The broad objective of the study was to determine and validate medicinal plants used by resource-limited farmers to control internal and external parasites in goats in the Eastern Cape Province, South Africa. A survey was conducted among 50 farmers and three herbalists to determine medicinal plants used to control parasites in goats. The survey revealed nine plant species belonging to eight families that were used. Among the identified plant species, Aloe ferox, Acokanthera oppositifolia and Elephantorrhiza elephantina were the plants having the highest Fidelity Level for their use, each scored 100.00 percent, followed by Albuca setosa (83.33 percent). These plants were then selected for validation studies. Gas-Chromatography-Mass-Spectrometry (GC-MS) revealed 7, 33, 26 and 32 bioactive phytochemicals in A. ferox, E. elephantina, A. oppositifolia and A. setosa, respectively. Terpenes and fatty acids were present, oxygenated terpenes being the most abundant hydrocarbons present in all the four plant species. The effect of acetone, methanol and ethanol extracts of leaves of Aloe ferox and Acokanthera oppositifolia on tick repellency and acaricidal activity were investigated on blood engorged Ambylomma hebraeum and Rhipicephalus decoloratus ticks at concentration 15, 30 and 50 percent. The 30 and 50 percent acetone extract of A. ferox and Dazzel dip had the highest acaricidal properties of 100 percent. The 50 percent methanol extract of A. oppositifolia and 50 percent acetone extract of A. ferox had the highest repellency activity of 89 percent and 85.33 percent, respectively. Results from this study revealed that the efficacy of medicinal plants used by farmers to control ticks vary with the type of solvent used for extracting the bioactive compounds. Furthermore, it revealed that Aloe ferox and A. opppositifolia plant extracts possess repellent and acaricidal activities. In a study to investigate the anthelminthic effect of crude extracts of Elephantorrhiza elephantina and Albuca setosa plants, significant anthelminthic effect on nematodes was observed in both plants. In this study, all E. elephantina and A. setosa extracts caused paralysis and mortality. Methanol was the most effective solvent in extracting bioactive compounds and methanol extract showed the best anthelminthic effects among the crude extracts investigated in both plants. The least time taken for the worms to be paralysed was 8.33 mins and 14.33mins in 100mg/ml methanol extracts of E. elephantina and A. setosa, resepectively. Methanol extract of E. elephantina and A. setosa (100mg/ml) had the highest anthelminthic activity and mortality was recorded after 18mins and 20mins, respectively. Results from this study revealed that these two plants possess anthelminthic activities. The study revealed that resource-limited farmers use medicinal plants to control internal and external parasites in goats. Gas-Chromatography-Mass-Spectrometry analysis showed that these plants contain bioactive compounds that have a potential in controlling parasites. Validation studies showed that A. ferox and A. oppositifolia possess repellent and acaricidal activities whereas A. setosa and E. elephantina possess anthelminthic activities.

