京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(人間健康科学) / 甲第21422号 / 人健博第63号 / 京都大学大学院医学研究科人間健康科学系専攻 / (主査)教授 稲富 宏之, 教授 澤本 伸克, 教授 伊佐 正 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Human Health Sciences / Kyoto University / DFAM

As humans we are not stuck in an everlasting present. Instead, we can project ourselves into both our personal past and future. Remembering the past and simulating the future are strongly interrelated processes. They are both supported by largely the same brain regions including the rostral and ventral medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) but also the hippocampus, the posterior cingulate cortex (PCC), as well as other regions in the parietal and temporal cortices. Interestingly, this core network for episodic simulation and episodic memory partially overlaps with a brain network for evaluation and value-based decision making. This is particularly the case for the mPFC. This part of the brain has been associated both with a large number of different cognitive functions ranging from the representation of memory schemas and self-referential processing to the representation of value and affect. As a consequence, a unifying account of mPFC functioning has remained elusive. The present thesis investigates the unique contribution of the mPFC to episodic simulation by highlighting its role in the representation of memory schemas and value. In a first functional MRI and pre-registered behavioral replication study, we demonstrate that the mPFC encodes representations of known people as well as of known locations from participants’ everyday life. We demonstrate that merely imagined encounters with liked vs. disliked people at these locations can change our attitude toward the locations. The magnitude of this simulation-induced attitude change was predicted by activation in the mPFC during the simulations. Specifically, locations simulated with liked people exhibited significantly larger increases in liking than those simulated with disliked people. In a second behavioral study, we examined the mechanisms of simulation-based learning more closely. To this end, participants also simulated encounters with neutral people at neutral locations. Using repeated behavioral assessments of participants’ memory representations, we reveal that simulations cause an integration of memory representations for jointly simulated people and locations. Moreover, compared to the neutral baseline condition we demonstrate a transfer of positive valence from liked and of negative valence from disliked people to their paired locations. We also provide evidence that simulations induce an affective experience that aligns with the valence of the person and that this experience can account for the observed attitude change toward the location. In a final fMRI study, we examine the structure of memory representations encoded in the mPFC. Specifically, we provide evidence for the hypothesis that the mPFC encodes schematic representations of our social and physical environment. We demonstrate that representations of individual exemplars of these environments (i.e., individual people and locations) are closely intertwined with a representation of their value. In sum, our findings show that we can learn from imagined experience much as we learn from actual past experience and that the mPFC plays a key role in simulation-based learning. The mPFC encodes information about our environment in value-weighted schematic representations. These representations can account for the overlap of mnemonic and evaluative functions in the mPFC and might play a key role in simulation-based learning. Our results are in line with a view that our memories of the past serve us in ways that are oriented toward the future. Our ability to simulate potential scenarios allows us to anticipate the future consequences of our choices and thereby fosters farsighted decision making. Thus, our findings help to better characterize the functional role of the mPFC in episodic future simulation and valuation.

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Acredita-se que quantidades elevadas de glutamato estejam relacionadas à neurobiologia da depressão e trabalhos recentes indicam que a quantidade de glutamato cortical está aumentada em pacientes depressivos quando comparada a indivíduos sadios. Dentre as estruturas corticais, o córtex pré-frontal medial ventral (CPFMv), dividido em infralímbico (IL) e pré-límbico (PL), tem sido mais frequentemente implicado no desenvolvimento de transtornos mentais, como a depressão. Considerando evidências de que o IL e o PL podem agir de forma diferente quanto ao controle emocional em resposta ao estresse, o presente trabalho visou avaliar a hipótese de participação da neurotransmissão glutamatérgica do CPFMv, IL e PL, no desenvolvimento das respostas comportamentais ao estresse de nado forçado, um modelo preditivo de efeitos antidepressivos. Para tal, investigamos os efeitos induzidos pela administração