Cheung, Chun Wai. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2007. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 111-128). / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / Acknowledgement --- p.ii / Abstract --- p.iv / 摘要 --- p.vii / Table of content --- p.ix / List of Figures --- p.xvii / List of Tables --- p.xix / Abbreviations --- p.xxi / Chapter Chapter 1. --- Introduction --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1 --- Complementary and Alternative Medicine (CAM) and Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) --- p.1 / Chapter 1.2 --- The development of Traditional Chinese Medicine --- p.2 / Chapter 1.3 --- Quality control of Traditional Chinese Medicine --- p.3 / Chapter 1.4 --- Problems of adulteration --- p.5 / Chapter 1.4.1 --- Confusion by common names --- p.5 / Chapter 1.4.2 --- Erroneous and intentional adulteration --- p.6 / Chapter 1.5 --- Authentication of Traditional Chinese Medicine using DNA techniques --- p.7 / Chapter 1.6 --- Crocodile meat --- p.10 / Chapter 1.6.1 --- Crocodile meat as Traditional Chinese Medicine --- p.10 / Chapter 1.6.2 --- Crocodile meat as exotic meat --- p.10 / Chapter 1.6.3 --- Effects of crocodile meat on mice --- p.12 / Chapter 1.6.4 --- Adulteration of crocodile meat in Hong Kong --- p.13 / Chapter 1.6.5 --- Authentication of crocodile meat --- p.14 / Chapter 1.6.5.1 --- SCAR analysis --- p.14 / Chapter 1.6.5.2 --- 12S and 16S ribosomal DNA --- p.14 / Chapter 1.7 --- Fish air-bladder --- p.15 / Chapter 1.7.1 --- Fish air-bladder as Traditional Chinese Medicine --- p.15 / Chapter 1.7.2 --- A case study --- p.16 / Chapter 1.7.3 --- Authentication of fish air-bladder --- p.17 / Chapter 1.8 --- Radix Stellariae --- p.18 / Chapter 1.8.1 --- Stellaria dichotoma L. var. lanceolata Bge --- p.18 / Chapter 1.8.2 --- Radix Stellariae as Traditional Chinese Medicine --- p.19 / Chapter 1.8.3 --- Chemicals in Radix Stellariae and their uses --- p.19 / Chapter 1.8.4 --- Adulteration of Radix Stellariae --- p.20 / Chapter 1.8.5 --- Authentication of Radix Stellariae --- p.21 / Chapter 1.8.5.1 --- Internal Transcribed Spacers (ITS) --- p.21 / Chapter 1.8.5.2 --- trnH-psbA intergenic spacer --- p.23 / Chapter 1.9 --- Objectives --- p.25 / Chapter Chapter 2. --- Materials and Methods --- p.26 / Chapter 2.1 --- Samples used in the study --- p.26 / Chapter 2.1.1 --- Crocodile and monitor lizard samples --- p.26 / Chapter 2.1.2 --- Sequence from NCBI database --- p.26 / Chapter 2.1.3 --- Fish air-bladder samples --- p.30 / Chapter 2.1.4 --- Radix Stellariae samples and samples of related species --- p.33 / Chapter 2.1.5 --- Sequences from NCBI database --- p.33 / Chapter 2.2 --- Reagents and equipments --- p.36 / Chapter 2.2.1 --- Sample preparation and DNA extraction --- p.36 / Chapter 2.2.2 --- Polymerase Chain Reaction --- p.38 / Chapter 2.2.3 --- Agarose gel electrophoresis and Gene Clean --- p.39 / Chapter 2.2.4 --- Cloning --- p.40 / Chapter 2.2.5 --- Cycle sequencing --- p.41 / Chapter 2.3 --- Experimental procedures --- p.42 / Chapter 2.3.1 --- Sample preparation --- p.42 / Chapter 2.3.2 --- DNA extraction --- p.42 / Chapter 2.3.3 --- Polymerase Chain Reaction --- p.44 / Chapter 2.3.4 --- Agarose gel electrophoresis --- p.47 / Chapter 2.3.5 --- Gene Clean --- p.47 / Chapter 2.3.6 --- Cloning --- p.48 / Chapter 2.3.7 --- Cycle sequencing and sequence analyses --- p.51 / Chapter Chapter 3. --- Crocodile meat - Results and Discussion --- p.54 / Chapter 3.1 --- Results --- p.54 / Chapter 3.1.1 --- SCAR analysis --- p.54 / Chapter 3.1.2 --- Sequence analyses --- p.55 / Chapter 3.1.3 --- The dendrograms --- p.56 / Chapter 3.2 --- Discussion --- p.60 / Chapter 3.2.1 --- SCAR as a quick and inexpensive method for the authentication of crocodile meat --- p.60 / Chapter 3.2.2 --- DNA sequencing - A useful tool to identify the source species of the crocodile meat --- p.61 / Chapter 3.2.3 --- Adulteration of crocodile meat in Hong Kong --- p.63 / Chapter 3.2.4 --- Source species of the genuine crocodile meats and the adulterants --- p.63 / Chapter 3.2.5 --- Regulation of labeling of food in Hong Kong --- p.69 / Chapter 3.2.6 --- Source species of the lizard head and tail from AFCD --- p.69 / Chapter 3.3 --- Summary --- p.70 / Chapter Chapter 4. --- Fish air-bladders - Results and Discussion --- p.72 / Chapter 4.1 --- Results --- p.72 / Chapter 4.1.1 --- Identities of sample BH and F1 --- p.73 / Chapter 4.1.2 --- Identity of sample BS --- p.74 / Chapter 4.1.3 --- Identities of samples GD and ZG --- p.74 / Chapter 4.1.4 --- Identity of sample GG --- p.74 / Chapter 4.1.5 --- "Identities of samples HB, HT and SH" --- p.75 / Chapter 4.1.6 --- Identity of sample JL --- p.75 / Chapter 4.1.7 --- Identity of sample MS --- p.76 / Chapter 4.1.8 --- Identity of sample RE --- p.76 / Chapter 4.2 --- Discussion --- p.77 / Chapter 4.2.1 --- Sample RE was confirmed to have originated from rabbit ears --- p.77 / Chapter 4.2.2 --- Identities of the dry fish air-bladders sold in Hong Kong --- p.79 / Chapter 4.2.3 --- Identities of the fresh fish air-bladders sold in Hong Kong --- p.82 / Chapter 4.2.4 --- Limitations of the use of DNA sequences for source species identification --- p.83 / Chapter 4.2.5 --- Variation in prices of fish air-bladders --- p.87 / Chapter 4.3 --- Summary --- p.88 / Chapter Chapter 5. --- Radix Stellariae - Results and Discussion --- p.89 / Chapter 5.1 --- Results --- p.89 / Chapter 5.1.1 --- Sequence analyses --- p.90 / Chapter 5.1.2 --- The dendrograms --- p.90 / Chapter 5.2 --- Discussion --- p.97 / Chapter 5.2.1 --- Identities of the samples obtained from the market --- p.97 / Chapter 5.2.2 --- Identity of sample Sdl4 --- p.97 / Chapter 5.2.3 --- Identities of samples Sd02R and Sd04 --- p.100 / Chapter 5.2.4 --- Myosoton aquaticum in the Stellaria-Myosoton clade --- p.104 / Chapter 5.2.5 --- Medicinal uses of the substitutes of Radix Stellariae --- p.105 / Chapter 5.3 --- Summary --- p.106 / Chapter Chapter 6. --- Conclusion --- p.107 / Reference --- p.111 / Appendix 1. 12S rDNA sequences of crocodilian and Varanus species obtained from NCBI database for sequence analyses --- p.129 / Appendix 2. 16S rDNA sequences of crocodilian and Varanus species obtained from NCBI database for sequence analyses --- p.130 / "Appendix 3. ITS sequences of the species in the genera Arenaria, Myosoton, Silene, and Stellaria obtained from NCBI database for sequence analyses" --- p.131 / Appendix 4. 7rnH-psbA intergenic spacer sequences of Silene species obtained from NCBI database for sequence analyses --- p.132 / Appendix 5. Sequence alignment of 12S rRNA gene sequences of crocodile and monitor lizard samples --- p.133 / Appendix 6. Sequence alignment of 16S rRNA gene sequences of crocodile and lizard samples --- p.141 / Appendix 7. Sequence alignment of coxl sequences of fish air-bladder samples --- p.149 / Appendix 8. Sequence alignment of 12S rRNA gene sequences of fish air-bladder samples --- p.151 / Appendix 9. Sequence alignment of 16S rRNA gene sequences of fish air-bladder samples --- p.153 / Appendix 10. Sequence alignment of coxl region of Vibrio parahaemolyticus and the coxl primers --- p.155 / Appendix 11. Sequence alignment of ITS sequences of Radix Stellariae and related samples --- p.156 / Appendix 12. Sequence alignment of trnH-psbA of Radix Stellariae and related samples --- p.163 / Appendix 13. Search results of coxl sequences of the fish air-bladder samples in BOLD-IDS --- p.167 / Appendix 14. Search results of coxl sequences of the fish air-bladder samples in NCBI nucleotide BLAST --- p.168 / Appendix 15. Search results of 12S rDNA sequences of the fish air-bladder samples in NCBI nucleotide BLAST --- p.169 / Appendix 16. Search results of 16S rDNA sequences of the fish air-bladder samples in NCBI nucleotide BLAST --- p.170 / Appendix 17. Sequence similarities (%) of coxl sequences of the fish air-bladder samples --- p.171 / Appendix 18. Sequence similarities (%) of 12S rDNA sequences of the fish air-bladder samples --- p.172 / Appendix 19. Sequence similarities (%) of 16S rDNA sequences of the fish air-bladder samples --- p.173

儒醫是宋以後經過醫學文本訓練的，男性醫者的，文化認同/角色/定位。道醫、巫醫和女性醫者等其他醫者漸成為邊緣他者。儒醫宣稱比其他醫療實踐者更加深諳醫學經典、更加理性。儒醫攀附儒自居，模仿理學門戶互相攻訐，有學派之分。元代婺州朱震亨，「丹溪學派」的創始者，是明代儒醫的典範。本文將以朱震亨和「丹溪學派」為個案，一方面探討儒醫如何建構醫學身體、疾病觀念及其實踐，另一方面探討「丹溪學派」的思想和社會史。 / 第一、二、三章分別從三個角度探討元明儒醫的身體觀。首先，在強烈的「南人」認同之下，元代江浙的士人強調「南/北」身體的差異，「北醫」的療法不適合「南人」的身體，朱震亨被塑造為「南醫」的典範。其次，自劉完素以後，「火」不是日常生活中的火熱之氣，也不是推算運氣的術語，成為元明醫家對身體疾病的想像。據此，朱震亨提出「陽有餘而陰不足」的身體觀，是明代「丹溪學派」遵守的教條。第三，鬼神病因漸漸從儒醫的身體觀中淡出。道教醫學中的「傳尸勞瘵」，混雜了鬼邪和血氣病因，宋元儒醫卻劃分血氣「虛勞」和鬼邪「勞瘵」的界線。朱震亨將「勞瘵」解釋為「陰不足」病。追隨丹溪之後，虞摶病人見鬼實際上是「心神不寧」，清醫吳瑭認為「祝由科」是巫術，儒醫無法容忍鬼邪病因和儀式療法。 / 第四、五章討論儒醫多樣化的實踐。在臨床實踐中如何治療「陰不足」病，「丹溪學派」並不一致，王綸提倡的「補陰丸」在明代江浙醫者的實踐中廣受歡迎，但來自學派內部嚴厲的批評聲同時存在。明代醫家認為唐宋方書治「勞瘵」的天靈蓋「殘忍」，但紫河車卻是明代常用的治療「勞瘵」藥物。儒醫反對儀式療法，但某些驅除鬼邪的針灸療法，改頭換面依然留存在醫學實踐中，比如「秦承祖灸鬼法」。 / 第六、七章指出，從朱震亨到「丹溪學派」，是元代婺州地方士人建設宗族組織、講習理學、建構地方認同背景之下的社會史，也是蘇州城市醫者專業化、組織化的結果。元明政權更迭之後，「丹溪」弟子進入太醫院，依靠政治權威提升「丹溪」的醫學地位。1450年代以後「丹溪」成為商業書坊的暢銷本，注重師承關係的學派逐漸消解，「丹溪」成為大眾通俗的醫學入門文本作者。清代，考據醫學「丹溪」為通俗庸醫，「丹溪」不再是醫者撰寫醫書、醫療實踐的必引權威。 / This thesis aims to explain how Confucian physicians (儒醫) constructed the medical thoughts and practice. A Confucian physician is supposed to be a well-educated gentleman (儒) and a master of the medical classics. From the 12th century on, Confucian physicians gradually became a new identity of the orthodox doctors, while the Taoists, shamans, midwives and surgical practitioners all became the “others. At the same time, among the Confucian Physicians, different schools appeared. The Danxi School (丹溪學派) was a group of disciples following Zhu Zhenheng (朱震亨1282-1358) from the 14th to 15th centuries in Jiangnan (江南) . Zhu was a gentleman from Wuzhou, who was treated as an ideal model of “Confucian physicians through the whole Ming dynasty. / The first three chapters focus on the medical thoughts of Confucian phycians. Chapter One studies on the body