Orientador: Geraldo Di Giovanni / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Economia / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-03T17:33:35Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Valentim_Joice_M.pdf: 693223 bytes, checksum: a7838d48a16b96160572107a05139404 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2003 / Mestrado

Submitted by Andres Lalinde (andylalinde@gmail.com) on 2013-05-17T05:01:29Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Andres Lalinde.pdf: 4590749 bytes, checksum: 336d903aeea9387912b40ee0221dbcf9 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Eliene Soares da Silva (eliene.silva@fgv.br) on 2013-05-17T12:25:10Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Andres Lalinde.pdf: 4590749 bytes, checksum: 336d903aeea9387912b40ee0221dbcf9 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2013-05-17T13:12:23Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Andres Lalinde.pdf: 4590749 bytes, checksum: 336d903aeea9387912b40ee0221dbcf9 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-03-20 / The high prices charged for patented pharmaceutical products have always been controversial in Latin America. Given the region’s ongoing economic disparities and history of underdevelopment, high prices have often served as barriers to access for essential medicines. On one hand, pharmaceutical manufacturers argue that high prices are necessary to support continued research and development and to generate a profitable return on investment. On the other hand, consumers, both private and public, argue that high prices have resulted in a historic, unmet need for affordable treatment options. Over the course of this debate, both sides have conducted a series of maneuvers and countermaneuvers that may have ultimately exposed some of the industry’s vulnerabilities. Through a series of analysis tools and interviews with industry professionals, this project examines vulnerabilities to determine risk while simultaneously attempting to answer the question: What are the main security threats to the pharmaceutical industry in Latin America? Justification for this project stems from the sharp increase in pharmaceuticalrelated crimes over the past decade that, in turn, have exposed patients to a greater number of risks, such as the risks of counterfeit and diverted products. An understanding of the main security threats is necessary in order to best mitigate risk, ensure product integrity and preserve public health. / Os preços altos de produtos farmacêuticos patenteados sempre têm sido uma polêmica na América Latina. Considerando as disparidades económicas na região e a falta histórica do desenvolvimento, muitas vezes os preços altos servem como barreiras contra o acesso aos medicamentos essenciais. Por um lado, as companhias farmacêuticas dizem que os preços elevados são necessários para financiar os processos de pesquisa e desenvolvimento e para gerar um retorno do investimento lucrativo. Por outro lado, os consumidores, tanto privados como públicos, dizem que os preços altos têm resultado em uma falta histórica de medicamentos baratos. Neste debate, ambos lados têm realizado uma série de manobras e contramanobras que têm exposto algumas das vulnerabilidades do setor. Utilizando vários métodos de análise e entrevistas com profissionais no setor, este projeto analisa as vulnerabilidades do setor para determinar o risco, ao mesmo tempo tentando a responder à pergunta: Quais são as ameaças principais na segurança da indústria farmacêutica na América Latina? Justificação deste projeto é o aumento dos crimes relacionados aos produtos farmacêuticos na última década, que têm exposto os pacientes a um número de riscos mais alto. Uma compreensão das ameaças principais é necessária para melhor mitigar o risco, garantir a integridade de produtos e preservar a saúde pública.