no IL ou no PL, de LY 235959, um antagonista dos receptores glutamatérgicos do tipo NMDA, em três momentos diferentes, em animais submetidos ao teste do nado forçado. A administração de LY 235959, no IL ou PL, produziu efeitos do tipo antidepressivo, sendo esse efeito sensível ao tempo de administração da droga em relação à exposição ao nado forçado. Sendo assim, foi observado efeito antidepressivo quando o bloqueio glutamatérgico no PL ocorreu imediatamente após o nado ou antes da re-exposição ao estresse; enquanto no IL, o tratamento promoveu efeito antidepressivo apenas quando administrado antes da re-exposição ao nado. Portanto, os resultados sugerem que a neurotransmissão glutamatérgica mediada por receptores NMDA no CPFMv contribui para o desenvolvimento de consequências comportamentais do estresse, de modo que o bloqueio desses receptores facilitaria a adaptação ao estresse e induziria efeitos do tipo-antidepressivo. Os resultados sugerem, ainda, que o PL e o IL participam de maneira semelhante na modulação desses processos. / It is believed that high amounts of glutamate are related to the neurobiology of depression. Recent studies indicate that the amount of cortical glutamate is increased in depressed patients compared to healthy subjects. Among the cortical structures, the ventral medial prefrontal cortex (CPFMv), divided into infralimbic (IL) and prelimbic (PL) has been most often implicated in the development of mental disorders, such as depression. Considering that IL and PL play different roles on the emotional control in response to stress, this study was aimed to evaluate the hypothesis that the activation of glutamate NMDA receptors within the CPFMv, IL and PL, would facilitate the development of forced swimming-induced behavioral responses, an animal model predictive of antidepressants effects. To this end, we investigated the effects induced by the administration in the PL or the IL of LY 235959, an antagonist of NMDA receptors, at three different times, in animals submitted to the forced swimming test. The administration of LY 235959, in the IL or PL, produced antidepressant-like effects, and this effect is sensitive to moment of drug administration in relation to exposure to forced swimming. Thus, the antidepressant-like effect was observed when blocking the NMDA blockade into the PL occurred immediately after swimming or before re-exposure to stress, whereas in the IL, such treatment promoted antidepressant-like effect only when administered before re-exposure to swimming. Therefore, the results suggest that the glutamatergic neurotransmission mediated by NMDA receptors in the CPFMv contributes to the development of behavioral consequences of stress, so that blocking these receptors would facilitate the adaptation to stress and induce antidepressant-like effects. The results also suggest that PL and IL may be similarly involved in modulating these processes.

O córtex pré-frontal medial (CPFM) é uma estrutura pertencente ao sistema límbico, sendo topograficamente divido em córtex cíngulo 1, cíngulo 2, pré- límbico (PL), infra-límbico (IL) e dorsopenducular (DP). Sua porção ventral (CPFMv) corresponde ao PL, IL e DP. O PL e o IL são capazes de modular o arco reflexo baroceptor, permitindo ajustes cardiovasculares que ocorrem durante reações de defesa. Trabalhos mostram que a transmissão glutamatérgica do CPFMv é capaz de controlar a atividade barorreflexa através de receptores NMDA. Além disso a liberação de glutamato pode ser modulada por outros neurotransmissores, como os endocanabinóides, que além de ativarem receptores CB1, também são agonistas de receptores TRPV1, nos quais facilitam a liberação de glutamato em várias áreas do sistema nervoso central. Portanto, a hipótese deste trabalho é a de que os receptores TRPV1 presentes no CPFM estariam participando da modulação do barorreflexo. Para testar esta hipóstese foram utilizados ratos Wistar, pesando de 240 a 260 gramas. Esses animais foram submetidos a estereotaxia para implante de cânulas guia no CPFMv. Setenta e duas horas depois foi implantado um cateter de polietileno na artéria femoral dos animais, o qual foi conectado ao aparelho de aquisição para monitoração da frequência cardíaca e pressão arterial no dia do teste. Um segundo cateter foi implantado na veia femoral para infusão de drogas vasoativas. Foram usados dois antagonistas de receptores TRPV1, a capsazepina e o a 6-iodonordiidrocapsaicina (6-IODO), além do agonista desses receptores, a capsaicina. A microinjeção da capsazepina no CPFMv reduziu o ganho das curvas de regressão linear dos componentes bradicárdico e taquicárdico do barorreflexo. Os parâmetros da curva sigmoide também foram reduzidos. Posteriormente, a administração de 6-IODO também reduziu o ganho das curvas de regressão linear das respostas bradicárdica e taquicárdica, bem como os parâmetros das curvas de regressão não-linear. Esta droga também foi utilizada para verificar se os receptores TRPV1 do PL e IL