of the “Southerners (南人). People living in the territory of Southern Song identified themselves as the “Southerners. This identity was strengthened by the unequal racial policy under the Mongol reign. It motivated the Jiangnan literati to appeal for a medical knowledge body specifically for the “Southerners, which would focus on treating the ailments caused by the “southern environment and dietary habits. Chapter Two explores the concept of “fire. In the Song dynasty, “fire is an element of the prevalent cosmological theory of “the five circulatory phases and the six seasonal influences (五運六氣) . However, in Liu Wansu (劉完素1132-1208) ’s innovative interpretation, the concept of “fire was internalized into the body structure. Zhu Zhenheng inherited this concept of bodily “fire and developed the theory of “yang is always in excess, yin is always deficient (陽有餘而陰不足) , which was later strictly followed by the Danxi School. Chapter Three investigates the disease of “laozhai (勞瘵) . According to the Taoist interpretation, the disease of “laozhai was due to the ancestor’s sin. However, Confucian physicians developed a new meaning in the context of Danxi’s “yin is deficient body. Demons were gradually excluded from the etiology of the Danxi School. / Chapter Four and Five study on the practice of Confucian physicians. The Danxi School didn’t have consensus on how to treat the “yin is deficient disease. Therefore, the therapy of “nourishing yin (滋陰) was quite differential in individual practices. However, it is certain that Confucian physicians tended to use herbs to treat patients who declared themselves suffering from demons. Religious rituals of expelling demons were excluded from their clinical practice. However, Confucian physicians didn’t refuse to use some unusual herbal remedies such as the placenta, or moxibustion that might function as Taoist rituals of expelling demons. / Chapter Six and Seven analyze the rise and fall of the Danxi School. The reason why Zhu became a powerful medical master lies not only in his medical thoughts or skills but in his social activities. He was very active in the lineage organization and local administration. In the local society, Zhu gained the power and fame as an authoritative Confucian gentleman, though he had never received any governmental position. After the death of Zhu, his disciples achieved successful careers as professional doctors in Suzhou (蘇州) . Later when the Ming Empire was established in Nanjing, most of Danxi’s disciples went into the Imperial Medical Service (太醫院) . After the 1450s, Zhu Zhenheng became a best-selling author and a symbol of the popular medicine. The popularity of his works eventually destroyed the structure of the master-disciple relationship in the Danxi School. The Danxi School gradually disappeared. In the end, because the mid-Qing physicians preferred ancient masters such as Zhang Zhongjing (張仲景 fl. 168-196) to the modern, vulgar Danxi, the Danxi School and their medical master faded away from the mainstream medicine. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / 張學謙. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2012. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 197-217). / Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Abstracts in Chinese and English. / Zhang Xueqian. / 導論 --- p.1 / Chapter 一、 --- 儒醫：宋元明清醫者的身份認同 --- p.2 / Chapter 二、 --- 儒醫的理性與實踐 --- p.6 / Chapter 三、 --- 丹溪學派：醫學思想的社會史 --- p.11 / Chapter 四、 --- 研究說明 --- p.16 / Chapter 第一章 --- 元代醫學的「南/北」身體觀 --- p.18 / Chapter 一、 --- 南宋和元：「南人」認同的多層含義 --- p.18 / Chapter 二、 --- 「南/北」身體觀論述 --- p.24 / Chapter 三、 --- 製造「南醫」/「北醫」 --- p.32 / Chapter 四、 --- 結論 --- p.38 / Chapter 第二章 --- 丹溪學派的口號：「陽有餘而陰不足」的身體觀 --- p.40 / Chapter 一、 --- 五運六氣與宋人的身體觀 --- p.40 / Chapter 二、 --- 內丹對醫學身體觀的影響 --- p.46 / Chapter 三、 --- 朱震亨的相火論 --- p.50 / Chapter 四、 --- 結論 --- p.59 / Chapter 第三章 --- 宋明儒醫的「理性化」：以「勞瘵」為中心 --- p.60 / Chapter 一、 --- 《道藏》文本中「勞瘵」的界定 --- p.62 / Chapter 二、 --- 儒醫文本中「勞瘵」的界定 --- p.68 / Chapter 三、 --- 儒醫「勞瘵」與明代社會身體 --- p.73 / Chapter 四、 --- 明代儒醫對「祝由」的困惑 --- p.77 / Chapter 五、 --- 結論 --- p.85 / Chapter 第四章 --- 「陰虛」病與療法 --- p.87 / Chapter 一、 --- 丹溪「陰虛」病及療法 --- p.87 / Chapter 二、 --- 補陰丸與人參之爭 --- p.93 / Chapter 三、 --- 薛己、趙獻可：從補陰血到補陰精 --- p.99 / Chapter 四、 --- 結論 --- p.103 / Chapter 第五章 --- 儒醫的實踐 --- p.105 / Chapter 一、 --- 道醫「追蟲」儀式 --- p.105 / Chapter 二、 --- 儒醫勞瘵療法 --- p.108 / Chapter 三、 --- 天靈蓋與紫河車在明代醫學中的不同遭遇 --- p.113 / Chapter 四、 --- 從「秦承祖灸鬼法」到「灸鬼哭穴」 --- p.121 / Chapter 五、 --- 結論 --- p.125 / Chapter 第六章 --- 從朱震亨到「丹溪學派」的社會史 --- p.126 / Chapter 一、 --- 朱震亨的出身與赤岸朱氏宗族的建構 --- p.129 / Chapter 二、 --- 「儒醫」朱震亨與地方社會 --- p.136 / Chapter （一） --- 朱震亨之行醫 --- p.137 / Chapter （二） --- 朱震亨之醫療產業 --- p.140 / Chapter （三） --- 朱震亨在地方社會的角色 --- p.142 / Chapter 三、 --- 元代婺州的「丹溪」門徒 --- p.147 / Chapter （一） --- 地方醫療資源與組織 --- p.147 / Chapter （二） --- 婺州地方士族的網絡 --- p.151 / Chapter 四、 --- 元末蘇州的「丹溪」門徒 --- p.155 / Chapter 五、 --- 明代太醫院的「丹溪」門徒（1368-1450） --- p.162 / Chapter 六、 --- 結論： --- p.166 / Chapter 第七章 --- 「丹溪」的大眾化與清代醫學的轉折 --- p.167 / Chapter 一、 --- 「丹溪」文本的製造與流傳 --- p.168 / Chapter （一） --- 「丹溪」文本的製造 --- p.168 / Chapter （二） --- 「丹溪」文本的印刷與晚明私人的商業書坊 --- p.178 / Chapter 二、 --- 「丹溪」權威的下降 --- p.183 / Chapter （一） --- 明清醫者對「南/北」身體觀、療法的不同意見 --- p.184 / Chapter （二） --- 「陰不足」到「命門火衰」 --- p.186 / Chapter （三） --- 考據醫學之批評「丹溪」 --- p.188 / Chapter 三、 --- 結論 --- p.192 / 結論 --- p.193 / 參考書目 --- p.197 / Chapter 一、 --- 一手文獻 --- p.197 / Chapter (一) --- 醫書 --- p.197 / Chapter (二) --- 正史 --- p.200 / Chapter (三) --- 文集 --- p.201 / Chapter (四) --- 地方志和家譜 --- p.203 / Chapter (五) --- 筆記和其他： --- p.204 / Chapter 二、 --- 工具書： --- p.206 / Chapter 三、 --- 近人研究： --- p.207 / Chapter (一) --- 中文專書 --- p.207 / Chapter (二) --- 英文專書 --- p.209 / Chapter (三) --- 中文論文 --- p.212 / Chapter (四) --- 英文論文 --- p.214

Taking into account of the colonial nature of modern Hong Kong, this author is to examine how the TWGHs as a medical space gradually developed from one that used only Chinese medicine into one in which Chinese medicine and western medicine coexisted. However, it finally became a western style hospital using only western medicine in the inpatient services in the 1940s, along with the growing hegemony of western medicine that was underpinned by colonial power. The multidimensional relationships among different agents in the process of transformation of medical services in the TWGHs constitutes another important theme of this thesis. These relationships touched upon a series of significant interactions between colonial government and Chinese community, colonial authorities and the Tung Wah Board of Directors, Chinese and western medical practitioners, Chinese community and the Tung Wah authorities, and so on. / The implantation, dissemination and expansion of modern western medicine, as an important part of western learning that infiltrated into the Orient, exerted profound impacts on Chinese traditional medical patterns and Chinese medical ideas and practices. As the center for exchange between Chinese and Western Culture, Hong Kong became a significant space for the spread and practice of western medicine. A wide range of western medical services and activities were delivered and developed by the colonial government, western missionaries, benevolent societies, and private practitioners in order to promote the development and popularization of western medicine among the Chinese community, including the establishment of hospitals, dispensaries and clinics, the opening of medical schools and training of western doctors, and the promotion of public health education. / This thesis also points out that the early intense prejudice and resistance against western medicine is not necessarily and cannot be entirely attributed to the underlying difference in the concept and practice of healing and sickness in the two different medical systems. Instead, I argue that a number of technical and practical factors in the delivery of western medical services provided by different agencies greatly affected and determined the choices and uses of the Chinese population. At the same time, the gradual recognition and reception of western medicine among the Chinese was not only the passive result of the compulsory western medical system developed by the colonial government, but also an active realization of the real efficiency and value of western medicine among the indigenous population and their consent and acceptance of its ideology and cultural value, to a great extent. / This thesis examines the confrontation and interaction between Chinese medicine and Western medicine, and the diverse and complicated Chinese attitudes towards western medicine by studying the history of the introduction of western medicine into Hong Kong and the case of transformation of Chinese and western medical services in the Tung Wah Group of Hospitals (TWGHs) during the period between 1894 and 1941. The history of the TWGHs dates back to the opening of the Tung Wah Hospital in 1870. Originally intended for the accommodation and treatment of those Chinese who had strong fears and prejudices against western medicine, the Tung Wah Hospital was founded to provide treatment only by Chinese doctors using Chinese medicine. The bubonic plague of 1894 in Hong Kong marked an important turning point in the history of medical services of the Tung Wah Hospital. Since then, western medicine was formally introduced into the Tung Wah Hospital in 1897. / 楊祥銀. / Adviser: Hon-ming Yip. / Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 69-02, Section: A, page: 0715. / Thesis (doctoral)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2007. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 279-306). / Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Electronic reproduction. [Ann Arbor, MI] : ProQuest Information and Learning, [200-] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Abstracts in Chinese and English. / School code: 1307. / Yang Xiangyin.

