INTRODUÇÃO: A tuberculose (TB) é uma doença grave, porém curável em praticamente 100 por cento dos casos novos, desde que os princípios da quimioterapia sejam seguidos. Porém, ainda determina elevadas taxas de morbimortalidade no município de São Paulo. OBJETIVOS: Descrever os casos de óbito por tuberculose no município de São Paulo, segundo causas básicas nos anos censitários de 1980, 1991, 2000 e 2010. MÉTODOS: Estudo descritivo que analisou a mortalidade por TB como causa básica, utilizando os dados do PRO-AIM, e da Fundação SEADE. RESULTADOS: Houve redução inconstante do número e da taxa de mortalidade por TB ao longo do período estudado, de 5,9 em 1980 para 2,8 por 100 mil habitantes, em 2010. Foi observada redução acentuada da mortalidade de 1980 até 1985, quando houve reversão desta tendência tornando-se crescente até 1996, quando declina novamente. Houve predomínio três vezes superior dos óbitos masculinos. A faixa etária mais atingida pelos óbitos por tuberculose no MSP foi a dos 60 anos e + de idade. Quanto à forma clínica, predominaram os óbitos por TB pulmonar (83,9 por cento ) seguidos pela TB miliar (10,4 por cento ). Foi observada importante influência da ampla cobertura da vacina BCG no MSP na redução dos óbitos por TB meníngea nos menores de 4 anos de idade. A melhor evolução quanto à mortalidade por TB foi na Zona Norte do município, sendo a Zona Leste, a região que apresentou nos quatro anos estudados, aumento proporcional dos óbitos por tuberculose no MSP, apesar da redução dos coeficientes de mortalidade encontrados em todas as regiões do município. CONCLUSÃO: A terceira idade deve ser privilegiada quanto às ações do PCT no MSP. Identificar áreas com diferentes coeficientes de mortalidade por tuberculose no MSP permite ao PCT priorizar estas diferentes regiões, dando especial atenção à região Leste. Dada a conhecida associação entre TB/HIV, a influência da epidemia de Aids reflete indiretamente nas tendências de mortalidade de tuberculose / INTRODUCTION: Tuberculosis (TB) is a serious disease, is curable in virtually 100 per cent of new cases, provided that the principles of chemotherapy are followed. However, still determines high rates of morbidity and mortality in São Paulo city (SPC). METHODS: Descriptive study of tuberculosis as underlying cause of death based on secondary data from the São Paulo City Information Mortality System (PRO-AIM), and the Foundation System State Information from São Paulo Brazil (SEADE). RESULTS: An fluctuating reduction of tuberculosis death numbers and mortality rates during the study period, from 5,9 in 1980 to 2,8 per 100,000 inhabitants in 2010, was observed. An accelerated reduction in mortality trend was seen from 1980 until 1985, when there was a reversal of the trend that became increasingly growing and so staying until 1996, when it declines again. Three fold male deaths predominated during the period. The 60 years old and above age group was the most affected by TB deaths in the MSP. Regarding the clinical form, the deaths by pulmonary TB (83.9 per cent ) followed by miliary TB (10.4 per cent ) predominated. A significant influence of coverage of BCG vaccine in São Paulo city in reducing deaths due to TB meningitis in children under 4 years old was observed. The best evolution in terms of TB mortality was seen in northern SPC. The eastern presented a proportional increase in tuberculosis deaths in SPC in the four years studied, despite the reduction of mortality rates found in all regions of the city. CONCLUSIONS: The elderly group should be favored by the actions of the SPC Tuberculosis Control Program. The identification of areas with different TB mortality rates in the city of São Paulo allows the TBCT to prioritize these different regions. Given the well-known association between TB/HIV co-infection, the impact of Aids epidemic indirectly affects TB mortality trends

