Les protéines Hsp70 appartiennent à une famille de chaperons moléculaires très conservés qui jouent un rôle essentiel dans le contrôle qualité des protéines et qui protègent les cellules contre diverses agressions de l'environnement. Pour fonctionner comme un chaperon moléculaire, les protéines Hsp70 agissent de concert avec plusieurs co-chaperons et co-facteurs nécessaires au fonctionnement de son cycle ATPasique. Nos travaux montrent que les bactéries du genre Mycobacterium codent pour une nouvelle famille de protéines atypiques apparentées à Hsp70 dont l'architecture s'articule autour d'un domaine ATPase putatif à l'extrémité N-terminale, similaire au domaine de la superfamille Hsp70-actine, d’un segment transmembranaire (TMD) putatif et d'une longue région riche en proline/thréonine (P/T) en sa partie C-terminale. Le but de ce travail de thèse était d’étudier la fonction et la localisation cellulaire des protéines de type Hsp70 chez les mycobactéries. Nous avons d’abord constaté que la protéine Hsp70-Like de M. smegmatis (Msmg_Hsp70-Like) se localisait en foci distincts à la membrane des cellules et que son expression induisait un phénotype d’agrégation cellulaire. Afin d’éclaircir le rôle des domaines putatifs TMD et P/T, nous avons construit un ensemble de mutants dans lesquels ces éléments structurels ont été supprimés. Nous avons constaté que le domaine TMD putatif était important pour la localisation de Hsp70-Like, pour la formation des foci à la membrane et pour le phénotype d'agrégation des cellules. En revanche, le domaine riche en P/T n’a aucun effet sur ces phénotypes. In vitro, le domaine ATPase putatif de Msmg_Hsp70-Like a été purifié et des essais de cristallisation sont en cours. Des expériences supplémentaires restent cependant nécessaires pour évaluer la fonction de cette nouvelle famille de protéines. / Hsp70 belongs to a highly conserved family of molecular chaperone proteins that unambiguously plays essential roles in protein quality control, protecting cells against various environmental insults. To function as a bona fide molecular chaperone, Hsp70 acts in concert with several co-chaperones and nucleotide exchange factors to complete its ATP-dependent chaperone cycle. Our work shows that bacteria from the genus Mycobacterium encode new atypical Hsp70-Like proteins that share a common architecture: a putative ATPase domain at the N-terminus similar to members of the Hsp70-actin superfamily, a single putative transmembrane domain (TMD) in the middle of the protein and a long proline/threonine (P/T) - rich region at the C-terminal. The aim of this thesis work was to shed light on the function and the cellular localization of Hsp70-like proteins in mycobacteria. We first found that Msmg Hsp70-Like protein localizes to discrete foci within cells and that its expression induces a cell aggregation phenotype. To shed light on the role of the putative TMD and P/T- rich domains in Hsp70-Like, we engineered a set of mutants in which these structural elements were deleted. We found that the central putative TMD was important for the cell envelop localization of Hsp70-Like, for the formation of foci and for cell aggregation. In contrast, the P/T-rich had no effect on these phenomena. In vitro the putative ATPase domain of Msmg Hsp70-Like was purified and crystallization trials were performed. Further research is needed to assess the function of this novel family of proteins.

Abstract not available

We use time-lapse AFM to visualize collagen fibrils self-assembly. A solution of acid-solubilized collagen was injected into the AFM fluid cell and fibril formation was observed in vitro. Single fibrils continuously grew and fused with each other until the supporting surface was completely covered by a nanoscopically well-defined collagen matrix. Laterally, the fibrils grew in steps of ~4 nm suggesting a two-step mechanism. In a first step, collagen molecules associated together. In the second step, these molecules rearranged into a structure called a microfibril. High-resolution AFM topographs revealed substructural details of the D-band architecture. These substructures correlated well with those revealed from positively stained collagen fibers imaged by transmission electron microscopy. Secondly, a covalent assembly approach to prepare membrane protein for AFM imaging that avoids crystallization was proposed. High-resolution AFM topographs can reveal structural details of single membrane proteins but, as a prerequisite, the proteins must be adsorbed to atomically flat mica and densely packed in a membrane to restrict their lateral mobility. Atomically flat gold, engineered proteins, and chemically modified lipids were combined to rapidly assemble immobile and fully oriented samples. The resulting AFM topographs of single membrane proteins were used to create averaged structures with a resolution approaching that of 2D crystals. Finally, the contribution of specific amino acid residues to the stability of membrane proteins was studied. Two structurally similar proteins sharing only 30% sequence identity were compared. Single-molecule atomic force microscopy and spectroscopy was used to detect molecular interactions stabilizing halorhodopsin (HR) and bacteriorhodopsin (BR). Their unfolding pathways and polypeptide regions that established stable segments were compared. Both proteins unfolded exactly via the same intermediates. This 3 Molecular Assemblies observed by AFM observation implies that these stabilizing regions result from comprehensive contacts of all amino acids within them and that different amino acid compositions can establish structurally indistinguishable energetic barriers. However, one additional unfolding barrier located in a short segment of helix E was detected for HR. This barrier correlated with a Pi-bulk interaction, which locally disrupts helix E and divides into two stable segments.

Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Alabama at Birmingham, 2009. / Title from PDF title page (viewed on Feb. 3, 2010). Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Washington, 2003. / Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 98-113).

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Washington, 2001. / Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 114-146).

Le projet de thèse se focalise sur la synthèse de biomolécules et se subdivise en deux parties. La première partie concerne la conception et la synthèse de dérivés de produits naturels d'intérêt thérapeutique nommés aurones en vue de mettre au point de nouvelles molécules à activité antivirale. Récemment, les aurones ont été identifiées comme étant des inhibiteurs de l'ARN-polymérase ARN-dépendante (NS5B) du virus de l'hépatite C (VHC). Cette enzyme, présente chez le virus mais absente chez l'homme, joue un rôle central dans la réplication virale. Suite à ces résultats antérieurs, les efforts ont été poursuivis et, dans le cadre de cette thèse, nous avons entrepris,d'une part, la synthèse d'analogues originaux dont le cycle B des aurones a été remplacé par des hétérocycles et, d'autre part, la synthèse depseudodimères d'aurones dans le but d'affiner les exigences structurales pour améliorer l'effet inhibiteur.L'activité a été évaluée selon des tests enzymatiques et cellulaires et a permis d'identifier quelques candidats doués d'une bonne activité inhibitrice et d'une faible toxicité. La deuxième partie du projet de thèse, sans lien avec la première partie,concerne des aspects plus fondamentaux et porte sur la synthèse de nouveaux surfactants agissant comme agents stabilisants lors des procédures d'extraction et de cristallisation des protéines membranaires. Les surfactants sont des composants clés dans le domaine de la biologie structurale et de la biochimie des protéines membranaire. Ils sont nécessaires pour maintenir les protéines membranaires dans leur état fonctionnel après extraction. La grande majorité des protéines membranaires est riche en résidus basiques à l'interface. Sur la base de cette caractéristique, une nouvelle famille de surfactants est développée et testée sur des protéines membranaires appartenant aux pompes d'efflux ABC multi-résistantes. / The PhD project focuses on biomolecules and is divided into two parts. The first part concerns the design and synthesis of natural product derivatives with therapeutic interest in order to develop new molecules with antiviral activity. Recently, aurones were identified as new inhibitors of hepatitis C virus (HCV) NS5B polymerase. Following these results, efforts were continuedand we undertook, on the one hand,the synthesis of original analogues in which the aurone B-ring was replaced by a heterocyclic rings and, on the other hand, the synthesis of aurone pseudodimers in order to refine the structural requirements to improve the inhibitory effect. The potent NS5B inhibitory activity combined with their low toxicity make aurones attractive drug candidates against HCV infection. The second part of the PhD thesis is unrelated to the first part and concerns more fundamental aspects. It focused on the synthesis of new surfactants acting as stabilizing agents during extraction of membrane proteins (PM). Surfactants are required for maintaining PM in their functional state after extraction from membrane lipid matrix. The vast majority of PM shares a net enrichment in basic residues at the interface between membrane and cytoplasm, a property known as the positive inside rule. Based on this feature, a new family of surfactants is developed and tested on membrane proteins belonging to the multidrug ABC efflux pumps family.