Introdução: Este estudo foi realizado com o intuito de avaliar efeitos da acupuntura sobre os pacientes com asma leve e moderada persistentes com o uso de beta-2 agonista ou corticoide inalatório. Métodos e casuística: Trata-se de um estudo prospectivo, duplo-cego, randomizado e cruzado com dois braços. Os 74 pacientes com diagnóstico de asma leve/moderada, de acordo com a classificação de GINA 2002/2003, foram divididos em dois grupos, sendo 31 do Grupo I, e 43 do Grupo II inicialmente. Foram realizadas consultas médicas e exames que incluíram espirometria, citologia de escarro induzido, NO expirado, preenchimento de escala de sintoma, questionários de qualidade de vida de asma e de SF 36, e realização de peak-flow, dependendo da Fase do protocolo. A Fase I constituiu-se dos exames pré-intervenção. Na Fase II, foram realizadas 10 sessões de Acupuntura Real no Grupo I e 10 sessões de Acupuntura Sham no Grupo II, na Fase III, houve 4 semana de washout, na Fase IV, houve a troca de técnicas de acupuntura, sendo uma sessão por semana e, na Fase V, realização dos exames. Resultados: Não há diferença nos critérios de avaliação no pré-tratamento entre dois grupos, com exceção de maior celularidade inflamatória no Grupo II. No entanto, houve uma redução significativa de eosinófilos (p = 0,035) e neutrófilos (p = 0,047), e aumento de macrófagos (p = 0,001), melhora da medida de volume do peak-flow (p = 0,01) na fase IV do Grupo II. No Grupo I, na avaliação de escala de sintomas diária, havia menor uso de medicação de resgate (p = 0,043) na Fase II, e, depois de receber a Acupuntura Sham na Fase IV, havia menos tosse (p = 0,007), menos chiado (p = 0,037), menos dispneia (p < 0,001) e menor uso de medicação de resgate (p < 0,001). No Grupo II, após receber o tratamento com a Acupuntura Sham na Fase II, houve diminuição de tosse (p = 0,037), de chiado (p = 0,013) e de dispneia (p = 0,014), e, na Fase IV, havia menos tosse (p = 0,040), sibilos (p = 0,012), dispneia (p < 0,001) e menos despertares noturnos (p = 0,009). Nos questionários de qualidade de vida de asma e de SF 36, foram encontrados alguns aspectos de melhora significantes na Acupuntura Sham dos dois grupos em relação à Fase I, mas os resultados da Acupuntura Real tiveram maiores índices de melhora em relação aos resultados da Acupuntura Sham nos dois grupos. Mas não há diferença significativa entre os dois na qualidade de vida de SF 36. Entretanto, não houve alteração de avaliação de espirometria e de óxido nítrico expirado. Conclusão: Este estudo demonstrou que o uso de Acupuntura Real num grupo de pacientes com a celularidade mais inflamatória teve melhor resultados de sintomas diários, tais como dispneia e despertar noturno, de medida de volume de peak-flow matutina, e de avaliação de qualidade de vida em asma e SF36, além da diminuição quantitativa de neutrófilos e de eosinófilos, com aumento de macrófagos, que justificam os efeitos anti-inflamatórios e imunitários. A acupuntura é uma terapia segura, não havendo nenhum efeito colateral observado neste projeto que possa interferir com a vida cotidiana e pode ser de grande auxílio no alívio de sintomas, com melhora de qualidade de vida e, possivelmente, pode ter uma ação na modulação do processo inflamatório de vias aéreas / Introduction: This survey has been conducted in order to evaluate the effects of acupuncture in patients with persistent mild and moderate asthma (according to GINA criteria 2003), using beta agonist and/or inhaled glucocorticoid. Methods and patients: This is a prospective, double blinded, randomized and cross-over study with two branches: 74 patients diagnosed with mild and moderate asthma were divided into two groups: Group I with 31, initiating with real acupuncture and Group II, starting with sham acupuncture. Medical interview and laboratory tests including spirometry, induced sputum citology, exhaled NO measurement, quality of life questionnaire (SF-36 and QQL), besides, daily symptom scores and measurement of peak-flow were performed, in the beginning of the study, and in the end of each phase of treatment. Phase I: laboratory tests and other qualitative measurements. There were 10 real acupuncture weekly sessions to Group I and 10 sham acupuncture sessions to Group II in Phase II. On the other hand, in the Phase IV, there was an exchange between Group I and Group II, which was receiving real acupuncture started to receive sham, and vice-versa, the number of sessions remained the same (10 weekly sessions). Phase III, during the interval between Phase II and Phase IV, there was an interval of 4 weeks of washout. Phase V: laboratory tests and other qualitative measurements. Results: There was no difference beween both the groups in all criteria of evaluation pré treatment, with only na exception: in the Group II there was large inflammatory cell counts. However, there was a significant reduction in eosinophils (p = 0.035) and neutrophils (p = 0.047), and increase of macrophages (p = 0.001), improved peak-flow measurement in the morning (p = 0.01) in Group II (started with sham) in Phase IV. In Daily Symptons Score, there was a significant reduction in use of rescue medication (p = 0.043) in Group I (real acupuncture) in Phase