INTRODUÇÃO: A tuberculose (TB) é uma doença grave, porém curável em praticamente 100 por cento dos casos novos, desde que os princípios da quimioterapia sejam seguidos. Porém, ainda determina elevadas taxas de morbimortalidade no município de São Paulo. OBJETIVOS: Descrever os casos de óbito por tuberculose no município de São Paulo, segundo causas básicas nos anos censitários de 1980, 1991, 2000 e 2010. MÉTODOS: Estudo descritivo que analisou a mortalidade por TB como causa básica, utilizando os dados do PRO-AIM, e da Fundação SEADE. RESULTADOS: Houve redução inconstante do número e da taxa de mortalidade por TB ao longo do período estudado, de 5,9 em 1980 para 2,8 por 100 mil habitantes, em 2010. Foi observada redução acentuada da mortalidade de 1980 até 1985, quando houve reversão desta tendência tornando-se crescente até 1996, quando declina novamente. Houve predomínio três vezes superior dos óbitos masculinos. A faixa etária mais atingida pelos óbitos por tuberculose no MSP foi a dos 60 anos e + de idade. Quanto à forma clínica, predominaram os óbitos por TB pulmonar (83,9 por cento ) seguidos pela TB miliar (10,4 por cento ). Foi observada importante influência da ampla cobertura da vacina BCG no MSP na redução dos óbitos por TB meníngea nos menores de 4 anos de idade. A melhor evolução quanto à mortalidade por TB foi na Zona Norte do município, sendo a Zona Leste, a região que apresentou nos quatro anos estudados, aumento proporcional dos óbitos por tuberculose no MSP, apesar da redução dos coeficientes de mortalidade encontrados em todas as regiões do município. CONCLUSÃO: A terceira idade deve ser privilegiada quanto às ações do PCT no MSP. Identificar áreas com diferentes coeficientes de mortalidade por tuberculose no MSP permite ao PCT priorizar estas diferentes regiões, dando especial atenção à região Leste. Dada a conhecida associação entre TB/HIV, a influência da epidemia de Aids reflete indiretamente nas tendências de mortalidade de tuberculose / INTRODUCTION: Tuberculosis (TB) is a serious disease, is curable in virtually 100 per cent of new cases, provided that the principles of chemotherapy are followed. However, still determines high rates of morbidity and mortality in São Paulo city (SPC). METHODS: Descriptive study of tuberculosis as underlying cause of death based on secondary data from the São Paulo City Information Mortality System (PRO-AIM), and the Foundation System State Information from São Paulo Brazil (SEADE). RESULTS: An fluctuating reduction of tuberculosis death numbers and mortality rates during the study period, from 5,9 in 1980 to 2,8 per 100,000 inhabitants in 2010, was observed. An accelerated reduction in mortality trend was seen from 1980 until 1985, when there was a reversal of the trend that became increasingly growing and so staying until 1996, when it declines again. Three fold male deaths predominated during the period. The 60 years old and above age group was the most affected by TB deaths in the MSP. Regarding the clinical form, the deaths by pulmonary TB (83.9 per cent ) followed by miliary TB (10.4 per cent ) predominated. A significant influence of coverage of BCG vaccine in São Paulo city in reducing deaths due to TB meningitis in children under 4 years old was observed. The best evolution in terms of TB mortality was seen in northern SPC. The eastern presented a proportional increase in tuberculosis deaths in SPC in the four years studied, despite the reduction of mortality rates found in all regions of the city. CONCLUSIONS: The elderly group should be favored by the actions of the SPC Tuberculosis Control Program. The identification of areas with different TB mortality rates in the city of São Paulo allows the TBCT to prioritize these different regions. Given the well-known association between TB/HIV co-infection, the impact of Aids epidemic indirectly affects TB mortality trends

In Brazil, the use of private motorized vehicles has dramatically increased in recent decades, while public transportation is marked by a weak performance, and pedestrians and cyclists cope with a poor infrastructure design. Thus, suitable approaches are required to tackle current transport problems of Brazilian megacities. In view of the World Cup 2014 and the Olympic Games 2016, the megacity Rio de Janeiro is undergoing significant changes which offers a unique opportunity to ease the current situation and achieve an integrated sustainable urban transport concept. Therefore, this Diploma thesis creates an overview on the current transport situation in large Brazilian cities, in particular for Rio de Janeiro; provides integrated and sustainable approaches to tackle transport problems of Rio de Janeiro; analyzes the transferability of infrastructure measures between Curitiba and Rio de Janeiro; and examines the impact of the upcoming sports events. First, a literature review focuses on the transport situation in Brazil and Rio de Janei ro and explains Curitiba's unique approaches. Second, an audio-based qualitative content analysis of seven expert interviews with stakeholders in urban- and transportation planning gives a concise insight into the current transport situation. Third, a synthesis of both the literature review and the output of the expert interviews provide recommendations for decision makers, researchers and international organizations. In order to initiate a sustainable development of the megacity Rio de Janeiro, urban- and transportation planning must be interconnected with each other, a transport association has to be created to design and manage a metropolitan public transport network, and it is imperative to reorganize the local bus system. Furthermore, non-motorized transportation modes should be promoted by designing streets based on sidewalk policies and building a bicycle network in regard to the local demands. In addition, Curitiba's most important lesson for Rio de Janeiro is the interconnection of high density areas with mobility corridors. However, the megacity will not be able to achieve an integrated sustainable urban transport concept by the sports events. In conclusion, future transport measures have to focus on the middle class, while ensuring a needs-oriented mobility for all social classes. Decision makers should concentrate on the three "I's" – Information, Integration and Inclusion – to enable real transport mode choices, facilitate sound and seamless travel, and attract more people towards ecomobile transportation modes. Eventually, a paradigm shift towards ecomobility is needed in order to enable a sustainable urban transportation concept for today's and future generations.

