adapted and tested for subtropical, C4-dominated grasslands of the Campos of Southern Brazil (Chapter III). Despite the limited capacity of field data for validating, the model was able to relatively well simulate the trends in vegetation production along the year and seasons, while overpredicting herbage production during peak growing season. The structure of the model as it is did not allow for an accurate simulation slow-growing, tussock-forming species. Further, we developed and integrated a grazing model, based on a hybrid approach of the classical mechanistic equations of the prey model (STEPHENS & KREBS, 1986), and experimental data on foraging behaviour measured on native grasslands (Chapter IV). The model was very successful on predicting the components of intake, and responded well to variation of components in relation to changes in vegetation and to selectivity pressures, compared to available literature. Regardless of the limitations on the vegetation model, we were able to further explore the relationships of components of intake, identifying possible major limitations for herbage consumption, thus animal performance, in native grasslands. A significant progress was achieved with this thesis, but still long ways to go with this project. A list of suggestions for further developments can be found in Chapter V. We identified the emergent needs for field studies on parameters and morphogenesis, for improving predictions of the vegetation model, as well as structural points of the model that could be addressed for better representation of natural phenomena. This thesis is the first step towards a more detailed and reliable tool for studying and predicting the behaviour of vegetation dynamics and animal production in sub-tropical grasslands. This can allow us to explore relationships and scenarios beyond our experimental capacity, and investigate the connectivity of the system, as well as each mechanism separately. The stage has been set, awaiting further developments.

Palladium-catalyzed reactions for carbon-carbon bond formation have had a significant impact on the field of organic chemistry in recent decades. Illustrative is the 2010 Nobel Prize, awarded for “palladium-catalyzed cross couplings in organic synthesis”, and the numerous applications of these transformations in industrial settings. This thesis describes recent developments in C(sp2)-C(sp3) bond formation, focusing on alkane arylation reactions and arylative dearomatization transformations. In the first part, our contributions to the development of intramolecular C(sp3)-H arylation reactions from aryl chlorides are described (Chapter 2). The use of catalytic quantities of pivalic acid was found to be crucial to observe the desired reactivity. The reactions are highly chemoselective for arylation at primary aliphatic C-H bonds. Theoretical calculations revealed that C-H bond cleavage is facilitated by the formation of an agostic interaction between the palladium centre and a geminal C-H bond. In the following section, the development of an alkane arylation reaction adjacent to amides and sulfonamides is presented (Chapter 3). The mechanism of C(sp3)-H bond cleavage in alkane arylation reactions is also addressed through an in-depth experimental and theoretical mechanistic study. The isolation and characterization of an intermediate in the catalytic cycle, the evaluation of the roles of both carbonate and pivalate bases in reaction mechanism as well as kinetic studies are reported. Our serendipitous discovery of an arylation reaction at cyclopropane methylene C-H bonds is discussed in Chapter 4. Reaction conditions for the conversion of cyclopropylanilines to quinolines/tetrahydroquinolines via one-pot palladium(0)-catalyzed C(sp3)-H arylation with subsequent oxidation/reduction are described. Initial studies are also presented, which suggest that this transformation is mechanistically unique from other Pd catalyzed cyclopropane ring-opening reactions. Preliminary investigations towards the development of an asymmetric alkane arylation reaction are highlighted in Chapter 5. Both chiral carboxylic acid additives and phosphine ligands have been examined in this context. While high yields and enantiomeric excesses were never observed, encouraging results have been obtained and are supported by recent reports from other research groups. Finally, in part two, the use of Pd(0)-catalysis for the intramolecular arylative dearomatization of phenols is presented (Chapter 7). These reactions generate spirocyclohexadienones bearing all-carbon quaternary centres in good to excellent yields. The nature of the base, although not well understood, appears to be crucial for this transformation. Preliminary results in the development of an enantioselective variant of this transformation demonstrate the influence of catalyst activation on levels of enantiomeric excess.

