Chez les végétaux, la défense innée est un mécanisme de protection sophistiqué qui assure la survie de l'organisme face aux stress biotiques. Ce processus comprend la perception de l'agent pathogène, sa reconnaissance, la transmission du signal, l'intégration de celui-ci et finalement la production d'une réponse adéquate. Il existe plusieurs voies de signalisation permettant la transduction du signal vers les cibles intracellulaires. Au cours de mes travaux de doctorat, j'ai étudié les cascades de MAPKs (Mitogen Activated Protein Kinases), qui sont des voies de signalisation assurant le relais vers la génération de processus physiologiques appropriés. Les cascades des MAPKs sont généralement composées de trois MAPKs (MAPKKK, MAPKK et MAPK). Ces trois kinases s'activent de façon séquentielle après la perception d'un changement environnemental intrinsèque ou extrinsèque à la cellule végétale. La cascade des MAPKs est hautement conservée chez tous les eucaryotes où elle régule divers processus, dont la réponse aux différents stress biotiques. Grâce à la disponibilité de la séquence assemblée et annotée du génome de Populus trichocarpa, 11 PtiMKKs et 21 PtiMPKs ont été répertoriées. Une analyse comparée (avec Oryzae sativa et Arabidopsis thaliana) de l'organisation génomique et de la structure de ces gènes a été faite et une nouvelle nomenclature a été proposée. Par la suite, la quantification des transcrits de toutes les PtiMKKs et PtiMPKs a été réalisée dans 17 tissus et organes de peuplier et lors de l'interaction peuplier-rouille. Des feuilles de Populus nigra x P. maximowiczii (NM6) ont été inoculées avec deux espèces de rouille, soit Melampsora medusae f. sp. deltoidae (Mmd) et Melampsora larici-populina (Mlp). Chez le peuplier, Mmd engendre une réponse intermédiaire caractérisée par une faible croissance de cet agent pathogène. Mlp provoque pour sa part une réponse de susceptibilité complète permettant sa croissance sur les feuilles de peuplier. Le patron de variation transcriptomique de certaines PtiMKKs et PtiMPKs est en général comparable à ce qui est observé chez d'autres espèces végétales. Nos résultats mettent en évidence le rôle potentiel d'un groupe de MAPKs dans l'interaction rouille-peuplier. De plus, certains paralogues dupliqués chez ces deux familles de gènes montrent des profils d'expression différents. Finalement, nous avons identifié, par double-hybride, l'aliène oxyde synthase comme cible potentielle de la PriMPK3-l. L'allène oxyde synthase est une enzyme clé de la voie de biosynthèse de l'acide jasmonique. Ces travaux suggèrent une implication possible de cette phytohormone dans l'interaction rouille-peuplier étudiée.

This thesis focuses on mechanisms and processes underlying spatial patterns of resistance and virulence and on local adaptations in plant–parasite interactions. The model system used comprises the plant host Salix triandra, the pathogenic rust fungus Melampsora amygdalinae, the leaf beetle Gonioctena linnaeana, and the galler Pontania triandrae. In this work, I (1) emphasize the most important factors determining the outcome of a plant–pathogen interaction, and the types of systems in which local adaptations can be expected, (2) examine the resistance structures of different populations of S. triandra, and whether the leaf beetle G. linnaeana responds to the local conditions of the populations of S. triandra in Sweden, and (3) address whether the distribution of parasites on S. triandra can be explained by the plant content of secondary metabolites. A review of several studies of the subject leads to the conclusion that adaptation of pathogens to their local hosts is more likely to be found in systems in which the pathogen is host-specific, non-systemic, and has a larger dispersal range and evolutionary potential than its host does. Furthermore, the scale of the study must be adjusted to that of the pathogen’s local population distribution. In addition, the temporary nature of host–pathogen interactions influences the importance of sample size, and too-small sample sizes can lower the chance of finding local adaptations, even though they may have evolved in a given system. The results of an inoculation experiment using material from physically isolated natural populations of S. triandra and M. amygdalinae confirm the importance of previous conclusions. Spatial variation in the resistance structure of S. triandra also has effects on the insect herbivore G. linnaeana, which has responded by adapting to the local hosts. However, local differences in secondary chemistry affect different parasites in different ways, and while P. triandrae is attracted by high levels of phenolic compounds, including tannins, M. amygdalinae and G. linnaeana are more rarely found on plant individuals with high concentrations of tannins. In addition, brood deposition by adult females of G. linnaeana and the performance of larvae are positively affected by luteolin-7-glucoside and an additional unidentified flavonoid, whereas they are negatively affected by the presence of (+)-catechin and high levels of tannins. Our results also show that plants traits that provide resistance to one type of parasite do not necessarily provide resistance to others. This indicates that different natural enemies potentially assert divergent selection pressure on S. triandra phenotypes which can be important for maintaining phenotypic variation in plant species.

<p>This thesis focuses on mechanisms and processes underlying spatial patterns of resistance and virulence and on local adaptations in plant–parasite interactions. The model system used comprises the plant host Salix triandra, the pathogenic rust fungus Melampsora amygdalinae, the leaf beetle Gonioctena linnaeana, and the galler Pontania triandrae. In this work, I (1) emphasize the most important factors determining the outcome of a plant–pathogen interaction, and the types of systems in which local adaptations can be expected, (2) examine the resistance structures of different populations of S. triandra, and whether the leaf beetle G. linnaeana responds to the local conditions of the populations of S. triandra in Sweden, and (3) address whether the distribution of parasites on S. triandra can be explained by the plant content of secondary metabolites.</p><p>A review of several studies of the subject leads to the conclusion that adaptation of pathogens to their local hosts is more likely to be found in systems in which the pathogen is host-specific, non-systemic, and has a larger dispersal range and evolutionary potential than its host does. Furthermore, the scale of the study must be adjusted to that of the pathogen’s local population distribution. In addition, the temporary nature of host–pathogen interactions influences the importance of sample size, and too-small sample sizes can lower the chance of finding local adaptations, even though they may have evolved in a given system. The results of an inoculation experiment using material from physically isolated natural populations of S. triandra and M. amygdalinae confirm the importance of previous conclusions.</p><p>Spatial variation in the resistance structure of S. triandra also has effects on the insect herbivore G. linnaeana, which has responded by adapting to the local hosts. However, local differences in secondary chemistry affect different parasites in different ways, and while P. triandrae is attracted by high levels of phenolic compounds, including tannins, M. amygdalinae and G. linnaeana are more rarely found on plant individuals with high concentrations of tannins. In addition, brood deposition by adult females of G. linnaeana and the performance of larvae are positively affected by luteolin-7-glucoside and an additional unidentified flavonoid, whereas they are negatively affected by the presence of (+)-catechin and high levels of tannins.</p><p>Our results also show that plants traits that provide resistance to one type of parasite do not necessarily provide resistance to others. This indicates that different natural enemies potentially assert divergent selection pressure on S. triandra phenotypes which can be important for maintaining phenotypic variation in plant species.</p>

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