Chronic non-communicable diseses are a global public health challenge that continuously threatens the development and health of humans. Risk factors such as unbalanced diet-the high consumption of processed food or food from animal origin are responsible for NCDs. NCDs result in weakened immune system, making the host susceptible to opportunistic infections. Thus, the NCDs burden is most times chronic and multiple with the illness and suffering of the affected person numerous. The lack of cure for NCDs, the high cost of drugs, their high side-effects, and the emergence of multiple drug resistance has given rise to the investigation of other sources for therapeutic cure such as medicinal plants. The ethanol, n-hexane and ethyl acetate extracts of Olea europaea were analysed for their antioxidant and antimicrobial activities. The essential oil was also analysed for their chemical constituents. The n-hexane extracts of O. europaea exhibited no inhibition against all of the microorganisms tested, while the ethyl acetate and ethanol extracts exhibited inhibition, with minimum inhibitory concentration values between 0.625 mg/ml to 1.25 mg/ml. The ethanol leaf and ethyl acetate stem extracts exhibited significant activity in the inhibition of 2, 2-azinobis-(3-ethylbenzothiazolin - 6-sulfonic acid diammonium salt (ABTS) free radical, the n-hexane leaf extract had the overall significant lipid peroxidation inhibition activity, while in the inhibition of 2, 2- diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical (DPPH), the ethanol and ethyl acetate leaf extracts had strong activity. Nonanal, phytol, α-Pinene, α-Phellandrene, spatulenol and farnesol were some of chemical components identified after the GC-MS analysis of O. europaea oil. In the final part of the dissertation, Euryops brevipapposus essential oil was assessed for the antioxidant activities using free radical scavenging assays. In addition to this, the antimicrobial activities were assessed and the chemical composition was analysed using GC-MS. The essential oil demonstrated significant antioxidant activity against 2, 2-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl free radical (DPPH), 2, 2′-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) and lipid peroxides with IC50 value of 0.0000000671 mg/ml, 1.05 mg/ml, and 1.170 mg/ml respectively. The essential oil also showed significant activity against all microorganisms tested with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values between 0.055 mg/ml to 0.5 mg/ml. α-pinene, α- Phellandrene, germacrene D, β-pinene, trans- β.-Ocimene, bicyclogermacrene and β -Phellandrene were some of the chemical compounds identified in E. brevipapposus oil. The study has shown that E. brevipapposus and O. europaea are abundant in phytochemical compounds which were thought to be the root cause for the activities demonstrated. Therefore, these therapeutic properties observed validate and elucidate the traditional usage of the both plants in the treatment /management of diseases.

1 Abstract Charles University, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové Department of Pharmacognosy Student: Olga Krupová Supervisor: PharmDr. Tomáš Siatka, CSc. Title of diploma thesis: Modern phytotherapy - revision of usage of medicinal plants according to clinical trials Key words: phytotherapy, medicinal plants, liver diseases, painful joints, nervousness and insomnia, clinical trials The aim of diploma thesis was to review the said effects of the herbs, to make a list of herbs used in popular traditional medicine of selected diseases and to verify their use by giving documented evidence. This thesis addresses in detail three ranges of problems in which the use of herbal therapy could be considered. Following three ranges of problems were selected: liver diseases, painful joints, nervousness and insomnia. Clinical studies were explored to substantiate the effects of individual herbs or their substances. Preclinical studies were used in case of deficiency in clinical studies. The outcome of this thesis was to approve or - on the contrary - to disapprove the effects quoted by the use of folk medicine herbs. From the result of this thesis it emerges, that not all popular quoted herbal indications are verified by sufficient evidence. However, for a considerable part of the quoted herbs their effects were...

Xihuangcao is a folk medicinal herb used in southern China with three botanical origins: Isodon lophanthoides (IL), I. lophanthoides var. graciliflorus (ILG) and I. serra (IS). They are often used indiscriminately, numerous commercially available herbal products list Xihuangcao as an ingredient without listing the source. This situation has led to a growing concern about the differentiation and quality evaluation of Xihuangcao. To address this concern, a systematic study was conducted to identify the origin. The study is divided into five parts, which aimed to establish and apply the authentication methods of the origins. Four Isodon species were recorded in research papers as the plant sources. However, a new classification suggested in 2004 and two of the IL varieties were merged. In the ancient herbal documents, ILG was first recorded as the origin plant. IL was the major species in the ancient texts, IS was only listed as an additional sources in recent herbal references. The“yellow juices which proven to be the exudates of glandular scales was the key identification features recorded. Macroscopic and microscopic studies provided identification features of the three Isodon species. IL and ILG share very similar features, but IS can be easily distinguished. By morphological features, IL and ILG can be distinguished by the shape of leaves, which IL has a broader leaves than