Predicting the structure of complexes formed by two interacting proteins is an important problem in computation structural biology. Proteins perform many of their functions by binding to other proteins. The structure of protein-protein complexes provides atomic details about protein function and biochemical pathways, and can help in designing drugs that inhibit binding. Docking computationally models the structure of protein-protein complexes, given three-dimensional structures of the individual chains. Protein docking methods have two phases. In the first phase, a comprehensive, coarse search is performed for optimally docked models. In the second refinement and reranking phase, the models from the first phase are refined and reranked, with the expectation of extracting a small set of accurate models from the pool of thousands of models obtained from the first phase. In this thesis, new algorithms are developed for the refinement and reranking phase of docking. New scoring functions, or potentials, that rank models are developed. These potentials are learnt using large-scale machine learning methods based on mathematical programming. The procedure for learning these potentials involves examining hundreds of thousands of correct and incorrect models. In this thesis, hierarchical constraints were introduced into the learning algorithm. First, an atomic potential was developed using this learning procedure. A refinement procedure involving side-chain remodeling and conjugate gradient-based minimization was introduced. The refinement procedure combined with the atomic potential was shown to improve docking accuracy significantly. Second, a hydrogen bond potential, was developed. Molecular dynamics-based sampling combined with the hydrogen bond potential improved docking predictions. Third, mathematical programming compared favorably to SVMs and neural networks in terms of accuracy, training and test time for the task of designing potentials to rank docking models. The methods described in this thesis are implemented in the docking package DOCK/PIERR. DOCK/PIERR was shown to be among the best automated docking methods in community wide assessments. Finally, DOCK/PIERR was extended to predict membrane protein complexes. A membrane-based score was added to the reranking phase, and shown to improve the accuracy of docking. This docking algorithm for membrane proteins was used to study the dimers of amyloid precursor protein, implicated in Alzheimer's disease.R. DOCK/PIERR was shown to be among the best automated docking methods in community wide assessments. Finally, DOCK/PIERR was extended to predict membrane protein complexes. A membrane-based score was added to the reranking phase, and shown to improve the accuracy of docking. This docking algorithm for membrane proteins was used to study the dimers of amyloid precursor protein, implicated in Alzheimer’s disease. / text

Mutations in the gene encoding the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator protein (CFTR) cause cystic fibrosis (CF), the most common life-shortening genetic disease among Caucasians. Although general features of the structure of CFTR have been predicted from homology models, the conformational changes that result in channel opening and closing have yet to be resolved. We created new closed- and open-state homology models of CFTR, and performed targeted molecular dynamics simulations of the conformational transitions in a channel opening event. The simulations predict a conformational wave that starts at the nucleotide binding domains and ends with the formation of an open conduction pathway. Experimentally confirmed changes in side-chain interactions are observed in all major domains of the protein. We also identified unique-to-CFTR substitutions that may have led to channel activity in CFTR. Molecular modeling and simulations are used to compare the effects of these substitutions against a canonical ABC transporter, and suggest that gain of channel function in CFTR may have risen from loss of ATPase function at its NBDs. The models and simulation add to our understanding of the mechanism of ATP-dependent gating in this disease-relevant ion channel.

Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy was used to determine the structure of transmembrane (TM) segment IX of the Na+/H+ exchanger isoform 1 (NHE1) in dodecylphosphocholine micelles. Studying isolated TM segments in this fashion constitutes a well-established "divide and conquer" approach to the study of membrane proteins, which are often extremely difficult to produce, purify, and reconstitute in full-length polytopic form. A similar approach was combined with NMR spin relaxation experiments to determine the peptide backbone flexibility of NHE1 TM VII. The combined NMR structural and dynamics studies are consistent with an important role for TM segment flexibility in the function of NHE1, a protein involved in apoptosis and myocardial disease. The study of the rhomboid protease system is also described from two perspectives: 1) I attempted to produce several TM constructs of the substrate spitz or a related construct and the production and purification are described in detail; and 2) I present coarse-grained molecular dynamics simulation results for the E. coli rhomboid ecGlpG and a spitz TM construct. Spitz appears to preferentially associate with rhomboid near TMs 1 and 3 rather than the proposed substrate gate at TM 5. The two proteins primarily interact at the termini of helices rather than within the hydrocarbon core of the bilayer. Finally, I present a detailed analysis of coarse-grained molecular dynamics simulations of the fibroblast growth factor receptor 3 TM domain dimerization. Specifically, algorithms are described for analyzing critical features of wild-type and G380R mutant constructs. The G380R mutation is the cause of achondroplasia, the most common form of human dwarfism. The results suggest that the proximity of a residue to the dimer interface may impact the severity of the mutant phenotype. Strikingly, heterodimer and mutant homodimer constructs exhibit a secondary dimer interface which may explain the increased signaling activity previously reported for the G380R mutation--the helices may rotate with the introduction of G380R. The unifying theme of this work is the 'study of membrane proteins' using complementary techniques from structural biology and computational biochemistry.