abstract: It has become something of a scholarly truism that during the medieval period, gluttony was combatted simply by teaching and practicing abstinence. However, this dissertation presents a more nuanced view on the matter. Its aim is to examine the manner in which the moral discourse of dietary moderation in late medieval England captured subtle nuances of bodily behavior and was used to explore the complex relationship between the individual and society. The works examined foreground the difficulty of differentiating bodily needs from gluttonous desire. They show that moderation cannot be practiced by simply refraining from food and drink. By refiguring the idea of moderation, these works explore how the individual’s ability to exercise moral discretion and make better dietary choices can be improved. The introductory chapter provides an overview of how the idea of dietary moderation in late fourteenth- and fifteenth-century Middle English didactic literature was influenced by the monastic and ascetic tradition and how late medieval authors revisited the issue of moderation and encouraged readers to reevaluate their eating and drinking habits and pursue lifestyle changes. The second chapter focuses on Langland’s discussion in Piers Plowman of the importance of dietary moderation as a supplementary virtue of charity in terms of creating a sustainable community. The third chapter examines Chaucer’s critique of the rhetoric of moderation in the speech of the Pardoner and the Friar John in the Summoner’s Tale, who attempted to assert their clerical superiority and cover up their gluttony by preaching moderation. The fourth chapter discusses how late Middle English conduct literature, such as Lydgate’s Dietary, revaluates moderation as a social skill. The fifth chapter explores the issue of women’s capacity to control their appetite and achieve moderation in conduct books written for women. Collectively, the study illuminates how the idea of moderation adopted and challenged traditional models of self-discipline regarding eating and drinking in order to improve the laity’s discretion and capacity to assess its own appetite and develop a healthy lifestyle for the community. / Dissertation/Thesis / Doctoral Dissertation English 2018

It has become an axiom of British archaeology that the results of developer-funded fieldwork are under-utilised in research and several projects carried out at British universities have attempted to redress this perceived imbalance. These projects, including those on British and Continental prehistory carried out by Richard Bradley, the Roman Rural settlement project, the Fields of Britannia project, John Blair's work on early medieval England and the EngLaId project, of which this thesis forms a component, have all demonstrated beyond doubt the transformative effect of the data produced by developer-funded work on our understanding. However, to date no project has sought to utilise artefact and ecofact data produced by developer-funded work on a similar scale. This thesis is partly an attempt to fill this gap, by using ceramic, animal bone and charred plant data from digital archives generated by developer-funded archaeology, to address a series of questions about food production/consumption over the later prehistoric and early historic periods in Southern England. These three datasets have very varied characteristics and their integration in a single database was, therefore, one of the major challenges of the thesis. However, this also provided the opportunity to ask new questions and to address old questions with new data. The thesis argues that regional ecosystems had a long-term influence on processes of food production/consumption, which displayed considerable continuities across the boundaries of traditional archaeological periods. Landscape, settlement, ceramic, animal bone and charred plant data from three regional case studies, encompassing the Upper Thames Valley, the Middle and Lower Thames Valley and the route of HS1 in Kent were investigated using a Filemaker database and QGIS mapping. It is argued that, while there were long-term continuities in the use of plants and animals, the expression of social relationships expressed in fields, settlements and ceramics followed a cyclical pattern.

Yes / The You Are What You Ate project is a collaboration between historians, archaeologists, museum officers, medieval re-enactors and food scientists. We aim to encourage public debate and personal reflection on modern eating habits through exploration of the dietary choices of the medieval and early modern period. This paper will discuss our osteology workshops, aimed at adults or at school children. We use archaeological examples of diet-related conditions, including dental disease, scurvy, rickets and gout, plus those associated with obesity such as osteoarthritis and DISH, to help the public visualise how dietary choices can affect the body. This information is delivered via an introductory talk and carefully monitored bone handling sessions – and, for the children, includes the analysis of a plastic skeleton modified to display pathological conditions. Evaluation data shows that the majority of adults and all children feel they have learnt something new during the sessions, and that this has led them to think about healthy eating. The inclusion of examples of dental pathology has promoted dental hygiene to school children, although it was not one of our primary aims. It is difficult to assess if these short-term experiences translate to long-term knowledge gain or to changes in behaviour.

Yes / You Are What You Ate was a British public engagement project funded by the Wellcome Trust between 2010 and 2014. It was a collaboration between the University of Leeds, the University of Bradford and Wakefield Council, especially its museums, schools and libraries, which aimed to use medieval food as a way to encourage reflection about modern food and lifestyle. The innovative project ran three exhibitions in Wakefield and Pontefract, a mobile exhibition, numerous schools and youth workshops, and a series of market stalls and osteology workshops for adults and children in the Yorkshire region. This article provides an overview of the project’s aims, activities, outcomes, including an analysis of how to evaluate them, and its legacy.

Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-21T14:49:45Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 RenatoToledo.pdf: 2115688 bytes, checksum: d3f55d577bd91dea61ec89bfba45dc5a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-07-22 / In the middle age, in Latin East, remarkable for political theory of the organic metaphor, it was formulated by Jhon of Salisbury, in the Policraticus. This theory imagined the society like a living organismo, whose head would be the king. All the members of social body should exercise their roles way consoante and efficient. However when the king got sick, all the society got sick too. In the Aragon´s kingdom, in 1308, the king Jaime II, the Virtuous, avoiding a political crises asked for help for his doctor, Arnaldo de Vilanova, to heal his sickness, the hemorrhoid. Based on medicals and hygiene theories, Arnaldo noticed in the food functionality the way to cure the king´s sckiness. Through the food list his showed there were the besto f the territory, the doctor selected, blended and recomended a loto f types of food and tastes. This research has the propouse to anlyze the difusion of medical theories in Aragon´s kingdom between XIII and XIV centuries trought the healths rules and understand too the relationship between the doctor´s craft and cook´s craft, revealing a fet up table where taste and health were importante allies to the health´s king. / A Idade Média Central, no Ocidente Latino, foi marcada pela teoria política da metáfora orgânica de sociedade, elaborada pelo intelectual inglês João de Salisbury, no livro Policraticus. Essa teoria imaginava a sociedade como um organismo vivo, cuja a cabeça pensante seria o rei. Todos os membros do corpo social deveriam exercer suas funções de maneira harmônica e eficiente. No entanto, quando o monarca adoecia, todo o corpo ficava desestabilizado. No reino católico de Aragão, no ano de 1308, o rei Jaime II, o Virtuoso,buscando sanar das hemorroidas que o adoentava, queria também evitar uma crise política no reino, pediu ajuda para seu médico pessoal, Arnaldo de Vilanova, para sanar uma moléstia que vinha o incomodando há muito tempo, as hemorroidas. Baseado nas teorias médicas e higiênicas da época, Arnaldo de Vilanova viu na funcionalidade dos alimentos a chave para amenizar e curar a doença do rei. Através de uma lista de alimentos dos mais variados gêneros e também indicando tudo que havia de melhor no território real e no além mar, o médico selecionou, misturou, separou e recomendou uma diversidade de comidas e sabores para a dieta régia. A presente pesquisa tem como objetivo principal analisar a difusão das teorias dietéticas na corte de Aragão entre os séculos XIII e XIV através dos regimentos de saúde e também compreender de que maneira o ofício do médico se cruzava no território do cozinheiro, revelando uma mesa farta e funcional onde o sabor e a saúde eram importantes aliados para a saúde do rei.