II and after received sham acupuncture (Phase IV), there were less cough (p = 0.007), less wheezing (p = 0.037), less dyspnea (p < 0.001) e less use of rescue medication (p < 0.001). In Group II, after received sham (Phase II), there were less cough (p = 0.037), less wheezing (p = 0.013) and less dyspnea (p = 0.014). In Phase IV, less cough (p = 0.040), wheezing (p = 0.012), dyspnea (p < 0.001) and less nocturnal awakening (p = 0.009). In the questionnaires of quality of life SF-36 and QQL, several domains were found to be improved after received sham acupuncture in both groups, comparing phase II against phase I, but the results found after received real acupuncture were better than sham in both groups. Although there was no statistic difference between both groups. However, there was no difference in exhaled NO and spirometry measurement. Conclusion: This survey demonstrated that the use of real acupuncture in a group of patients with large inflammatory cells counts could have contributed to reduce symptoms, improve quality of life, improved peak-flow measurement in the morning and reduced inflammatory cells count in induced sputum, therefore, acupuncture is a safe healing techniques, presented no adverse effects observed in this study, and could of great help in treatment of patients with mild and moderate asthma

by Wong Kin Kwan Kelvin. / Thesis submitted in: September 2004. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2005. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 91-101). / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / Acknowledgements --- p.i / Abstract --- p.ii / 摘要 --- p.iv / Abbreviations --- p.x / List of Figures --- p.xiii / List of Tables --- p.xiv / Chapter Chapter 1 --- Intorduction --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1 --- Alzheimer，s disease --- p.1 / Chapter 1.2 --- Histopathological features --- p.1 / Chapter 1.3 --- Tau protein pathology and AD --- p.4 / Chapter 1.4 --- Tau protein kinase I (TPKI)- GSK-3β --- p.6 / Chapter 1.5 --- Tau protein kinase II (TPKII)- Cyclin dependent kinase 5 (Cdk5) --- p.8 / Chapter 1.6 --- Available treatment --- p.9 / Chapter 1.7 --- Objectives of the present study --- p.12 / Chapter Chapter 2 --- Screening for GSK-3p inhibitors from Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) --- p.13 / Chapter 2.1 --- Introduction --- p.13 / Chapter 2.1.1 --- Phosphorylation of tau in AD --- p.13 / Chapter 2.1.2 --- Gsk-3p inhibitors --- p.14 / Chapter 2.1.3 --- Screening of GSK-3β inhibitor from TCM --- p.16 / Chapter 2.2 --- Material and Methods --- p.18 / Chapter 2.2.1 --- Preparation of extracts and fractions (AOF1-5) --- p.18 / Chapter 2.2.2 --- General cell culture techniques --- p.21 / Chapter 2.2.3 --- "3-(4,5-dimethyltiazoI-2-yl)-2, 5-diphenyl-tetrazolium (MTT) assay of AOF" --- p.23 / Chapter 2.2.4 --- Recombinant DNA techniques --- p.23 / Chapter 2.2.5 --- Transfection of GSK-3β and tau cDNA into COS7 cells --- p.28 / Chapter 2.2.6 --- Extraction of total proteins from culture cells --- p.28 / Chapter 2.2.7 --- Quantitation of protein by the Bradford method --- p.29 / Chapter 2.2.8 --- Protein separation by sodium dodecylsulphate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) --- p.29 / Chapter 2.2.9 --- Western blot analysis --- p.31 / Chapter 2.2.10 --- GSK-3β kinase assay --- p.32 / Chapter 2.2.11 --- Determination of lithium content by atomic adsorption spectrophotometry --- p.34 / Chapter 2.3 --- Results --- p.35 / Chapter 2.3.1 --- Establishment of a co-transfected cell model for GSK-3β induced tau hyperphosphorylation --- p.35 / Chapter 2.3.2 --- Preliminary screening results of aqueous and ethanol extracts (AOF1 and AOF2) --- p.37 / Chapter 2.3.3 --- Ethanol extract of AOF inhibits GSK-3p induced tau phosphorylation in COS-7 cells --- p.40 / Chapter 2.3.5 --- Effect of the essential oils of AOF on GSK-3P induced tau phosphorylation --- p.46 / Chapter 2.3.6 --- The effect of AOF essential oil on GSK-3P activity in COS7 --- p.50 / Chapter 2.3.7 --- Lithium content of AOF extracts --- p.52 / Chapter 2.4 --- Discussion --- p.54 / Chapter Chapter 4 --- Evaluation of the in vivo efficacy of cryptotenshinone (CT) in Morris Water Maze Task (WMT) --- p.59 / Chapter 4.1 --- Introduction --- p.59 / Chapter 4.1.1 --- Involvement of Cholinergic system in cognitive dysfunction in AD --- p.59 / Chapter 4.1.2 --- Animal model for Alzheimer's disease --- p.60 / Chapter 4.1.3 --- Morris Watermaze Task (WMT) --- p.61 / Chapter 4.2 --- MATERIAL AND METHODS --- p.64 / Chapter 4.2.1 --- Morris Water maze setup --- p.64 / Chapter 4.2.2 --- Animal model --- p.66 / Chapter 4.2.3 --- Drug preparation --- p.67 / Chapter 4.2.4 --- Toxicity test of CT --- p.67 / Chapter 4.2.5 --- Water maze task (WMT) --- p.68 / Chapter 4.2.6 --- Visual acuity test --- p.73 / Chapter 4.3 --- RESULTS --- p.74 / Chapter 4.3.1 --- Chronic crytotanshinone treatment does not cause hepatic damages to the mice --- p.74 / Chapter 4.3.2 --- Training Session --- p.76 / Chapter 4.4 --- DISCUSSION --- p.85 / Chapter Chapter 5 --- General Discussion and Future Directions --- p.87 / Chapter 5.1 --- "AOF, the potential GSK-3 inhibitor" --- p.87 / Chapter 5.2 --- CT´ؤthe AChEI --- p.88 / References --- p.91 / Appendix --- p.102 / Chapter A1 --- Reagents for SDS-PAGE --- p.103 / Chapter A3 --- Solution components provided by QIAGEN Plasmid Maxipreps kit --- p.108 / Chapter A4 --- Reagents and medium for cell culture --- p.109 / Chapter A5 --- Reagents for kinase assay --- p.110 / Chapter A6 --- Raw data of figures --- p.112 / Chapter A7 --- Plasmid map of PCI-neo --- p.119