ILG; IS can be identified by its very bitter taste and broadly winged petioles. By microscopic features, IL and ILG have a tiny difference in the shape of epidermal cells of leaf, and IS can be recognized by small raphides of calcium oxalate. In the UPLC-MS fingerprinting and tissue-specific profiling, the chemical profiles the three species were revealed. The chemical profiles of IL and ILG were similar, while IS has its specific chemical profiles. Twenty-seven characteristic peaks were chosen and showed a good distinction of the three species. The tissue-specific profiling of leaves showed the diterpenoids of all the species were accumulated only in the glandular scales. Lipidomics study on IL, ILG and IS was also conducted. A total of 92 lipids were identified. The variation of lipid profiles of the three Isodon species was further quantified, the results showed that the contents of the lipids in the three Isodon species varied. Statistical analyses showed IS has distinctly different lipid profile, while that of IL and ILG are very similar. Finally, the methods of macroscopic microscopic authentication and UPLC-MS fingerprinting were applied in identifying the source species of commercial Xihuangcao products. Twenty-seven batches of Xihuangcao decoction pieces were identified, results showed ILG is the major source of the collected samples. The ingredients in eight Xihuangcao herbal tea bags were also identified. IS is the major species, and none of the samples match their labels. The study provided valuable information on the authentication and quality control of folk medicinal herb Xihuangcao. The work also provided fundamental information on further studies on the chemical constituents of IL and ILG, also and role of lipids in the production of bioactive diterpenoids in Isodon species

Made available in DSpace on 2016-02-05T18:29:01Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2015-09-10. Added 1 bitstream(s) on 2016-02-05T18:33:13Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 000858208.pdf: 1878847 bytes, checksum: 8f6fdef99db08464121bfbaeb6e2b589 (MD5) / A espécie Baccharis dracunculifolia pode ser utilizada na recuperação de áreas degradadas e antropizadas por atividades agrícolas além de proporcionar diversos benefícios à saúde, todavia não existem bancos de germoplasma de sementes e mudas para atender a esta demanda, o que poderá acarretar na exploração inadequada da espécie como aconteceu à Baccharis trimera. Dentro desse contexto, a finalidade deste trabalho é a de fornecer subsídios para a exploração sustentada da espécie, bem como, o desenvolvimento do melhoramento genético para produção de óleo essencial e para a formação de um banco de germoplasma de sementes com ampla variabilidade genética. Os materiais vegetais utilizados para este estudo foram divididos em dois grupos, foram coletadas, num gradiente altitudinal, plantas de populações naturais em Campos do Jordão, Ubatuba, e Campinas. Encontrou-se 56 constituintes na composição do óleo essencial, extraído por hidrodestilação, das populações naturais estudadas nos anos de 2012 e 2013, sendo, somente, oito constituintes comuns a todas as populações, o composto transnerolidol foi a substância majoritária para todas as populações (variando de 21,6 a 40,8%), Essas populações estão bem estruturadas quimicamente sugerindo que há a influência da altitude, em especial para os compostos químicos das populações de Campos do Jordão. No outro grupo, foi um teste de procedências e progênies instalado no CPQBA/UNICAMP, no qual se avaliou a produtividade de óleo essencial extraído por destilação por arraste a vapor d'água e massa fresca de da parte aérea para as estimativas de parâmetros genéticos, o rendimento variou de 0,1% a 0,3% e, não foram observadas diferenças significativas entre as médias. A produtividade do óleo essencial em ... / The Baccharis dracunculifolia species can be used in the recovery of deforested areas and disturbed by agricultural activities in addition to providing many health benefits, but there are no germplasm collections of seeds and seedlings to meet this demand, which may result in inadequate exploitation of the species as it happened to Baccharis trimera. In this context, the purpose of this work is to provide subsidies for the sustainable exploitation of the species, as well as the development of genetic improvement for essential oil production and the formation of a germplasm bank of seeds with wide genetic variability. The plant materials used for this study were divided into two groups, were collected in an altitudinal gradient, plant natural populations in Campos do Jordão, Ubatuba, and Campinas. 56 constituents were found in the essential oil composition, extracted by hydrodistillation, natural populations studied in the years 2012 and 2013, with only eight constituents common to all populations, the trans-nerolidol compound was the major substance for all populations (ranging from 21.6 to 40.8%), These populations are well structured chemically suggesting that there is the influence of altitude, especially for the chemical compounds of the population of Campos do Jordão. In the other group, it was a test provenances and progenies installed in CPQBA/UNICAMP, in which it evaluated the essential oil yield extracted by distillation by steam distillation of water and fresh mass of shoots for the estimation of genetic parameters, the yield ranged from 0.1% to 0.3%, and no significant differences were observed between the averages. The yield of essential oil kg/1000 m2 on average, ranged from 13 to the population of Campinas 15 for the population of Ubatuba. The characteristic of weight, on average, the progeny was higher for the population of Campinas (1.6 kg), followed by Ubatuba ...