In this dissertation, I examine the role that intentional descriptions play in our scientific study of the mind. Behavioural scientists often use intentional language in their characterization of cognitive systems, making reference to “beliefs”, “representations”, or “states of information”. What is the scientific value gained from employing such intentional terminology? I begin the dissertation by contrasting intentional descriptions with mechanistic descriptions, as these are the descriptions most commonly used to provide explanations in the behavioural sciences. I then examine the way that intentional descriptions are employed in various scientific contexts. I conclude that while mechanistic descriptions characterize the underlying structure of systems, intentional descriptions allow us to generate predictions of systems while remaining agnostic as to their mechanistic underpinnings. Having established this, I then argue that intentional descriptions share much in common with statistical models in the way they characterize systems. Given these similarities, I theorize that intentional descriptions are employed within scientific practice as a particular type of phenomenological model. Phenomenological models are used to study, characterize, and predict the phenomena produced by mechanistic systems without describing their underlying structure. I demonstrate why such models are integral to our scientific discovery, and understanding, of the mechanisms that make up the brain. With my account on the table, I then look back at previous accounts of intentional language that philosophers have offered in the past. I highlight insights that each brought to our understanding of intentional language, and point out where each ultimately goes astray. I conclude the dissertation by examining the ontological implications of my theory. I demonstrate that my account is compatible with versions of both realism, and anti-realism, regarding the existence of intentional states.

Accurately and efficiently characterizing the material properties of hot mix asphalt (HMA) is critical to the design and development of pavements that can experience repeated loading for long periods of time and resist fatigue cracking. The Calibrated Mechanistic with Surface Energy (CMSE) method of design to preclude this primary type of distress requires that the HMA material be tested using the Relaxation Modulus (RM) and Repeated Direct Tension (RDT) tests to determine the material properties required for accurate calculations. The RM test requires considerable time to complete and provides results with relatively high variability. Further research has lead to the development of the Viscoelastic Characterization (VEC) test, from which the RM master curve can be developed. Material properties from the RM master curve can be easily determined and applied in the CMSE method. The modified repeated direct tension (RDT*) test removes rest periods and unwanted healing from the RDT test. The RDT* test also allows the dissipated pseudo strain energy (DPSE) to be separated into permanent deformation and fatigue cracking energies. The rate of change in DPSE associated with fatigue can then be applied in the CMSE method. Data sets for these tests are extensive and time consuming to analyze. Microsoft Excel spreadsheet macros were developed to reduce the time required for analysis from an estimated 10 hours to approximately 8 minutes. Testing of 14 different samples showed that the VEC and RDT* tests still required some adjustments in order to get accurate results. The rate of loading in the VEC test must be reduced to allow sufficient testing time to obtain the required data. The RDT* test requires a decrease in the controlling strain levels from 80 mu-epsilon and 350 mu-epsilon to 20 mu-epsilon and 175 mu-epsilon for the undamaged and damaged portions of the test, respectively. Testing of a sample using the new VEC and RDT* test recommendations showed that the recommended changes provided better results. Samples were undamaged where required and damaged portions of the test ran to completion without causing compression or sample failure. Material properties can be accurately determined and applied in the CMSE method.

The phenylalanine hydroxylase from Chromobacterium violaceum (CvPheH) is a non-heme iron monooxygenase that catalyzes the hydroxylation of phenylalanine. This study presents the use of kinetic isotope effects (KIE) as mechanistic probes to compare the reactivity of CvPheH and that of the eukaryotic aromatic amino acid hydroxylases. This study also describes the use of different spectroscopic and kinetic techniques to identify the hydroxylating intermediate for this enzyme and the assignment of the NMR backbone resonances of CvPheH. Kinetic isotope effects on aromatic and benzylic hydroxylation were used to establish that bacterial and eukaryotic phenylalanine hydroxylases have similar reactivity. The observed KIE on aromatic hydroxylation of 1.4 was shown to be a combination of an inverse isotope effect on the hydroxylation of the amino acid and a normal isotope effect on a subsequent step in the reaction. An isotope effect on benzylic hydroxylation of 10 was found for CvPheH. This result establishes the similar reactivity for CvPheH and the eukaryotic aromatic amino acid hydroxylases and suggests the involvement of a common hydroxylating intermediate. Kinetic isotope effects were used to study the hydroxylation of the aliphatic substrate cyclohexylalanine. The Dkcat value with [1,2,2,3,3,4,4,5,5,6,6-2H11]- cyclohexylalanine is unity with wild-type CvPheH, suggesting that chemistry is not ratelimiting with this substrate. The intramolecular isotope effect calculated using [1,2,3,4,5,6-2H6]-cyclohexylalanine yields a value of 14. This result is evidence for the involvement of a reactive iron species capable of abstracting a hydrogen atom from the aliphatic carbon in cyclohexylalanine. Analysis of the CvPheH reaction using freeze-quench Mössbauer spectroscopy allowed the detection of an Fe(IV) species in the first turnover of the enzyme. Chemical quench and stopped-flow spectrophotometric methods were used to establish the kinetic competency of the Fe(IV) intermediate as the hydroxylating species. The NMR amide backbone resonances in the HSQC spectrum of CvPheH were assigned to the corresponding amino acid residues using a suite of TROSY-based threedimensional triple resonance experiments. We were able to assign 224 residues out of the 278 assignable residues in CvPheH, this constitutes 81 percent of the assignable protein sequence.