<p>High population growth rate in Metro Manila has a direct effect on the intensity of urbanisation and development in the region and population is expected to reach 13 million by the year 2015. Urban congestion is one of the region's most pressing problems as air pollution has a major impact on public health and particularly affects children and the elderly. This study will give a broad description of transportation and urban development in Metro manila and thus contribute to improve the understanding of urban transport issues of developing countries.</p>

High population growth rate in Metro Manila has a direct effect on the intensity of urbanisation and development in the region and population is expected to reach 13 million by the year 2015. Urban congestion is one of the region's most pressing problems as air pollution has a major impact on public health and particularly affects children and the elderly. This study will give a broad description of transportation and urban development in Metro manila and thus contribute to improve the understanding of urban transport issues of developing countries.

We present joint analyses of satellite-observed combustion products to examine bulk characteristics of combustion in megacities and fire regions. We use retrievals of CO, NO2 and CO2 from NASA/Terra Measurement of Pollution In The Troposphere, NASA/Aura Ozone Monitoring Instrument, and JAXA Greenhouse Gases Observing Satellite to estimate atmospheric enhancements of these co-emitted species based on their spatiotemporal variability (spread, sigma) within 14 regions dominated by combustion emissions. We find that patterns in sigma(XCO)/sigma(XCO2) and sigma(XCO)/sigma(XNO2) are able to distinguish between combustion types across the globe. These patterns show distinct groupings for biomass burning and the developing/developed status of a region that are not well represented in global emissions inventories. We show here that such multi-species analyses can provide constraints on emission inventories, and be useful in monitoring trends and understanding regional-scale combustion.

Urbanization is one of the most significant phenomena of the anthropogenic influence on the Earth’s environment. One of the principal results of the urbanization is the creation of megacities, with their local climate and high impact on the surrounding area. The design and evolution of an urban area leads to higher absorption of solar radiation and heat storage in which is the foundation of the urban heat island phenomenon. Remote sensing data is a valuable source of information for urban climatology studies. The main objective of this thesis research is to examine the relationship between land use and land cover types and corresponding land surface temperature, as well as the urban heat island effect and changes in these factors over a 10 year period. 10 megacities around the world where included in this study namely Beijing (China), Delhi (India), Dhaka (Bangladesh), Los Angeles (USA), London (UK), Mexico City (Mexico), Moscow (Russia), New York City (USA), Sao Paulo (Brazil) and Tokyo (Japan). Landsat satellite data were used to extract land use/land cover information and their changes for the abovementioned cities. Land surface temperature was retrieved from Landsat thermal images. The relationship between land surface temperature and landuse/land-cover classes, as well as the normalized vegetation index (NDVI) was analyzed. The results indicate that land surface temperature can be related to land use/land cover classes in most cases. Vegetated and undisturbed natural areas enjoy lower surface temperature, than developed urban areas with little vegetation. However, the cities show different trends, both in terms of the size and spatial distribution of urban heat island. Also, megacities from developed countries tend to grow at a slower pace and thus face less urban heat island effects than megacities in developing countries.

Part of the inspiration for this project is the excellent development and changes of Shanghai, where the author lives. At present, urbanization is more and more serious, and the urban population density continues to increase. To deal with this kind of phenomenon, the infrastructure and transportation of the city should be developed continuously. Think about 40 years from now. The city will be in an unpredictable state.Unquestionably, at that moment, single ground traffic is far from handling the traffic load of the entire city. This thought is evident when the author stands on the Oriental Pearl Tower. She saw skyscrapers are landing everywhere. How will people walk through skyscrapers in the future? What should be the embodiment of their traffic freedom? Concept-wise, the author hopes to encourage people to think more boldly about thepossibility of flying. The author speculates the development direction of the future city based on the early research. Then use it as the background to explore the user demands. It is a process of repeatedly investigating the development, including collecting information, identifying target users, brainstorming, sketching, modeling and rendering, etc. These steps are often alternated due to some feedback or new inspiration. The result of the project is a city air taxi, Geely Sooyun. This concept is mainly aimed at business tourists in Shanghai. In current years, the population of business travelers is increasing. However, the time wasted in traffic jams is a real pain for these groups. Geely Sooyun provides a more pleasant and meaningful trip by uninterrupted and efficient transportation between buildings.