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:25:26Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2010-02-25Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T18:53:22Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 ferreira_fg_me_botib.pdf: 1324385 bytes, checksum: 098c0c4808d0caba195973ae55c28e37 (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Aansiedade, um dos mais freqüentes distúrbios do sistema nervoso central, afeta uma em cada oito pessoas da população mundial, sendo que nem todos os pacientes respondem às drogas disponíveis que, ainda, podem induzir tolerància e/ou dependência. A depressão ê caracterizada como um distúrbio do humor seriamente deprimido acompanhado de sintomas adicionais tais como sentimentos de desvalia, anedonia, podendo muitas vezes chegar ao suicidio. A terapêutica disponível para essas patologias apresentam diversos efeitos colaterais importantes e não são capazes de controlar os quadros em todos os pacientes, além da demora para o início de suas ações. Deste modo a avaliação de novos compostos pode ser útil no sentido de se encontrar novas altemativas de tratamento, mais eficazes e seguras. Assim, o objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a atividade ansiolítica e antidepressiva dos óleos essenciais de Mentha piperita e de Cananga odorata em dois modelos comportamentais validados, o labirinto em cruz elevado e o teste de suspensão pela cauda por via inalatória em camundongos. Os resultados dos testes farmacológicos mostraram que o óleo essencial de Mentha piperita aumentou significativamente o tempo de permanência e o número de entradas nos braços abertos do labirinto em cruz elevado, na concentração de 0,01% quando comparados com o grupo controle, indicando um efeito do tipo ansiolítico. O óleo essencial de Cananga odorata reduziu significativamente o parâmetro primário de tempo de imobilidade, no teste de suspensão pela cauda, nas concentrações de 0,10/0 e 1,0%, indicando um efeito do tipo antidepressivo. Além disso, observou-se também um aumento na latência para imobilidade reforçando o efeito do tipo antidepressivo. No teste do campo aberto, nenhuma diferença significante foi observada em qualquer dos parâmetros registrados (freqüência da locomoção e... / Anxietyis one of the most frequent central nervous system disorder affecting one everyeight people in the world population. Al1the patients submitted to treatment do not always achieve a good response, and the drugs availabIe for treatment can Iead to tolerance and dependency. Depression is a chronic mental disorder c1inically characterized by a pervasive Iow mood, Ioss of interest or pIeasure in daiIy activities, Iow self-esteem, and a high suicidal tendency. The availabIe drugs present important collateral effects and they are not capabIe to control the pictures in alI the patients, also de1ayto beginning the action. This way, the efforts to fmd in new substances with potential therapeutic activity are justified. The present study aimed at assessing a possible anxiolytic and antidepressant effect in mice exposed to the inhalation of the essential oil of Mentha piperita and Cananga odorata, evaluated in experimental models of anxiety (eIevated pIus-maze) and depression (tail suspension test). The resuIts showed that the essential oil of Mentha piperita 0,01%induced a significant increase in the time spent and number ofvisits in the open arms, when compared with the control group indicating the anxiolytic-like effect.The essential oil of Cananga odorata 0,1% e 1,0%reduced immobility time in the tail suspension test, indicating the antidepressant-like effect. Moreover, we observed that an mcrease the Iatency to immobility emphasizing the antidepressant-like effect. ln the open-field test, we not observed any difference between the groups (frequency of Iocomotion and rearing). These effects can be attributed of the olfactory system activation for volatile components the essential oil or by absorption through biological membranes