Acne is prevalent amongst youth in Hong Kong and has considerable psychological effects. The application of a TCM approach led to the detection of significant associations between diet and the occurence of acne. TCM-syndrome-tailored dietary manipulation was effective in reducing the clinical severity of acne for patients with imbalance of chong-ren subtype. (Abstract shortened by UMI.) / In (1), 1068 Chinese subjects were sampled from the general health evaluation and eight governmental secondary schools in Hong Kong were assessed for their clinical severity of acne. Over 93% of the subjects had a certain degree of acne and the prevalence of clinical acne was of 40.4% and coexisted with a high frequency of acne disability. Assessment of the clinical severity of acne did not correlate strongly with the effect on QOL (gammas= 0.445, P &lt; 0.001). Multivariate logistic regression showed that female gender (P = 0.002), higher GAGS score (P &lt; 0.001), higher perceived stress (P = 0.01) and willingness to pay Hong Kong $15,000 for a hypothetical permanent cure (P = 0.03) were positive predictors for acne disability. / In (2), 322 university entrants completed a dietary questionnaire capturing 11 categories of food intake and were examined for body constitutions of yin-predominance or yang-predominance with a published TCM diagnostic assessment procedure/method. There were 155 (48.1%) participants in the yin-predominant group and 167 (51.9%) in the yang-predominant group. No association of diet and acne was found when the participants were considered as a whole group. In yin-predominant group, intake of foods from street stalls (P = 0.04) was significantly associated with a lower likelihood of acne occurence. In yang-PG, the intake of desserts (P = 0.04) and fresh fruit juices (P = 0.02) was significantly associated with a higher likelihood of acne occurence, whereas the intake of dairy and soy products (P = 0.04) was significantly associated with a lower likelihood of acne occurence. / In (3), 233 students with clinical acne as assessed by GAGS were diagnosed for his or her TCM syndrome subtype, namely wind-heat subtype, damp-heat subtype, stagnant blood or phlegm subtype, and imbalance of chong-ren subtype. They were then randomly assigned to either intervention group (IG) or control group (CG). There were respectively 60 students belonged to each of the wind-heat, damp-heat, and stagnant blood or phelgm subtypes, and 53 students belonged to imbalanced of chong-ren subtype. With the use of a computer generated randomisation list using blocks of six, 30 (50%) students were assigned to either IG or CG for wind-heat, damp-heat, and stagnant blood or phelgm subtypes accordingly, whilst 26 (49%) and 27 (51%) students were assigned to either IG or CG for imbalance of chongren subtype. TCM-syndrome-tailored diet advice plus standard medical advice were given to IG whilst standard medical advice alone was given to CG over 12-week study period. The primary analysis was to compare the percentage change of GAGS from baseline to 12 weeks between the groups using univariate analysis for each TCM syndrome, controlling for the variation in the dependent variables due to gender, age, BMI, schools, physical exercise, and female contraceptive use. Within the imbalance of chong-ren subtype, there was a significant reduction of acne severity in IG compared with that in CG (-11.8% vs 2.1%; p=0.046), after adjusting for gender, age, body mass index, schools, physical exercise, and female contraceptive use. In the other three subtypes, there were no significant differences of acne severity between IG and CG / This research was composed of three major parts: (1) a cross-sectional study investigating the prevalence of acne and the acne disability amongst adolescents and young adults from August 2006 to March 2008 in Hong Kong; (2) a cross sectional study investigate the diet-acne connection from a traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) perspective performed amongst young adults in August 2006; and (3) a randomised controlled trial on the effectivenss of TCM-syndrome-tailored dietary advice for adolescents implemented between November 2007 and March 2008 in Hong Kong. / Law, Pui Man. / Adviser: Albert Lee. / Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 72-04, Section: B, page: . / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2010. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 140-154). / Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Electronic reproduction. Ann Arbor, MI : ProQuest Information and Learning Company, [200-] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Electronic reproduction. Ann Arbor, MI : ProQuest Information and Learning Company, [200-] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Abstract also in Chinese; appendix 2-3 in Chinese.