Submitted by Daniele Santos (danielesantos.htl@gmail.com) on 2017-06-06T18:33:40Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Thesis_Tania Ngo_Revised.pdf: 2343388 bytes, checksum: 712a5c30f8c6b9eddacef1040388043a (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Janete de Oliveira Feitosa (janete.feitosa@fgv.br) on 2017-06-06T20:10:30Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Thesis_Tania Ngo_Revised.pdf: 2343388 bytes, checksum: 712a5c30f8c6b9eddacef1040388043a (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-06-21T13:08:33Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Thesis_Tania Ngo_Revised.pdf: 2343388 bytes, checksum: 712a5c30f8c6b9eddacef1040388043a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-05-02 / Affordability is a key concern of international donors who finance antiretroviral drugs to treat AIDS in Sub-Saharan African countries. The ability of Sub-Saharan Africa to reduce their prices below large-scale manufacturers in India is challenging. Additionally, these medicines must meet The World Health Organization prequalification standards. While the cost of second-line ARVs remains a concern, donors should also focus resources on other factors of ARV access, such as the supply of human resources for health, infrastructure and issues of sustainable financing. This research specifically aims to determine if the domestic production of
antiretroviral drugs can be a successful and viable option to increase access to ARVs in sub-Saharan Africa by using three case studies of Uganda, Kenya and The democratic Republic of Congo. The research is intended to explore a potentially economical way to provide ARVs to populations with HIV/AIDS in order to move away from a dependence on foreign aid, which does not guarantee continued long-term access to the medications. Since ARVs must be taken daily for the duration of the patient's life, it is important to develop ways to increase access to the medications in a manner that facilitates the long-term drug procurement. The success of local manufacturers then relies on the capacity of the firm to achieve two necessary elements of donor-financed requirements: international quality standards and economies of scale to lower price. I recommend that more countries in Africa should produce ARVs locally in order to lower to cost and increase accessibility, especially in small villages. Even though the current operation of local production has not led to a significant increase in access primarily due to market entry restrictions, this endeavor have the ability to amplify long-term access to affordable ARV drugs

Made available in DSpace on 2010-04-20T21:00:13Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 4 Jose Antonio Lopes.pdf.jpg: 14118 bytes, checksum: c889b29f5f70038e9202ed5ff58975d8 (MD5) Jose Antonio Lopes.pdf.txt: 99454 bytes, checksum: 3a0d9e5475dc749d8ee501b09eeee580 (MD5) Jose Antonio Lopes.pdf: 583370 bytes, checksum: 8f59c41f14df7e84775fb3ddcb57e4a6 (MD5) license.txt: 4886 bytes, checksum: 2af242f47fcec166b0886a2531cbaf60 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-01-16T00:00:00Z / The aim of this document is to evaluate the price behavior in the Brazilian market for drugs that are market leader in its segment after the presence of competitors such as similar and generics drugs. According to some American studies, leading drugs reacts positively in relation to price variance when generic competitors are introduced in the market after patent expiration of original brands. Leading drugs accommodate share growth of the followers, turning towards an inelastic market segment that is less sensitive to changes in the leading drug prices. This behavior is not aligned with the economic common sense that expects price reduction of leading brands when facing new competitors in a specific market. The results of this study related to the Brazilian pharmaceutical market, demonstrates that leading drugs reacts positively in relation to price variance when losing market share for generic and similar brands. On the other hand, a fierce competition among similar and generic brands leads their price to go down and its dispersion relatively to the leader price tends to go up. / O objetivo desse trabalho é avaliar o comportamento da variável preço para os medicamentos líderes de mercado no Brasil após a entrada de concorrentes similares e posteriormente a instituição dos medicamentos genéricos no Brasil. Segundo estudos realizados no mercado norte-americano, os medicamentos originais reagiriam à entrada de concorrentes genéricos de forma positiva no que se refere à variação de seu preço de comercialização. Dessa forma, os medicamentos originais se concentrariam nos segmentos de mercado mais inelásticos e com menor sensibilidade a possíveis alterações no seu preço de venda. Tal comportamento contradiz a intuição econômica comum de que a entrada de novos concorrentes em um mercado levaria a redução de preços por parte da empresa dominante. Os resultados desse trabalho, sobre o mercado farmacêutico brasileiro, indicam que as marcas líderes respondem positivamente em relação a aumento de seus preços quando da perda de participação de mercado para marcas seguidoras como genéricos e similares. Por outro lado, quando da presença de um aumento de competição entre as marcas seguidoras, se verifica uma diminuição de preços dessas marcas e um aumento da dispersão relativa dos preços das marcas seguidoras em relação à marca líder.