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:25:26Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2011-05-31Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:32:31Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 ferreira_tl_me_botib.pdf: 3746236 bytes, checksum: be2c15431b077576e1fdb01ed6258eee (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / A histamina é um mediador que participa de uma série de doenças como asma alérgica e outros processos alérgicos e de hipersensibilidade, assim como da resposta inflamatória, reações de pigmentação da pele e úlcera gástrica. Desta forma, a inibição de sua liberação pode contribuir com a produção de efeitos benéficos, preventivos ou curativos, destas doenças. A prospecção a partir de produtos naturais encontra nas espécies vegetais a principal e mais promissora fonte de novas moléculas. Na busca de novos ativos e com base em estudos etnofarmacológicos, quatro espécies vegetais foram selecionadas com bases em dados etnofarmacológicos para serem estudadas com o objetivo de realizar uma triagem preliminar in vitro de espécies medicinais inibidoras da secreção de histamina a partir de mastócitos. A atividade inibitória de extratos metanólicos de diferentes partes das espécies Acanthospermum australe (Loefl.)Kuntze, Byrsonima verbascifolia Rich ex Juss, Caesalpinia ferrea L. e Hymeneae stigonocarpa foi avaliada em mastócitos peritoneais de ratos em condições normais e após estímulo da liberação de histamina induzido por agentes secretagogos, o composto 48/80 e Ionóforo A 23187. A liberação mastócitaria de histamina foi realizada pelo método fluorométrico automático utilizando-se um sistema de fluxo continuo modular automático. Todas as espécies não influenciaram a liberação espontânea de histamina, assim como foram capazes de inibir de forma diferenciada a liberação de histamina induzida pelos agentes secretagogos, destacando-se os efeitos produzidos pelos extratos de caule e folhas de Hymenaea stigonocarpa e folhas de Caesalpinia ferrea, as quais se apresentam como espécies promissoras para estudos in vivo e de fracionamento biomonitorado de seus constituintes químicos ativos / Histamine is a mediator that participates in a number of diseases like asthma and other allergic and hypersensitivity processes, as well as inflammatory responses, skin pigmentation and gastric ulcer. In this way, the inhibition of its release may contribute to the production of beneficial effects, preventive or curative, on these diseases. The research of natural products found in plant species the main and most promising source of new molecules. In the search of new active products and based on ethnopharmacological studies, four plant species were selected to be studied in order to perform a preliminary screening of medicinal species with inhibitory activity on histamine secretion from mast cells. The inhibitory activity of methanol extracts from different parts of the Acanthospermum australe (Loefl.) Kuntze, Byrsonima verbascifolia Rich ex Juss, Caesalpinia ferrea L. and Hymeneae stigonocarpa was evaluated using rat peritoneal mast cells in normal conditions and after stimulation of histamine release induced by the secretagogues agents such as compound 48/80 and ionophore A 23187. The mast cell release of histamine was analyzed by automatic fluorometric method using a continuous and automatic flow system. All species did not affect the spontaneous release of histamine and were able to differentially inhibit histamine release induced by secretagogue agents, highlighting the effects produced by extracts from leaves and stems of Hymenaea stigonocarpa and leaves of Caesalpinia ferrea, which are presented as a promising species for in vivo studies and bioassay-guided fractionation of active chemical constituents

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:25:26Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2010-02-26Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:32:29Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 bonamin_f_me_botib.pdf: 1545418 bytes, checksum: d6f2898b2291df6c2a9c1ffe45f0ebde (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / O estudo de novos compostos oriundos de plantas medicinais potencializa a descoberta de novas substâncias bioativas utilizadas na terapêutica. A caracterização fitoquímica do óleo essencial de Citrus aurantium, uma espécie medicinal que possui fortes indicativos de uso popular para gastrites e distúrbios do trato gastrintestinal (MORAES et al., 2009), apontou a presença do monoterpeno β-mirceno (1,43%) como um dos constituintes de sua composição. O resultado mais surpreendente deste composto é com relação a dose terapêutica de 7.5 mg/kg para a obtenção desta ação protetora gástrica em todos os animais avaliados. Os índices de proteção do β-mirceno na dose de 7.5 mg/kg variam de 60 a 86% de proteção da mucosa gástrica e duodenal o que representa uma