modulam diferentemente a resposta barorreflexa. Foi verificado que ambas as subáreas modulam a atividade barorreflexa da mesma maneira. A capsaicina, quando microinjetada bilateralmente no CPFMv aumentou o ganho das curvas de regressão linear relativas à bradicardia e taquicardia reflexas bem como aumentou os valores dos parâmetros da curva sigmoide. Além disso, o pré-bloqueio dos receptores TRPV1 do CPFMv com uma dose inefetiva de 6-IODO aboliu o aumento da atividade barorreflexa induzida pela capsaicina. Em um outro grupo de animais foi feito o pré-tratamento do CPFMv com uma dose inefetiva de 6-IODO e cinco minutos depois administrou-se doses maiores de capsaicina. Observou-se um deslocamento da curva dose resposta da capsaicina para a direita, sem alteração do efeito máximo. A conclusão do presente trabalho é a de que os receptores TRPV1 presentes no CPFMv modulam a resposta do arco reflexo baroceptor. / Medial prefrontal cortex (MPFC) is a limbic structure, being topographically divided in cingulate cortex 1, cingulate cortex 2, prelimbic (PL), infralimbic (IL) and dorsopenducular (DP) cortices. The ventral portion of the MPFC (vMPFC) comprises the IL, PL and DP. The IL and PL regions are able to modulate cardiovascular responses associated with defensive reactions, such as the baroreceptor reflex arc. Some studies have shown that the vMPFC glutamatergic transmission modulates the baroreflex activity, through NMDA receptors. Moreover, the glutamatergic release is controlled by other neurotransmitters, such as the endocannabinoids which are agonists of the TRPV1 receptors, besides its action on the CB1 receptors. Furthermore, the TRPV1 channels facilitate the glutamatergic transmission in several brain areas. Thus, the hypothesis of the present work is that the vMPFC TRPV1 receptors are involved in the baroreflex modulation. In order to test this assumption, male Wistar rats weighing 240-260 g were used. These animals were submitted to the stereotaxic surgery to implant stainless steel guide cannulas into the vMPFC. Seventy-two hours later, the animals had a polyethylene catheter implanted into the femoral artery which was connected to the acquisition system to blood pressure and heart rate recording in the day-test. A second catheter was implanted into the femoral vein in order to infuse vasoactive drugs. Two TRPV1 receptors antagonists, 6-iodonordihydrocapsaicina (6-IODO) and caspazepine, besides the TRPV1 agonist, capsaicin, were used. Capsazepine microinjection into the vMPFC reduced the slope of the linear regression of the bardycardic and tachycardic components of the baroreflex. The sigmoid curve parameters were also reduced. Afterwards, the administration of 6-IODO also decreased the slope of the tachycardic and bradycardic responses, as well as the non-linear regression curve parameters. On the other hand, capsaicin bilaterally microinjected into the vMPFC increased the slope in both bradycardic and tachycardic reflex responses as well as the sigmoid curve parameters. Pretreatment of the vMPFC TRPV1 receptors with an ineffective dose of 6-IODO abolished the baroreflex activity increasing induced by capsaicin. In another group of animals, higher doses of capsaicin were administred into the vMPFC 5 minutes after the microinjection of an ineffective dose of 6-IODO. Thus, a doseresponse curve right displacement was observed, with no alteration in the maximum effect level of capsaicin. Beyond that, PL and IL TRPV1 receptors equally modulate baroreceptor reflex arc. In conclusion, the present work shows tha vMPFC TRPV1 receptors are involved in the baroreceptor reflex response

O córtex pré-frontal medial (CPFM) é uma estrutura pertencente ao sistema límbico, sendo topograficamente divido em córtex cíngulo 1, cíngulo 2, pré- límbico (PL), infra-límbico (IL) e dorsopenducular (DP). Sua porção ventral (CPFMv) corresponde ao PL, IL e DP. O PL e o IL são capazes de modular o arco reflexo baroceptor, permitindo ajustes cardiovasculares que ocorrem durante reações de defesa. Trabalhos mostram que a transmissão glutamatérgica do CPFMv é capaz de controlar a atividade barorreflexa através de receptores NMDA. Além disso a liberação de glutamato pode ser modulada por outros neurotransmissores, como os endocanabinóides, que além de ativarem receptores CB1, também são agonistas de receptores TRPV1, nos quais facilitam a liberação de glutamato em várias áreas do sistema nervoso central. Portanto, a hipótese deste trabalho é a de que os receptores TRPV1 presentes no CPFM estariam participando da modulação do barorreflexo. Para testar esta hipóstese foram utilizados ratos Wistar, pesando de 240 a 260 gramas. Esses animais foram submetidos a estereotaxia para implante de cânulas guia no CPFMv. Setenta e duas horas depois foi implantado um cateter de polietileno na artéria femoral dos animais, o qual foi conectado ao aparelho de aquisição para monitoração da frequência cardíaca e pressão arterial no dia do teste. Um segundo cateter