Introdução: Este estudo foi realizado com o intuito de avaliar efeitos da acupuntura sobre os pacientes com asma leve e moderada persistentes com o uso de beta-2 agonista ou corticoide inalatório. Métodos e casuística: Trata-se de um estudo prospectivo, duplo-cego, randomizado e cruzado com dois braços. Os 74 pacientes com diagnóstico de asma leve/moderada, de acordo com a classificação de GINA 2002/2003, foram divididos em dois grupos, sendo 31 do Grupo I, e 43 do Grupo II inicialmente. Foram realizadas consultas médicas e exames que incluíram espirometria, citologia de escarro induzido, NO expirado, preenchimento de escala de sintoma, questionários de qualidade de vida de asma e de SF 36, e realização de peak-flow, dependendo da Fase do protocolo. A Fase I constituiu-se dos exames pré-intervenção. Na Fase II, foram realizadas 10 sessões de Acupuntura Real no Grupo I e 10 sessões de Acupuntura Sham no Grupo II, na Fase III, houve 4 semana de washout, na Fase IV, houve a troca de técnicas de acupuntura, sendo uma sessão por semana e, na Fase V, realização dos exames. Resultados: Não há diferença nos critérios de avaliação no pré-tratamento entre dois grupos, com exceção de maior celularidade inflamatória no Grupo II. No entanto, houve uma redução significativa de eosinófilos (p = 0,035) e neutrófilos (p = 0,047), e aumento de macrófagos (p = 0,001), melhora da medida de volume do peak-flow (p = 0,01) na fase IV do Grupo II. No Grupo I, na avaliação de escala de sintomas diária, havia menor uso de medicação de resgate (p = 0,043) na Fase II, e, depois de receber a Acupuntura Sham na Fase IV, havia menos tosse (p = 0,007), menos chiado (p = 0,037), menos dispneia (p < 0,001) e menor uso de medicação de resgate (p < 0,001). No Grupo II, após receber o tratamento com a Acupuntura Sham na Fase II, houve diminuição de tosse (p = 0,037), de chiado (p = 0,013) e de dispneia (p = 0,014), e, na Fase IV, havia menos tosse (p = 0,040), sibilos (p = 0,012), dispneia (p < 0,001) e menos despertares noturnos (p = 0,009). Nos questionários de qualidade de vida de asma e de SF 36, foram encontrados alguns aspectos de melhora significantes na Acupuntura Sham dos dois grupos em relação à Fase I, mas os resultados da Acupuntura Real tiveram maiores índices de melhora em relação aos resultados da Acupuntura Sham nos dois grupos. Mas não há diferença significativa entre os dois na qualidade de vida de SF 36. Entretanto, não houve alteração de avaliação de espirometria e de óxido nítrico expirado. Conclusão: Este estudo demonstrou que o uso de Acupuntura Real num grupo de pacientes com a celularidade mais inflamatória teve melhor resultados de sintomas diários, tais como dispneia e despertar noturno, de medida de volume de peak-flow matutina, e de avaliação de qualidade de vida em asma e SF36, além da diminuição quantitativa de neutrófilos e de eosinófilos, com aumento de macrófagos, que justificam os efeitos anti-inflamatórios e imunitários. A acupuntura é uma terapia segura, não havendo nenhum efeito colateral observado neste projeto que possa interferir com a vida cotidiana e pode ser de grande auxílio no alívio de sintomas, com melhora de qualidade de vida e, possivelmente, pode ter uma ação na modulação do processo inflamatório de vias aéreas / Introduction: This survey has been conducted in order to evaluate the effects of acupuncture in patients with persistent mild and moderate asthma (according to GINA criteria 2003), using beta agonist and/or inhaled glucocorticoid. Methods and patients: This is a prospective, double blinded, randomized and cross-over study with two branches: 74 patients diagnosed with mild and moderate asthma were divided into two groups: Group I with 31, initiating with real acupuncture and Group II, starting with sham acupuncture. Medical interview and laboratory tests including spirometry, induced sputum citology, exhaled NO measurement, quality of life questionnaire (SF-36 and QQL), besides, daily symptom scores and measurement of peak-flow were performed, in the beginning of the study, and in the end of each phase of treatment. Phase I: laboratory tests and other qualitative measurements. There were 10 real acupuncture weekly sessions to Group I and 10 sham acupuncture sessions to Group II in Phase II. On the other hand, in the Phase IV, there was an exchange between Group I and Group II, which was receiving real acupuncture started to receive sham, and vice-versa, the number of sessions remained the same (10 weekly sessions). Phase III, during the interval between Phase II and Phase IV, there was an interval of 4 weeks of washout. Phase V: laboratory tests and other qualitative measurements. Results: There was no difference beween both the groups in all criteria of evaluation pré treatment, with only na exception: in the Group II there was large inflammatory cell counts. However, there was a significant reduction in eosinophils (p = 0.035) and neutrophils (p = 0.047), and increase of macrophages (p = 0.001), improved peak-flow measurement in the morning (p = 0.01) in Group II (started with sham) in Phase IV. In Daily Symptons Score, there was a significant reduction in use of rescue medication (p = 0.043) in Group I (real acupuncture) in Phase II and after received sham acupuncture (Phase IV), there were less cough (p = 0.007), less wheezing (p = 0.037), less dyspnea (p < 0.001) e less use of rescue medication (p < 0.001). In Group II, after received sham (Phase II), there were less cough (p = 0.037), less wheezing (p = 0.013) and less dyspnea (p = 0.014). In Phase IV, less cough (p = 0.040), wheezing (p = 0.012), dyspnea (p < 0.001) and less nocturnal awakening (p = 0.009). In the questionnaires of quality of life SF-36 and QQL, several domains were found to be improved after received sham acupuncture in both groups, comparing phase II against phase I, but the results found after received real acupuncture were better than sham in both groups. Although there was no statistic difference between both groups. However, there was no difference in exhaled NO and spirometry measurement. Conclusion: This survey demonstrated that the use of real acupuncture in a group of patients with large inflammatory cells counts could have contributed to reduce symptoms, improve quality of life, improved peak-flow measurement in the morning and reduced inflammatory cells count in induced sputum, therefore, acupuncture is a safe healing techniques, presented no adverse effects observed in this study, and could of great help in treatment of patients with mild and moderate asthma