equivalência a 13 vezes a ação da cimetidina (dose 100 mg/kg) ou 4 vezes o efeito do lansoprazol (30 mg/kg), duas drogas antiulcerogênicas padrão utilizadas em doses terapêuticas muito superior ao β-mirceno. Este monoterpeno mostrou-se efetivo no modelo de indução de úlcera por etanol absoluto com porcentagem de proteção de 66% e o controle positivo, a cimetidina, com 67% de proteção gástrica. Essa ação gastroprotetora ocorre devido à um aumento na produção de muco gástrico (p<0,05) mesmo não favorecendo a expressão de PGE2 na mucosa gástrica. Além disso, a potente atividade gastroprotetora do β-mirceno é completamente dependente da presença de NO e dos grupamentos sulfidrílicos (SHs) aliada à sua incrível atividade antisecretória gástrica, sem, no entanto, alterar a motilidade intestinal dos animais sob sua influência. Nossos resultados também apontam para uma potente ação antioxidante do β-mirceno quando o mesmo exerceu efetiva ação antiulcerogênica (86% de proteção) frente a lesões gástricas induzida pelo... / The study of new compounds derived from medicinal plants enhances the discovery of new bioactive substances used in therapy. The phytochemical analysis of the essential oil of Citrus aurantium, a medicinal plant that has strong indications of popular use for gastritis and disorders of the gastrointestinal tract (MORAES et al., 2009), noted the presence of the monoterpene β-myrcene (1.43%) as one of the constituents of its composition. The most surprising result of this compound is in relation to therapeutic dose of 7.5 mg/kg to obtain this protective action stomach in all animals evaluated. The rates of protection of β-myrcene at a dose of 7.5 mg/kg range from 60 to 86% protection of gastric and duodenal mucosa which represents an equivalent to 13 times the action of cimetidine (dose 100 mg/kg) or 4 times the effect of lansoprazole (30 mg/kg), two drugs antiulcerogenic standard used in therapeutic doses that are higher than β-myrcene. This monoterpene was effective in the model of induction of ulcer by absolute ethanol, whose percentage protection was 66%, and to positive control, cimetidine, 67% of gastric protection. This gastroprotective action occurs due to an increase in the production of gastric mucus (p<0.05) although does not promote the expression of PGE2 in the gastric mucosa. Furthermore, the potent gastroprotective activity of β-myrcene is completely dependent on the presence of NO and sulfhydryl groups (SHs) combined with its incredible gastric antisecretory activity without, however, alter the motility of the animals under its influence. Our results also point to a potent antioxidant activity of β-myrcene when it exercised effective anti-ulcer action (86% protection) against gastric lesions induced by the process of ischemia and reperfusion of the celiac artery that contributes... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:25:27Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2011-12-16Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:53:11Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 silva_aml_me_arafcf.pdf: 1521611 bytes, checksum: f02d53b7c1786e8fb7e771de51479936 (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP) / Desde os tempos mais remotos as plantas são utilizadas pela população para fins terapêuticos. No Brasil são constantes os relatos deste uso, por isso, são cada vez maiores os incentivos à pesquisa a estas espécies e às políticas de utilização de plantas medicinais. Entretanto, a maioria das espécies vegetais comumente utilizadas é exótica enquanto as espécies nativas são pouco conhecidas. A espécie nativa Schinus terebinthifolius Raddi, popularmente conhecida por aroeira é conhecida por combater processos inflamatórios, agir como cicatrizante, expectorante, antidiarréico e também por sua atividade antimicrobiana. A literatura informa a ocorrência de inúmeros metabólitos polares e apolares na espécie os quais são atribuídos as atividades biológicas. Em virtude da utilização predominante da casca da espécie e da possibilidade de traumas à planta durante a coleta inadequada deste órgão, o presente trabalho propõe estudar as fases do desenvolvimento morfo-anatômico da folha de S. terebinthifolius, acompanhando a ocorrência de compostos lipofílicos e fenólicos visando contribuir para o melhor conhecimento da espécie e para a qualidade de drogas vegetais decorrentes. Os resultados revelaram significativas modificações morfo-anatômicas durante o desenvolvimento