foi implantado na veia femoral para infusão de drogas vasoativas. Foram usados dois antagonistas de receptores TRPV1, a capsazepina e o a 6-iodonordiidrocapsaicina (6-IODO), além do agonista desses receptores, a capsaicina. A microinjeção da capsazepina no CPFMv reduziu o ganho das curvas de regressão linear dos componentes bradicárdico e taquicárdico do barorreflexo. Os parâmetros da curva sigmoide também foram reduzidos. Posteriormente, a administração de 6-IODO também reduziu o ganho das curvas de regressão linear das respostas bradicárdica e taquicárdica, bem como os parâmetros das curvas de regressão não-linear. Esta droga também foi utilizada para verificar se os receptores TRPV1 do PL e IL modulam diferentemente a resposta barorreflexa. Foi verificado que ambas as subáreas modulam a atividade barorreflexa da mesma maneira. A capsaicina, quando microinjetada bilateralmente no CPFMv aumentou o ganho das curvas de regressão linear relativas à bradicardia e taquicardia reflexas bem como aumentou os valores dos parâmetros da curva sigmoide. Além disso, o pré-bloqueio dos receptores TRPV1 do CPFMv com uma dose inefetiva de 6-IODO aboliu o aumento da atividade barorreflexa induzida pela capsaicina. Em um outro grupo de animais foi feito o pré-tratamento do CPFMv com uma dose inefetiva de 6-IODO e cinco minutos depois administrou-se doses maiores de capsaicina. Observou-se um deslocamento da curva dose resposta da capsaicina para a direita, sem alteração do efeito máximo. A conclusão do presente trabalho é a de que os receptores TRPV1 presentes no CPFMv modulam a resposta do arco reflexo baroceptor. / Medial prefrontal cortex (MPFC) is a limbic structure, being topographically divided in cingulate cortex 1, cingulate cortex 2, prelimbic (PL), infralimbic (IL) and dorsopenducular (DP) cortices. The ventral portion of the MPFC (vMPFC) comprises the IL, PL and DP. The IL and PL regions are able to modulate cardiovascular responses associated with defensive reactions, such as the baroreceptor reflex arc. Some studies have shown that the vMPFC glutamatergic transmission modulates the baroreflex activity, through NMDA receptors. Moreover, the glutamatergic release is controlled by other neurotransmitters, such as the endocannabinoids which are agonists of the TRPV1 receptors, besides its action on the CB1 receptors. Furthermore, the TRPV1 channels facilitate the glutamatergic transmission in several brain areas. Thus, the hypothesis of the present work is that the vMPFC TRPV1 receptors are involved in the baroreflex modulation. In order to test this assumption, male Wistar rats weighing 240-260 g were used. These animals were submitted to the stereotaxic surgery to implant stainless steel guide cannulas into the vMPFC. Seventy-two hours later, the animals had a polyethylene catheter implanted into the femoral artery which was connected to the acquisition system to blood pressure and heart rate recording in the day-test. A second catheter was implanted into the femoral vein in order to infuse vasoactive drugs. Two TRPV1 receptors antagonists, 6-iodonordihydrocapsaicina (6-IODO) and caspazepine, besides the TRPV1 agonist, capsaicin, were used. Capsazepine microinjection into the vMPFC reduced the slope of the linear regression of the bardycardic and tachycardic components of the baroreflex. The sigmoid curve parameters were also reduced. Afterwards, the administration of 6-IODO also decreased the slope of the tachycardic and bradycardic responses, as well as the non-linear regression curve parameters. On the other hand, capsaicin bilaterally microinjected into the vMPFC increased the slope in both bradycardic and tachycardic reflex responses as well as the sigmoid curve parameters. Pretreatment of the vMPFC TRPV1 receptors with an ineffective dose of 6-IODO abolished the baroreflex activity increasing induced by capsaicin. In another group of animals, higher doses of capsaicin were administred into the vMPFC 5 minutes after the microinjection of an ineffective dose of 6-IODO. Thus, a doseresponse curve right displacement was observed, with no alteration in the maximum effect level of capsaicin. Beyond that, PL and IL TRPV1 receptors equally modulate baroreceptor reflex arc. In conclusion, the present work shows tha vMPFC TRPV1 receptors are involved in the baroreceptor reflex response