In Brazil, the use of private motorized vehicles has dramatically increased in recent decades, while public transportation is marked by a weak performance, and pedestrians and cyclists cope with a poor infrastructure design. Thus, suitable approaches are required to tackle current transport problems of Brazilian megacities. In view of the World Cup 2014 and the Olympic Games 2016, the megacity Rio de Janeiro is undergoing significant changes which offers a unique opportunity to ease the current situation and achieve an integrated sustainable urban transport concept. Therefore, this Diploma thesis creates an overview on the current transport situation in large Brazilian cities, in particular for Rio de Janeiro; provides integrated and sustainable approaches to tackle transport problems of Rio de Janeiro; analyzes the transferability of infrastructure measures between Curitiba and Rio de Janeiro; and examines the impact of the upcoming sports events. First, a literature review focuses on the transport situation in Brazil and Rio de Janei ro and explains Curitiba's unique approaches. Second, an audio-based qualitative content analysis of seven expert interviews with stakeholders in urban- and transportation planning gives a concise insight into the current transport situation. Third, a synthesis of both the literature review and the output of the expert interviews provide recommendations for decision makers, researchers and international organizations. In order to initiate a sustainable development of the megacity Rio de Janeiro, urban- and transportation planning must be interconnected with each other, a transport association has to be created to design and manage a metropolitan public transport network, and it is imperative to reorganize the local bus system. Furthermore, non-motorized transportation modes should be promoted by designing streets based on sidewalk policies and building a bicycle network in regard to the local demands. In addition, Curitiba's most important lesson for Rio de Janeiro is the interconnection of high density areas with mobility corridors. However, the megacity will not be able to achieve an integrated sustainable urban transport concept by the sports events. In conclusion, future transport measures have to focus on the middle class, while ensuring a needs-oriented mobility for all social classes. Decision makers should concentrate on the three "I's" – Information, Integration and Inclusion – to enable real transport mode choices, facilitate sound and seamless travel, and attract more people towards ecomobile transportation modes. Eventually, a paradigm shift towards ecomobility is needed in order to enable a sustainable urban transportation concept for today's and future generations.:TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF FIGURES VII LIST OF TABLES IX LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS X 1 INTRODUCTION 1 2 LITERATURE REVIEW 3 2.1 BRAZIL 3 2.1.1 GENERAL STRUCTURE 3 2.1.2 INSTITUTIONAL ISSUES 6 2.1.3 SUSTAINABLE URBAN TRANSPORT 7 2.1.4 TRANSPORT STRUCTURE 10 2.1.5 TRANSPORT PROBLEMS OF BRAZILIAN CITIES 15 2.2 RIO DE JANEIRO 21 2.2.1 GENERAL STRUCTURE 21 2.2.2 TRANSPORT STRUCTURE 24 2.2.3 FUTURE MOBILITY ISSUES 32 2.3 THE BUS RAPID TRANSIT SYSTEM OF CURITIBA 40 2.4 SUMMARY 44 3 EXPERT INTERVIEWS 46 3.1 METHODOLOGY 46 3.1.1 IMPLEMENTATION OF THE INTERVIEWS 46 3.1.2 AUDIO - BASED QUALITATIVE CONTENT ANALYSIS 49 3.2 OUTPUT 53 3.2.1 TRANSPORTATION PROBLEMS 53 3.2.2 TRACKLING TRANSPORT PROBLEMS 58 3.2.3 ADDITIONAL INFORMATION 64 3.3 SUMMARY 68 4 RECOMMENDATIONS 69 4.1 TACKLING TRANSPORT PROBLEMS 69 4.1.1 BACKGROUND 69 4.1.2 ADAPT URBAN PLANNING PROCESSES 70 4.1.3 RATIONALIZE CAR USAGE 71 4.1.4 REFORM THE PUBLIC TRANSPORT SYSTEM 72 4.1.5 PROMOTE NON-MOTORIZED TRANSPORTATION 73 4.2 TRANSFERABLITY OF CURITIBIAN MEASURES 75 4.3 IMPACT OF SPORTS EVENTS IN RIO DE JANEIRO 76 5 CONCLUSIONS 79 REFERENCES 81 APPENDICES

While the design and the technology behind the vehicles we drive has gone a long way, the main principle in which we construct our roads today, the materials and the machinery we use to do it has hardly changed for the last 40 years.This project takes  a fresh look at an industry that has remained stagnant for several decades. Looking into a future in which large Mega-Cities will develop, the aim of this project will be to develop a new solution for constructing and maintaining the transport arteries in those cities. This project was performed in collaboration with Dynapac, a leading manufacturer of road construction equipment, with supporting feedback from NCC roads, the Scandinavian road construction group.