da folha como a intensa pubescência das folhas no início do desenvolvimento enquanto as folhas adultas são descritas como glabras pela literatura, a lignificação da folha e o aparecimento de tecido colenquimático na margem na fase final do desenvolvimento, além da presença de compostos fenólico e lipofílicos nas diferentes fases do desenvolvimento foliar. A partir deste estudo se tem maior conhecimento morfo-anatômico diagnóstico da espécie e se agrega conhecimento ao perfil farmacognóstico possibilitando o uso das folhas como insumo farmacêutico / Since ancient times plants are used by people as therapeutical agents. In Brazil there are constant reports of this use so it is more common to have encouragement to researches of these species and politics related to medicinal plants. However the majority of the commonly used vegetal species is exotic meanwhile native species are little known. The native species Schinus terebinthifolius Raddi, popularly named aroeira is used against inflammation, wounds, expectorant, diarrhea and also anti-microbial activity. Literature informs the occurrence of countless polar and non-polar metabolites of this species which are related to the biological activities. Because of main utilization of barks and possibility of traumas due to inadequate gathering of this organ, present study aims to evaluate the phases of morpho-anatomical development of leaves from S. terebinthifolius, accompanying the occurrence of lipophilic and phenolic compounds contributing to better knowledge of the species and to quality of the derived herbal drugs. Results revealed significative morpho-anatomical modifications during leaf development like densely leaf pubescence in the beginning of the development while adult leaves are described in the literature as devoided of trichomes, lignification of the leaf and appearance of collenchimatic tissue in the margin occurring at the final phase of development, besides presence of phenolic and lipophilic compounds at different phases of the leaf development. From this study on, we have more morpho-anatomical knowledge that contributes to the diagnosis of the species and it aggregates knowledge to the pharmacognostic profile making possible the use of leaves as pharmaceutical raw material

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:26:09Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2003-01-30Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:54:12Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 scalize_fe_me_jabo.pdf: 210700 bytes, checksum: 57cce6ec6f4534287f9b15d944dce112 (MD5) / A preocupação com o ambiente, bem como a busca por um produto natural de amplo uso na agricultura, encontramos a azadiractina, uma substância encontrada em extratos de nim (Azadirachta indica), planta indiana que demonstra ser uma alternativa para o controle de insetos praga. Característica que motivaram o presente trabalho, objetivando a obtenção e detecção desta substância em calos de nim (Azadirachta indica). Os calos foram obtidos a partir de explantes de peciólulos desta espécie, os quais foram cultivados in vitro em meio de Murashige & Skoog, suplementado com diferentes quantidades e tipos de reguladores de crescimento. Os calos foram triturados e submetidos a extrações com solventes orgânicos, concentrados e analisados via CLAE (Cromatografia Líquida de Alta Eficiência). Dos experimentos realizados, melhores resultados quanto a produção e acúmulo de azadiractina, foram obtidos em extratos de calos cultivados em meio básico contendo 2,0 mg.L -1 de AIA em associação com 1,0 mg.L-1 de BAP, após 12 meses de cultivo in vitro. / The concern with the environment, as well as the search of a natural product, the azadirachtin (AZA), widely used in agriculture, motivated the present work aiming this substance detection in neem (Azadirachta indica) calli. The calli, obtained by means of leaflets peciolules, was cultivated on Murashige & Skoog (1962) media, supplemented with different amounts and kind of growth regulators. The obtained powdered calli was submitted to organic extraction, and after thod was analyzed through High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). From the experimental treatments, the better results, as the AZA production and accumulation, were obtained in calli extracts cultivated in basic Murashige & Skoog (1962) media containing 2,0 mg.L -1 of AIA in association with 1,0 mg.L-1 of BAP, after 12 months of in vitro cultivation.