Reliability has emerged as a first class design concern, as a result of an exponential increase in the number of transistors on the chip, and lowering of operating and threshold voltages with each new process generation. Radiation-induced transient faults are a significant source of soft errors in current and future process generations. Techniques to mitigate their effect come at a significant cost of area, power, performance, and design effort. Architectural Vulnerability Factor (AVF) modeling has been proposed to easily estimate the processor's soft error rates, and to enable the designers to make appropriate cost/reliability trade-offs early in the design cycle. Using cycle-accurate microarchitectural or logic gate-level simulations, AVF modeling captures the masking effect of program execution on the visibility of soft errors at the output. AVF modeling is used to identify structures in the processor that have the highest contribution to the overall Soft Error Rate (SER) while running typical workloads, and used to guide the design of SER mitigation mechanisms. The precise mechanisms of interaction between the workload and the microarchitecture that together determine the overall AVF is not well studied in literature, beyond qualitative analyses. Consequently, there is no known methodology for ensuring that the workload suite used for AVF modeling offers sufficient SER coverage. Additionally, owing to the lack of an intuitive model, AVF modeling is reliant on detailed microarchitectural simulations for understanding the impact of scaling processor structures, or design space exploration studies. Microarchitectural simulations are time-consuming, and do not easily provide insight into the mechanisms of interactions between the workload and the microarchitecture to determine AVF, beyond aggregate statistics. These aforementioned challenges are addressed in this dissertation by developing two methodologies. First, beginning with a systematic analysis of the factors affecting the occupancy of corruptible state in a processor, a methodology is developed that generates a synthetic workload for a given microarchitecture such that the SER is maximized. As it is impossible for every bit in the processor to simultaneously contain corruptible state, the worst-case realizable SER while running a workload is less than the sum of their circuit-level fault rates. The knowledge of the worst-case SER enables efficient design trade-offs by allowing the architect to validate the coverage of the workload suite and select an appropriate design point, and to identify structures that may potentially have high contribution to SER. The methodology induces 1.4X higher SER in the core as compared to the highest SER induced by SPEC CPU2006 and MiBench programs. Second, a first-order analytical model is proposed, which is developed from the first principles of out-of-order superscalar execution that models the AVF induced by a workload in microarchitectural structures, using inexpensive profiling. The central component of this model is a methodology to estimate the occupancy of correct-path state in various structures in the core. Owing to its construction, the model provides fundamental insight into the precise mechanism of interaction between the workload and the microarchitecture to determine AVF. The model is used to cheaply perform sizing studies for structures in the core, design space exploration, and workload characterization for AVF. The model is used to quantitatively explain results that may appear counter-intuitive from aggregate performance metrics. The Mean Absolute Error in determining AVF of a 4-wide out-of-order superscalar processor using model is less than 7% for each structure, and the Normalized Mean Square Error for determining overall SER is 9.0%, as compared to cycle-accurate microarchitectural simulation. / text

Organizational researchers focus on group level variables such as organizational climate and organizational structure. The purpose of the current meso-level study is to examine the effects of the structure of an academic department on faculty members' job performance, job satisfaction, and prevalence of counterproductive work behavior (CWB), or harmful behaviors while at work. The sample consisted of 1135 full time faculty members working in 229 academic departments throughout the United States and Canada. Results of the study suggested that faculty members working in a more organically structured department report higher levels of job satisfaction. Additionally, productive faculty members working in more organically structured departments commit fewer instances of abusive behaviors than productive faculty members working in more mechanistically structured departments. The implications as well as limitations of the study are discussed.