Previous research has indicated that the perirhinal cortex (PRh) and posterior parietal cortex (PPC) functionally interact to mediate crossmodal object representations in rats; however, it remains to be seen whether other cortical regions contribute to this cognitive function. The prefrontal cortex (PFC) has been widely implicated in crossmodal tasks and might underlie either a unified multimodal or amodal representation or comparison mechanism that allows for integration of object information across sensory modalities. The hippocampus (HPC) is also a strong candidate, with extensive polymodal inputs, and has been implicated in some aspects of object recognition. A series of lesion based experiments assessed the roles of HPC, PFC and PFC sub regions [medial prefrontal (mPFC) and orbitofrontal cortex (OFC)], revealing functional dissociations between these brain regions using two versions of crossmodal object recognition: 1. spontaneous crossmodal matching (CMM), which requires rats to compare between a stored tactile object representation and visually-presented objects to discriminate the novel and familiar stimuli; and 2. crossmodal object association (CMA), in which simultaneous pre-exposure to the tactile and visual elements of an object enhances CMM performance across long retention delays. Notably, while inclusive PFC lesions impaired both CMM and CMA tasks, selective OFC lesions disrupted only CMM, whereas selective mPFC damage did not impair performance on either task. Furthermore, there was no impact of HPC lesions on either CMM or CMA tasks. Thus, the PFC and the OFC play a selective role in crossmodal object recognition but the exact contributions and interactions of the regions will require further research to elucidate. / PDF Document / Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC)

Acredita-se que quantidades elevadas de glutamato estejam relacionadas à neurobiologia da depressão e trabalhos recentes indicam que a quantidade de glutamato cortical está aumentada em pacientes depressivos quando comparada a indivíduos sadios. Dentre as estruturas corticais, o córtex pré-frontal medial ventral (CPFMv), dividido em infralímbico (IL) e pré-límbico (PL), tem sido mais frequentemente implicado no desenvolvimento de transtornos mentais, como a depressão. Considerando evidências de que o IL e o PL podem agir de forma diferente quanto ao controle emocional em resposta ao estresse, o presente trabalho visou avaliar a hipótese de participação da neurotransmissão glutamatérgica do CPFMv, IL e PL, no desenvolvimento das respostas comportamentais ao estresse de nado forçado, um modelo preditivo de efeitos antidepressivos. Para tal, investigamos os efeitos induzidos pela administração no IL ou no PL, de LY 235959, um antagonista dos receptores glutamatérgicos do tipo NMDA, em três momentos diferentes, em animais submetidos ao teste do nado forçado. A administração de LY 235959, no IL ou PL, produziu efeitos do tipo antidepressivo, sendo esse efeito sensível ao tempo de administração da droga em relação à exposição ao nado forçado. Sendo assim, foi observado efeito antidepressivo quando o bloqueio glutamatérgico no PL ocorreu imediatamente após o nado ou antes da re-exposição ao estresse; enquanto no IL, o tratamento promoveu efeito antidepressivo apenas quando administrado antes da re-exposição ao nado. Portanto, os resultados sugerem que a neurotransmissão glutamatérgica mediada por receptores NMDA no CPFMv contribui para o desenvolvimento de consequências comportamentais do estresse, de modo que o bloqueio desses receptores facilitaria a adaptação ao estresse e induziria efeitos do tipo-antidepressivo. Os resultados sugerem, ainda, que o PL e o IL participam de maneira semelhante na modulação desses processos. / It is believed that high amounts of glutamate are related to the neurobiology of depression. Recent studies indicate that the amount of cortical glutamate is increased in depressed patients compared to healthy subjects. Among the cortical structures, the ventral medial prefrontal cortex (CPFMv), divided into infralimbic (IL) and prelimbic (PL) has been most often implicated in the development of mental disorders, such as depression. Considering that IL and PL play different roles on the emotional control in response to stress, this study was aimed to evaluate the hypothesis that the activation of glutamate NMDA receptors within the CPFMv, IL and PL, would facilitate the development of forced swimming-induced behavioral responses, an animal model predictive of antidepressants effects. To this end, we investigated the effects induced by the administration in the PL or the IL of LY 235959, an antagonist of NMDA receptors, at three different times, in animals submitted to the forced swimming test. The administration of LY 235959, in the IL or PL, produced antidepressant-like effects, and this effect is sensitive to moment of drug administration in relation to exposure to forced swimming. Thus, the antidepressant-like effect was observed when blocking the NMDA blockade into the PL occurred immediately after swimming or before re-exposure to stress, whereas in the IL, such treatment promoted antidepressant-like effect only when administered before re-exposure to swimming. Therefore, the results suggest that the glutamatergic neurotransmission mediated by NMDA receptors in the CPFMv contributes to the development of behavioral consequences of stress, so that blocking these receptors would facilitate the adaptation to stress and induce antidepressant-like effects. The results also suggest that PL and IL may be similarly involved in modulating these processes.